Performance Psych (380) Exam 2 (4,5,6)

What is social facilitation theory?

describes how the presence of others creates arousal. People engaging in a task in front of others experience greater arousal than those who are by themselves.

What is an outcome goal?

Focus on the end result dependent on both athlete's own performance and that of others. (ex.- winning a game, finishing a season with a certain number of wins)

What is the M in SMART goals?

Measurable/Meaningful- Quantifiable standards that you record, Something that matches your values.

What is drive theory?

More arousal = better performance

Describe Achievement Motivation (4)

Motivated by achievement. Mastering a task and persisting when there are obstacles. Often times described as competitiveness.

What are the extensions of the inverted U theory?

Multidimensional anxiety theory, catastrophe model, and reversal model.

describe why one should record and monitor their goals

- increases effectiveness. - public goals leads to better improvement than if private. - Recording can help reduce undesirable behavior

How can social loafing be minimized?

- make it challenging - make it appealing with a significant reward - make it meaningful and involving - make sure all contributions are identifiable - evaluate each other's performance (Accountability) - be in a group with friends

What are the components of achievement goal theory?

1. Task 2. Ego 3. Self-handicapping 4. Social approval goal orientation 5. Impact of environment on motivation 6. Approach vs. Avoidance motivation

Describe the strategies for increasing intrinsic motivation

1. create motivating environments 2. emphasize effort, not outcome 3. recognize individual differences 4. use appropriate reinforcement 5. give positive and personal feedback

describe goal achievement strategies

Achievement strategies describe specific strategies needed to accomplish goals. May include giving up some activities in order to accomplish valued goals.

What is the A in SMART goals

Action-oriented/Accountability: Indicates what is supposed to be done, report to yourself or someone else

What is arousal?

Activation or heightened state of the central nervous system which prepares an individual for action.

explain the importance of adapting goals to individual athletes

Adapting goals to individual motives and personality can lead to goal effectiveness. Goal setting may be more beneficial for athletes at higher skill levels.

What is the "task" component of achievement goal orientation?

Focus on improving skills and abilities over time, normally preferring challenging tasks and high quality opponenets

Whose theory is the self-efficacy theory?

Albert Bandura

What is the self-efficacy theory?

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. Influenced by personal experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional and physiological states.

Need achievement theory

An individual's need for achievement in success or a need to avoid failure.

Who coined reversal theory?

Apter and Smith 1979

What is cognitive anxiety?

Arises from thoughts/concerns. Worrying or having negative expectations about self or situation

What is drive theory?

Arousal increases lead to performance increases. Arousal caused by situation.

What is a performance goal?

Focus on individual achievement, goal is to reach a specific standard within a time frame. (ex.- running a mile in a certain time)

Why measure arousal in physiological measures?

Avoid misreporting, hard to come up with false data, data can be collected during athletic events.

What is trait anxiety?

Behavioral disposition or personality dimension. React anxiously in situations that should not be anxiety provoking. (Occurs on a daily basis)

What do athletes who are high on sport confidence also show?

Better levels of performance, more effective strategies to reach goals, block out distractions, bounce back from adversity.

Why measure anxiety in behavioral measures?

Can avoid some self-report problems. Fidgeting, heavy breathing, rapid heart rate, or nausea. Measured without questionnaires.

what is social facilitation theory?

Creates a dominant response. Presence of others creates positive or negative arousal while performing.

Describe the strategy to prolong performer persistence

Dividing large goals into smaller ones increases persistence. Specific motivation influences persistence. Goals motivate persistence through confidence.

explain why a performer should set performance, process, and outcome goals

Each type of goal builds on one another. Process helps meet performance, performance helps meet outcome. Focusing only on outcome can lead to failure to set process and performance goals.

Why measure in self-reports?

Easy to complete, provides data from large samples. Measures provide objective data. Information gained is info that can only be learned by asking the athlete. However athletes may falsify info and it may take a long time to complete.

What is the E in SMART(ER) goals?

Evaluate: See how the goal has progressed, be flexible and kind to yourself

What is the individual zone of optimal functioning?

Everyone has their own level, their own zone that leads to individual peak performance.

What are the potential negative effects of external rewards?

Extrinsic Rewards tend to undermine intrinsic interest (overjustification)

Describe Overjustification

Extrinsic rewards tend to undermine intrinsic interest

what is the "give positive and personal feedback" part of increasing intrinsic motivation?

Feedback marks progress toward goals and demonstrates that coaches are genuinely interested in helping them learn and improve. This includes verbal and nonverbal praise.

Describe the physiology of arousal

Fight or freeze or flight. Energy is shifted from the nonessential body systems to the systems needed to respond or flee. Adrenal glands release epinephrine and norepinephrine.

What is a process goal?

Focused on actions or behaviors that an athlete needs to do while performing to do a skill well. (ex.- keeping knees bent during a dismount)

Sport-confidence model

Focuses on how competent someone feels with their athletics, influenced by achievements and is a combination of physical skills and resilience.

What is the "ego" component of achievement goal orientation?

Focuses on outperforming others and typically chooses easier tasks against those they can beat

Describe Cognitive evaluation theory

Focuses on the causes of intrinsic motivation and the factors that will increase or decrease it. The impact of external rewards varies depending on how the rewards are perceived.

Describe the importance of increasing effort

Goal setting helps to motivate athletes that are having a hard time getting or staying motivated. Short term goals lead to experienced success which leads to better motivation.

What is the inverted U theory?

High arousal is associated with increased performance, but only up to a point. Performance is low when arousal is low and high when arousal is moderate. Moderate leads to the best performance. Low and high is worse performance.

Explain the importance of setting challenging and realistic goals

If it's too easy, won't push themselves. Too hard, easily discouraged and withdrawn effort. Relative challenge associated with a particular goal.

What is the catastrophe model?

If performance pressure is low, gradual increases in arousal will improve performance. Too much increase will impair. Gradual increase like the inverted U with an eventual cliff.

What is stress?

Imbalance between demands of a situation and a person's beliefs about their ability to cope.

What is the competence motivation theory?

Individuals are motivated to act in a certain way because it makes them feel competent and capable when they do.

What is reversal theory?

Individuals experience a wide range of psychological states which is built on apposing activties.

Describe social loafing

Individuals reduce their own effort when there are other people involved in the contributions.

What are the different types of motivation? (4)

Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation

Compare the types of motivation (4)

Intrinsic: Internal source (fun of competing, desire to learn new skills, excitement to perform) Extrinsic: External rewards (trophies, praise, money, status)

whose theory was the need achievement theory?

John Atkinson

What is anxiety?

Negatively interpreted arousal. Influenced by emotions or environmental stimuli.

Describe the necessities for developing new strategies

New strategies are really the only way to achieve particular goals. Goal setting may increase team cohesion which leads to better performance outcomes.

compare and contrast objective and subjective goals

Objective: Specific achievements one wants to accomplish. (Winning a national championship) Subjective: General statements of intentions (trying my best)

What impact does goal type have on performance?

Outcome goals produce more anxiety during an event. College athletes tend to focus more on outcome goals over performance goals. Higher achieving athletes focus more on process goals.

What is flow?

Positive state where someone feels a balance between challenges and their own ability to cope. This is a very positive state with basically no sense of time passing while achieving positive results. This is not individual. Athletes experiencing flow perform better, and athletes who perform well begin to experience flow.

Describe the psychology of arousal

Positive: Exhilaration or excitement Negative: Anxiety, feelings of arousal

explain why a performer should set both training and competition goals

Practice occurs more frequently than competition. Setting practice goals may maintain motivation and lead to better performance in competition.

Explain the importance of setting specific and measurable goals

Precise and measurable goals are associated with better performance. Specific goals are linked to better performance.

What is somatic anxiety?

Racing heartbeat, rapid shallow breathing, clammy hands, increased perspiration, feelings of nausea.

What is the first R in SMART(ER) goals?

Realistic: It is okay to fail, realistic but challenging goals

explain the importance of providing feedback and support

Receiving feedback is motivating and helps persistence. It is important to get feedback on lower level goals and not just outcome goals.

What is worry?

Repetitive, uncontrollable thoughts or concerns about potential future events.

What is the second R in SMART(ER) GOALS?

Revise and rejoice. Based on evaluation and celebrate your success.

Describe how to direct attention

Setting goals puts focus on a specific aspect of the game, athletes focus more intensely on the skills needed to achieve the goal.

explain how to increase goal commitment

Setting own goals helps increase commitment. Coach-set goals can be effective if athletes also want to achieve them. Goals created together can increase motivation and persistence.

compare and contrast short and long term goals

Short term goals provide motivation for working toward long term goals. Setting short term goals motivates athletes to work toward long term goals.

Describe SMART(ER) goals

Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Timely Evaluate Revise

What is the S in SMART goals?

Specific- has precise performance standards and is on a schedule

What is state anxiety?

Temporary, caused by situation. (Induced by a situation, like public speaking).

Describe the broad concept of motivation (4)

The direction and intensity of one's effort and persistence. (To move)

What is behavioral anxiety?

The way nervousness affects posture, movement, and actions.

explain the importance of creating an action plan

The what becomes the how. Outlines the steps, resources, and strategies to achieve the set goal. (Strategy, resource allocation, milestones, contingencies).

What is the T in SMART(ER) goals?

Timely- achievable in a reasonable time frame, including short and long term goals.

What is the multidimensional anxiety theory?

Two aspects of anxiety, somatic (physiological arousal is moderate) and cognitive (state anxiety should be low).

When is social loafing most likely to occur?

When individuals cannot see a clear or measurable output, if other team members seem especially capable, if someone does not feel that their inputs or outputs are making a measurable difference

What is the "self-handicapping" component of achievement goal orientation?

adopting or claiming impediments to success as a way to maintain self-esteem

What is the "approach vs. avoidance motivation" component of achievement goal orientation?

approaching a desirable goal vs. avoiding an undesirable goal. Focusing on approaching mastery of a skill predicts great performance while focusing on avoiding poor play leads to worse performance.

What is the "Recognize individual differences" part of increasing intrinsic motivation?

athletes are motivated by different things like fun, making friends, scholarships, status, losing weight

explain the importance of recognizing barriers to goal achievement

coaches might be able identify a lack of team cohesion, injury, etc. as a barrier. Stress, fatigue, lack of time, social relationships, etc.

What is the "create motivating environments" part of increasing intrinsic motivation?

focus on improvement over time and emphasize the importance of effort

What is the "impact of environment on motivation" component of achievement goal orientation?

mastery focused environments (environments of hard work, skill development, improvement over time, and valuing each athletes role) lead to a higher perceived competence, self esteem, enjoyment, and experience of flow.

What is the "use appropriate reinforcement" part of increasing intrinsic motivation?

reinforcement varies based on athletes interest and ability. Some reinforcers could be social rewards, outings, physical and social skills

Describe the other explanations that influence goal setting

setting appropriate goals and developing goal achievement strategies

Explain the integrated theory of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport

social factors influence athletes beliefs about themselves, which influences feelings of competence and type of motivation they feel