Period 4 Overview

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. Elizabeth Cady Stanton campaigned for women's equal voting, legal, and property rights, along with other women like Susan B Anthony. She also was an abolitionist and spoke out against slavery at multiple conventions. She was the main force behind the Seneca Falls convention and was also an author, lecturer and philosopher for women's rights and the suffrage movement.

William Miller

an American Baptist preacher who is credited with the beginning of the Adventism movement (a religion part of the Second Great Awakening that is similar to modern day Conservative Protestants). Convinced from his studies that Christ will return in 1843, from his studies of the Scriptures. They originated in the Burned-Over-District.. A self-educated farmer from New York who became an American Baptist preacher. credited with beginning Adventism. His own followers are known as Millerites. Convinced from his studies that Christ will return in 1844. Much of the religious enthusiasm of the time was based in the widespread belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of jesus. Gained tens of thousands of followers by "predicting" when the second coming of christ would be (October 21, 1844). When nothing happened the Millerites continued as a new Christian denomination, the Seventh-Day Adventists. Example of the formation of new beliefs/religions during this time with new ideas

Chesapeake Campaign

defeat of Napoleon allowed Britain to increase forces: As a result, a British army marched through the nation's capitol, Washington D.C and set fire to the white house, the Capitol, and other Gov. buildings.• They also attempted to take Baltimore but Fort McHenry held out --> Star Spangled Banner. In the spring of 1814, British increased its forces in America since Napoleon (France) was defeated In the summer, the British offensive that marched through the capital (Washington DC), set fire to the White House, the Capitol and other government buildings. A show of power and strength of the British military. Britain is showing its ability to destroy and walkover america with force when they want to. Destruction of property is the burning of the United States since they declared their independence. Greater military strength means more power. Britain was more powerful because of its success in the Capital and Baltimore and the dominance through destruction it caused. Also damaged americans economy in the process

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Ended in an American Victory headed by Andrew Jackson, which gave him an enormous popularity boost. War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, (prior to the battle) but word had not yet reached the rest of the U.S. Park of General Andrew Jeckson's Southern Campaign Halted the British efforts to control the mississippi river. This would have caused substantial negative economic effects. Britain would want America to suffer and gain a large economic advantage. few american casualties. Battle was impressive but meaningless. The treaty of Ghent (the peace treaty) had been signed two weeks prior in Belgium → communication delays. Jackson led frontier soldiers, free african americans, and Creoles. More than just white farmers fight for America. Builds a larger sense of American pride and spirit. Everyone stems from different roots yet are all fighting for one cause: America. elevated Major General Andrew Jackson to national fame. America's victory boosted American pride. Star Spangled Banner was created.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo.

Scarlet Letter

A disturbing New England masterpiece about adultery and guilt in the old Puritan era written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Scarlet Letter is an American classic, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850. This novel challenged the conformity of American life and the intolerance of change. It would go on as a significant part of American literature, expressing common themes like the American dream, continuing to shed light on American society throughout the decades to today's youth.

Peculiar Institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery. Reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched. Term for Slavery. peculiar meaning "special". This is a positive implication since the South relied on slavery. Expression was a way to distance slavery with its negative connotation and to distance slavery from being part of the fabric of the southern american man and society. Slavery had dominated economic, political and social life in the antebellum years. Simply, it is a euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". With the invention of the Cotton gin, this mechanized the separation of cotton seeds from the raw fibre. This made the filtering faster which could now keep up with a larger crop yield thus allowed for plantation owners to create larger crops which would in turn need more labour. The increase in the amount of crops increased the need for slaves in the south and restablished the South's dependence on slavery. The idea of "king cotton" reinforced the idea that cotton had become the foundation of Southern culture, pride, and most importantly economy. This ideal all falls back to the use of SLAVES. Without slaves, the southern economy and way of life would crumble. The south relied on slaves Southerners justified slavery in the bible

Political machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity. Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. Commands enough votes/ is popular enough to maintain political and administrative control of a city (or something larger like a county or state). An organized group that controlled the activities of and is linked to political party that often controlled local government. Often led by a person or small autocratic group with authority. may dictate voting patterns and wields considerable influence in other political processes. Controlled cities by providing basic services for citizens and new immigrants. The services were often extremely lacking and in poor quality. The "machines" would alleviate these problems. Won influence and voets from the populace by having influence → to have their voices heard. They had no where else to turn to for effective help/services. Seized control of local government in major cities such as Baltimore, New York, ect.. Control of local government through votes/popularity won by services. The "machines" have power in government by this influence and giving these people a sense of power. They had nowhere else to turn to for effective help.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression. Many state banks collapsed, A panic ensued. Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. The Panic of 1837 was a financial panic caused by multiple banks across the country closed down. One of the reasons for this panic was Jackson's opposition to refinance the Bank of the United States. This panic caused the Whig party to blame the Democrats, as they did not want the federal government to have too big of a role in the country's economy as much as the Whigs did. This helped the Whigs win the upcoming election, as voters were not happy with the current economy.

Harriet Tubman (1821-1913)

A former slave, she was one of the shrewdest conductors of the Underground Railroad, leading 300 slaves to freedom.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. Before the market revolution but greatly contributed to its development Quickly and more efficiently cleaned the seeds from cotton. Mechanised cotton production. Could process it at a much quicker rate. Could now pick through seeds faster so they need more cotton to process → more farming, more slaves. Revolutionized the production of cotton. Reduced the slowness of manual removal of the seeds which demanded more crops, more labour and thus more slaves. Greatly sped the process of removing seeds from the raw cotton fibre. Result led to cotton to become America's leading export. Transformed America's economy. Southern economy was now reliant on cotton. it meant that cotton could be produced plentifully and cheaply for domestic use and for export For the North, especially New England, cotton's rise meant a steady supply of raw materials for its textile mills. Southern cotton plantations could now supply the world's demand. Insitutionalized slavery in the South. Offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery. it helped planters earn greater profits, prompting them to grow larger crops, which in turn required more labour → more slaves

The Panic of 1819

A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. Was the first major financial crisis in the United States Included: widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. Caused by irresponsible banking policies. marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812. growth in trade that followed the War of 1812 came to an abrupt halt resulted in the public loss of confidence in the financial structure. Unemployment increased, banks failed, mortgages were foreclosed, and agricultural prices fell by half → Investment in western lands collapsed. Nationalistic beliefs were shaken. The economic crisis changed many voters' political outlook. Westerners began calling for land reform and expressing strong opposition to both the national bank and debtors' prisons. depression lingered for two years tarnish America's otherwise vigorous economy throughout the 19th century. fostered mistrust of banks, bankers and paper money

The 2nd Great Awakening

A religious revival in the United States. Showed growing social and regional differences in the US. Stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Religious movement that led to social reforms. taught that perfection in self and society would lead to salvation. Focuses on salvation. New idea that you determined your own fate (weather you go to heaven or hell) rather than that being determined at birth. It gave people their own agency to change their fate Made people want to be good people. Made christians examine american society to make it a better place Would lead to antebellum reform. Ex: womens rights, slavery, mental illness, lack of public education for the poor. preachers appealed to people's emotions and fear of damnation. promoted the idea that very individual could be saved through faith. prompted thousands to publicly declare their revived faith caused new divisions and sects in Christian society between the newer and older denominations affected all sections of the country, but in Northern states the Second Great Awakening also touched off social reform → activists. Reaction against rationalism that had been in fashion from the enlightenment and american revolution. salvation to ALL→ democratization of American society taking place at the same time Transformation of how religion was viewed in the United States

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) (the North Star)

A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglass became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, "the North Star" and lectured with William Lloyd Garrison until they parted company on issues of prejudice in the North and secession of the South. Frederick Douglass was a former slave who dedicated his free life to speak out against slavery. Douglass was good for the abolitionists, as he speaks about his experience firsthand so people can really understand what it is like to be a slave. He made a journal called "The North Star" which talked about anti-slavery. His work helped with the abolition of slavery as it helped persuade Lincoln to abolish it. The journal also helped out with women's rights and other oppressed groups.

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet (informal advisers to the president). Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet". The Kitchen Cabinet is used to describe a Presidential cabinet consisting of people who were not approved by the Senate. The practice of using a kitchen cabinet was started by President Jackson, whose cabinet was a group of close advisors. This is significant as it shows that despite Jackson's claim to being a representative of the common man, he abused his federal power in several different ways. The implementation of a kitchen cabinet is one example of these abuses.

Peggy Eaton Affair

A social scandal where many wealthy cabinet member's wives snubbed the socially unacceptable Peggy Eaton, wife of John Eaton. Calhoun's wife slandered Peggy Eaton, causing a heated debate between Jackson and Calhoun. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet. The Peggy Eaton Affair was a social crisis among those in President Jackson's cabinet regarding the status of the wife of Jackson's Secretary of War, Peggy Eaton. Because the President represented, and therefore raised the social status of the common man, the common woman was also able to take a step up in society. However, common women in high social positions like Eaton were subject to gossip from women who were "truly" among those ranks. In an attempt to get his advisors to accept Eaton, he ended up pushing the majority of them away, leading to their resignation. Thus, only those who were loyal remained by the president's side. This incident set a precedent that loyalty would trump skill when becoming a presidential advisor. It also made it clear that despite having the same freedoms, common people and elites were still not the same.

Dorothea Dix

Activist who helped improve conditions of mental patients - created first wave of US mental asylums. A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. Dorothea Dix was a female advocate for the rights of the mentally ill. She was a Massachusetts schoolteacher who publicized the horrifying treatment of the mentally disabled across the country. Through her work, state legislatures began building and opening mental hospitals, or improving those that already existed. Americans having mental illnesses were finally able to receive proper, professional treatment for their struggles. Dix's achievements were significant not only because of the equality she helped a minority group obtain, but especially because she was a woman who was able to pioneer such a significant national change.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Agreement between the U.S. and Britain (which controlled Canada at that time) for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border. Agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes. treaty between England and the United States (in 1817) set the northern American border at the 49th parallel stated Oregon as a joint occupation. goal was to significantly eliminate both countries' burgeoning naval fleets stationed in the Great Lakes. Agreement to eliminate their fleets from the Great Lakes accepting small patrol vessels. Both nations aimed to ease tensions as a way to prevent another Anglo-American war. reflected the easing of diplomatic tensions that had led to the War of 1812. tensions between Great Britain and the United States remained high along the Great Lakes but overall relations improved. marked the beginning of Anglo-American cooperation. seen as a way to preserve what many feared would be only a temporary peace (between America and Britain).

Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819

Also known as the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, this treaty settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. The treaty was the result of increasing tensions between the U.S. and Spain regarding territorial rights at a time of weakened Spanish power due to rebellion in South America. In addition to ceding Florida to the United States for 5 million dollars, Spain also gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory. In return, the US gave up all rights to Texas. Also known as the Adams-Onís Treaty. treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819. ceded Florida to the U.S → Florida was acquired by the United States. defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. (in the West-- western limits of the Louisiana Purchase). established western border would be recognized as the border between independent Mexico and America (154 days later). Spain surrendered its claims to the Pacific Northwest. In return, the United States recognized Spanish sovereignty over Texas. The treaty solved the border dispute between Spain and North America. settled a standing border dispute between the two countries. was considered a triumph of American diplomacy.

Bank Veto

Andrew Jackson's 1832 veto of the proposed charter renewal for the Second Bank of the United States. The veto marked the beginning of Jackson's five-year battle against the national bank. The Bank Veto was Andrew Jackson's vetoing of the bill that was going to re-charter the Second Bank of the United States. He argued that it was unconstitutional and it gave the bank too much market power. This veto, unfortunately for Jackson, ended up causing more harm than good. For example, only stockholders living in the United States were taxed, and not ones from other countries. Jackson did this so stock would grow overseas, but overall just ended up giving less power to United States stockholders, which have the only few who had enough money control over banks.

Susan B. Anthony

An American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement; helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association Also, she supported the Temperance and Abolitionist movements. Susan B Anthony led the campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women after the Seneca Falls Convention. She also not only further for women's rights but also for the abolition of slavery. She delivered speeches across the country for women's suffrage. Her acts as a women's rights activist help lead to the nineteenth amendment, which gave women the right to vote.

"King Caucus"

An informal meeting held in the nineteenth century, sometimes called a congressional caucus, made up of legislators in the Congress who met to decide on presidential nominees for their respective parties

Temperance (Movement)

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. The temperance movement became popular as a result of the idea that alcohol consumption was the root of many social issues. Led by Protestants who founded the American Temperance Society, several of those who partook in the movement were drinkers who took a pledge of abstinence to drinking; they spread the idea that alcoholism is a disease that needed prominent treatment. By the end of 1840s, Temperance had spread, and the movement had accumulated over one million members. While Americans strongly supported the ideals of temperance, German and Irish immigrants strongly objected to the idea. However, the political power of the immigrants was not enough to make a difference. Temperance took to the political stage after many states made the decision to make the manufacturing and selling of alcohol illegal, as well as placing high taxes on foreign liquor. The Civil War would overshadow this matter, but eventually it would lead to the passing of the 18th Amendment about a century later, further establishing American identity.

Election (Revolution) of 1828

Andrew Jackson became president after a mudslinging campaign. Jackson was a champion of the working class and middle class (common man). To many citizens represented the triumph of the common man. Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man." This term refers to the revolutionary change in politics during Jackson's campaign for his second term. Leading up to the campaign for the election of 1828, Jackson used the new strategy of mudslinging to tarnish JQA's reputation and image in the eyes of the people. The act of making himself seen as the better person, and therefore the better candidate is still a strategy we see in today's politics. However, the revolution can also include Jackson's presidency on top of the campaign. During this second term of his, Jackson used his federal power to make western expansion safer by removing the threat of natives, removing the national bank, and lowering the national debt.

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government. conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. The Whigs were a political party that emerged during the Age of Jackson. They supported the American System of a national bank, federal funds spent on internal improvements, and protective tariffs. Their major concern was crimes associated with immigrants. The majority of their voters were located in New England and Mid-Atlantic states? They were usually Protestant and from English descent, and were normally urban professionals. Only four presidents came from this party, and they lost power around the year 1856. The Northern Whigs ended up joining the Republican Party, while the Southern Whigs joined the Know Nothing party.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

British warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake. Three Americans were killed and four others were taken captive and impressed into the British navy; aroused American anger and almost led to war. Britain did not apologize and anti-British feeling increased. Led to the Embargo Act of 1807.

Worcester v Georgia

Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it. Ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within Cherokee territory. the Supreme Court reversed itself. Reinforces the sovereignty of the native nations. Ruled that the Cherokee nation was a separate political entity that could not be regulated by the state. only the federal government had authority to regulate the use of Indian land. Example of State and federal government conflict. Since the supreme court ruled in favor of the natives instead of the state. With andrew jackson's actions of not enforcing this ruling highlights the conflict. He as the executive branch (federal) is supporting the state governments side of the case whereas the supreme court (federal) is supporting the natives' side of the case. Conflicting federal interests. Jackson sided with the states in this decision (even though it would be against the supreme court ruling). Andrew Jackson's responsibility as the president to enforce supreme court rulings was neglected and thus contributed to his abuse of power as president DID NOT prevent the Cherokee from being removed from their land and did not protect the Cherokees and other native tribes from oppression. Used to craft subsequent Indian Law in the United States

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Clarified the commerce clause and affirmed Congressional power over interstate commerce. The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers. Helped increase federal authority. strengthened Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce, and helped establish the primacy of the federal government over the states in regulating the economy. The ruling meant the federal government had the constitutional right to regulate interstate commerce—the traffic, trade, and transportation between states. expanded the powers of Congress through a single clause in the Constitution: the Commerce Clause of Article I, Section 8. Makes it clear that congress has sole authority/jurisdiction over interstate commerce defined that states have no role in their interstate commerce. problematic when one states begin to oppose the will. What does interstate commerce mean? What power do states have?. Not just regulating goods over state lines. Later utilizes interstate commerce to dictate the way america runs. Incredible amount of power. Ex: congress tries to stop segregation by segregated busses crossing state lines then they are going against laws. Ex: Segregation, gun sale, childlabour. Trying to control how people act. Dictate the morals values of americans. Passed under marshal court. Contributes to the expansion of federal authority Like a kid trying to tax their parent

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Compromise over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. An agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories. Made by Henry Clay. allowed for admission of Missouri as the 24th state (1821). Missouri would be admitted to the union as a slave state, but would be balanced by the admission of Maine, a free state. Maine separated from Massachusetts. agreement between Northern and Southern states about which western territories could be admitted into the Union as slave states. Agreement to keep the balance in the senate. Even balance between slave owning states and non slave owning states. Any states carved out of land north of this line would be free and any states south of the 36'30"could either choose slavery or no slavery. slavery was to be excluded from all new states in the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri. Tries to clear up future arguments where slaves are and are not allowed. Helped to prevent war. Tensions rising and fear that you couldn't avoid armed conflict. Earliest intervention in preventing a war. A settlement of a dispute between slave and free states. Southerners who opposed the Missouri Compromise did so because it set a precedent for Congress to make laws concerning slavery. Northerners disliked the law because it meant slavery was expanded into new territory.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review: (the right to judge the constitutionality of laws). Under John Marshall. A Federalist who worked to increase the powers of the federal government over states. Supreme court case in 1803. Maryland wanted to tax the national bank. Marshal rules that you cannot tax the national bank (does not give states power to bankrupt/destroy the national bank with taxes). Validates that the government can establish a national bank. Gave idea of judicial review. First time they ruled a law unconstitutional. Who has the final say in interpreting the constitution. conditionality. Judiciary act is unconstitutional. Opened up the idea for this to take hold. Constitution was actually law than rather than lose hopes. Checks and balances. The supreme court now had the power to check the congress. Confirms the notion of checks and balances. Confirms initial ideals Courts increase their power and authority. Not only in checks and balances but a power that didn't fully exist. Federal government increases in power. If a branch increases in power, the central government increases in power. Related to democratic-republicans hopes. Gone against the wish of the democratic-republicans. Federalist keeping alive a strong central government. Judicial branch → federal government more powerful Federalist ideas still in power. Overall, legitimized Supreme Court's to judge the constitutionality of acts of the president or Congress. Established Judicial review. Implied powers, unwritten part of the constitution

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. Identified cotton as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics. Idea that cotton had become essential to the southern way of life. It became the foundation of southern economy, culture, and pride. Was the foundation and backbone of the economic development of the South. Was due to the cotton gin. This mechanised cotton production. The South's economic strength was dependent on cotton production. Rapid increase of the production of cotton. 750,000 to close to 3,000,000. Souths dependence on cotton → slavery. phrase frequently used by Southern politicians and authors which encapsulated the economic and political importance of cotton production to the South. Cotton became the dominant cash crop in the agricultural economy of the South. soon it comprised more than half the total U.S. exports. This idea contributed to the divide between the North and South since different legislation would benefit each region. With the souths reliance of cotton this led to its reliance on slavery. Contributed to the growing tension with the. Northerners on the legality and presence of slavery in America and in the West. Would lead to the Missouri compromise, bleeding Kansas, and eventually the Civil War. The south opposed the growing politico-economic power of the industrializing North. If cotton was essential to the US econony, then slavery would be too

Codes of Chivalry

a code of chivalrous conduct for Southern gentlemen, calling for personal honor, defense of womanhood, and paternalistic attitudes to all inferiors; rules that the knights followed that required them to be brave, obey their lords, and show respect to women and the church.

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation dictated no further introduction of slaves into Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25; Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. submitted in the U.S. House of Representatives on February 13, 1819. Slowed the plans of Missouri becoming a state. called for no more slaves to be brought into Missouri and called for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. Passed the house of representatives, failed in the senate. It was rejected by the Senate due to equal representation from the North and South., House of Representatives was controlled by the North. Phasing out slavery was bad for the South so it was rejected in the senate. proposed as a condition of Missouri's statehood no further slaves could be imported into the state and all children born after Missouri's admission to the Union shall be born free. all slaves that were currently there would have to be emancipated at a certain age. set out a plan for gradual emancipation in Missouri. ignited the controversy in the U.S. Congress over slavery in Missouri. Highlighted tension over slavery and differing beliefs of the North and South. Issue was debated for years after

Anti-Masonic Party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants. Freemason: a member of an international order established for mutual help and fellowship, which holds elaborate secret ceremonies.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. (a protective tariff designed to aid American industries). This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods. Deemed essential in national defense. Promoted American nationalism. Benefits industrial elites in the Northeast. Promotes american manufacturing. First protective tariff. Raised price of British manufactured goods: American goods cheaper and encouraged american commerce. First tariff passed by congress whose purpose was to protect american manufacturing. Before tariffs were only to raise revenue not help the american people. Doesn't benefit South and West. Crops impacted. Southern citizens relied more heavily on imported finished products. Farmers hit hardest by the tariffs. Other countries raise tariffs → goods bought less in other countries because their crops are more expensive. Forced to pay higher prices for foriegn goods (other countries). Contributed to the sectionalism building in America. Congress catering to new england area rather than collectively america (south and west also)

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. He memorized the way that the British made machines (factories) and he brought the idea to America. Called the "father of the American Industrial Revolution". introduced the first water-powered cotton mill to the United States. brought British textile technology to America. invention revolutionized the textile industry. important for the Industrial Revolution. He brought the Industrial Revolution to the United States from Great Britain. Slater's mill was the first water-powered mill in the United States. then built similar plants throughout New England. He changed the region into a world center of textile making. Attracted families to towns with his mills. His introduction of factories helped industrialize america → this brought people to other cities causing urbanization Northeast as a manufacturer → less reliant on foreign powers (in trade of manufactured materials)

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr. Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 (during the time of the Second Great Awakening). Example of new religious beliefs/ideas and their resulting communities: example of cultural changes. Wrote the book of Mormon. He established cities and temples, and founded a religion that is still prominent today. led the Mormons until he died a martyr by an angry mob on June 27, 1844. Mormonism. He justified polygamy and hoped for a society that would inspire moral perfection members were often persecuted because they didn't keep slaves, they practiced polygamy, and they were outsiders for their religious beliefs. Mormons migrated (all over but eventually) to Salt Lake City due to persecution. Many people also worried about the Mormons' political power due to their cooperative community environment although this helped their settlement thrive in the wild.. Successor was Brigham Young. led members west to the Rocky Mountains and served as the governor of the territory. led the efforts in expanding the telegraph and railroad lines. founded BYU and the University of Deseret (now known as the University of Utah).

Causes of the War of 1812

Free seas and trade• US depended on Atlantic trade that they were now unable to do• Frontier pressures• Wanted British Canada and Spanish Florida (Britain, Indians, and Spanish were allies)• Blamed British for instigating Tecumseh rebellion.• War Hawks• Democratic Republicans, many from frontier states (Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio) eager for war with Britain• Quickly gained influence in the House of Representatives• Led by Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John Calhoun (South Carolina)• Said war was the only way to defend U.S's honor, gain Canada, destroy American Indians resistance. •War hawks reasoning (the British were inciting the Indians on the frontier to attack the Americans, and the war would allow the U.S. to seize the northwest posts, Florida, and possibly Canada).

Thomas Gallaudet

Improved the education and lives of people with hearing impairments: Studied techniques for instructing hearing impaired people and established the first american school for the hearing impaired Like Dorothea Dix, Thomas Gallaudet pioneered significant reforms for a minority group in America. Rather than the mentally ill, Gallaudet founded institutions and schools for those with physical disabilities -- specifically those who were hearing impaired.

Transcendentalists

Individuals strive to "transcend" limits of intellect" & allow emotions/ soul to create original relation to universe. Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms. Also, naturalistic, intellectual movement in New Englan. a small group of New England writers and reformers which chiefly believed:in intuition. in mystical and intuitive thinking to discover one's inner self and find God in nature. each person possesses inner light that illuminates highest truth. believed in the importance of nature Degraded American materialism greatly influenced modern American Literature Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions embraced a theory of the individual that rested on a distinction between "reason" and "understanding" liberation from the confines of understanding and the cultivation of reason. They believed people should strive to transcend the limits of intellect and allow emotions to create an original relation to the universe they supported a variety of reforms, especially the anti slavery movement added to the spirit of reform by urging people to question society's rules and institutions

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President. After not being nominated for a second term of the vice presidency, he embarked on a series of ventures Federalist conspiracy, Duel with Hamilton and Trial for treason. INCLUDE -Leading democratic republican of New York. Secretly formed radical political group of New England federalists. Once Burr would win the governorship of New York, he would secede from the union. When Burr lost the election this was lost. Dueled with Alexander Hamilton. Killed hamilton. Killed the last great Federalist leader. Burr got the enmity of many Trail by Treason. Focuses turned westward to take Mexico from Spain and unite it with louisiana under his rule. A conspiracy (against the government) Jefferson orders Burr to be arrested and tried for treason. Chief Justice John Marshall freed his longtime friend Burr. Narrow definition of treason, lack of witness. During the period where he was tied for the presidency with Thomas Jefferson he was seen by federalists that he could be swayed to their views but his ambition would take hold of him. Ambitious, difficult to control.

Nullification Crisis of 1832

John C. Calhoun claimed that states have the right to nullify, or refuse to accept, a federal law if it wasn't in the state's best interest. When southern states attempted to nullify the Tariff Act of 1832, Andrew Jackson punished them. ackson supported states rights but sends troops into South Carolina to enforce the tariff of 1828. A sectional crisis in 1832 caused by the Ordinance of Nullification. An attempt by South Carolina to nullify a federal law (the tariff of 1828) which was passed by the US Congress. Confrontation between South Carolina and the Federal Government. State and federal government conflict. North vs. South confrontation. Further contributes to the divide. The South Carolina legislature declared the increased tariff of 1828 (tariff of abominations) to be unconstitutional. Affirmed the nullification theory. That each state had the right to decide whether to obey federal law or to declare it null and void. Calhoun's South Carolina held a special convention to nullify the tariff of 1828 and the new tariff of 1832. Ordinance of Nullification. declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. In response, Jackson; issued a Proclamation to the People of South Carolina which stated that nullification and disunion were treason. Told the secretary of war to prepare for military action. Persuaded Congress to pass a Force bill giving him authority to act against South Carolina. Federal troops did not march on the crisis. Jackson opened the door for compromise by suggesting congress lower the tariff. South carolina postponed nullification and later formally rescinded it after Congress enacted a new tariff along the lines suggested by the president. Jackson's strong defense of federal authority forced the militant advocates of states' rights to retreat. Simply: Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void, Jackson responded with Force bill and suggested compromising over tariff. Compromise succeeded.

Embargo Act (1807)

Law that forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports and closed American ports to British ships. Hurt the National Economy. Alternative for war. Outcry is from the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair. British warship Leopard fired on American warship chesapeake. 3 Americans were killed and 4 were captured and forced into the British navy. Prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port. Britain was the US's largest trading partner therefore, Jefferson passed this act for the British to stop violating the rights of neutral nations or else they would lose the US as a trading partner. Backfired by bringing greater economic hardship to the united states rather than Britain. Especially for merchants, marines and shipbuilders of New England. Depression almost led the New England states to secede from the union Jefferson's attempt at maintaining neutrality. Hurt US economy more than Britans. Agricultural prices, earnings and unemployment fell. Shipping industries especially affected. New England states almost seceded from the union. Lost hope in the government/founding ideals that made them first unite Foriegn affairs getting in the way of domestic affairs

Charles G. Finney (1792-1875)

Leader of the Second Great Awakening; Minister. Immensely successful revivalist of the 1800s. Helped establish "Oberlin Theology." Had an interest in "disinterested benevolence" and helped shape character of charitable organizations of the time. central figure in the religious revival movements of the 2nd Great Awakening. Started a series of revivals in upstate New York. appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. Preached dangers of eternal damnation → led part of upstate New York to be called the "burned over district". Preached about faith and hard work leading to salvation. He taught that sin was voluntary and that people could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in God. He insisted that everyone had the power to be perfect and free of sin: people's destinies were in their own hands. Did through sermons that appealed to people's emotions and fear of damnation rather that logical arguments). Prompted thousand to publicly declare their revived faith.Preached that every individual could be saved through faith and hard work → ideas promoted individual responsibility → people can improve themselves and society. His new ideas helped other types of social reform in the US blossom. Socially progressive.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government (New England states almost seceded from the Union); viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics. Contributed to the death of the Federalist Party during the "Era of Good Feelings" New England threatens to secede from the union right before the war ends. Bitterly opposed to war and the democratic-republican government radical federalists argued that the constitution be mended and for secession to be voted upon (last resort). The Hartford convention was held to discuss these matters. New England delegates rejected radical calls for secession. Also wanted to limit the amount og Rmocratic. Republicans in the south and west. Adopted a number of proposals. Ex: two-thirds vote of both houses for any future declaration of war. December 1814 convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo Act and the War of 1812. proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated right of states to nullify federal laws. Discussion over the limits of implied powers and their existences. Implied powers vs. expressed powers. turned public sentiment against Federalists, which led to the demise of the party discussed idea of seceding from the US if their desires were ignore. Weakened federalists by stamping them as unpatriotic

Millenialism

Movement of people who feared for the second coming of God in response to rapid change. The belief that Jesus is coming soon. And will reign for 1000 years. This dramatically changed society/culture. It surfaced during revivals.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri; those resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles. The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant migration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears". Relocation policy that forced native americans to move west of the Mississippi. Under the Jackson administration. Occurred because of the many native Americans that were still living in the South and (mid)west regions of America. Led to the trail of Tears ( → the cruel and forced resettling of the natives to Kansas and Oklahoma), see below. Forced resettlement of thousands of native Americans. This act basically authorized the president to grant unsettled lands (west of the mississippi) in exchange for the native lands in America's existing borders. Few went peacefully, many resisted. Were given the worst lands (little resources). Jackson warned the tribes that if they failed to move, they would lose their independence and fall under state laws. Jackson's concept of democracy did not apply to native Americans. He sympathized with the land-hungry citizens (who wanted the lands that the natives lived on). Most politicians support the Indian removal policy. Meant that the natives would be leaving their lands, culture and way of life that played an integral part to their native character. Leaving behind their ancestral homeland → ancient land settled by ancestors. Major depletion of their reliance of resources. Relocation strips them from their knowledge of the geography, topography and and overall new environment which impairs their way of life. Americans settlers benefited by having the native (violent) threat removed that would have interfered with their settlement. Allows more white settlers to occupy more of the South and West (now that the threat of native resistance/force was removed)

Nativists

People who wanted to preserve the country for white, American-born Protestants; U.S. citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants and feared losing jobs to them. A hatred for foreigners (and strong favor to those "native" to the land). Linked to Xenophobia which is a dislike or prejudice of people from other countries. The strong dislike/hatred relates to them taking jobs, a foreign language, religion and customs. "We were here first so we are better than you". A growing sense of "us" and "them". Irony is that native americans were the actual natives and were "there first" whereas the Americans who were immigrants originally are now against the "new immigrants". Belief that the interests of native-born or established US residents against those of the new immigrants. Held (mostly) by white people whose ancestors had come to the Americas from northern Europe as "true Americans". favors greater rights and privileges for white, native-born Americans a native born American who wants to limit immigration (and outside influence). hated minorities, immigrants and Catholics. "Old immigrants" sought to limit the "new immigrants" power and influence. belief that only native-born or long-established citizens should have a voice in public affairs. reaction against cultural and economic change catalyzed by mass immigration

Henry Clay's American System

Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transporation system National economic plan proposed by Henry Clay. The United States was in debt with no plan to get out of it. Strong nationalism emerged made the possibility of re-shaping the country's economic system more likely. Bank was a seen as a tool to stabilize the American economy/economic system. Contained 3 parts: Pass high tariffs (taxes) on imports to protect American businesses and to increase revenues. Re-establish a Bank of the United States (original charter had expired in 1811) in order to stabilize US currency and state banks. Develop and support internal capital improvements, primarily consisting of designing and constructing roads and canals. The THIRD part of the proposed system never happened: federal jurisdiction/responsibility to maintain and create infrastructure. Declared out of the federal government's constitutional rights. Later declared the states responsibility rather than the federal governments

Know Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant: Nativists. Political party that flourished in the North in the 1850s. Strong anti-immigrant sentiment. String anti-roman catholic sentiment (outside power). Got the name from the members who, when asked about their nativists organizations, said they "knew nothing" which got the name. Proposed legislature that would benefit the native born or established US citizens. Proposed: ending poor relief to non-citizens. creating literacy tests before people could vote. banning foreigners from holding public office. extending the residency requirement to 21 years before an immigrant could become a citizen. In the 1856 election, won over 20% of the national popular vote. Had political weight among americans. Important in politics (even if they didn't win) Contributed to the turbulent politics of the 1850s short-lived due to differing opinions about slavery founded in New York City in 1849 as a secret patriotic organization under the name of the Order of the Star Spangled Banner. organized to oppose the great wave of immigrants. Powerful form of expression of nativism claimed that the immigrant--who were principally Irish and Roman Catholic-- threatened to destroy the American experiment.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. It was a early and influential women's rights convention at which the push for women's suffrage first gained national prominence.At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage. The Seneca Falls convention was a meeting of the leading feminists that ended with them creating a document similar to the Declaration of Independence called the "Declaration of Sentiments." The document stated that all women and men were created equal, and also stated women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them. This led to campaigns for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women. This was eventually shadowed by the crisis over slavery.

William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator)

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. William Lloyd Garrison was the publisher of the abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator". This paper advocated for the immediate abolition of slavery in every state and territory, even though there was no compensation for slaveowners. He also was one of the founders of the American Antislavery Society. Garrison received a lot of backlash for some of his views. People thought that the total abolition was too sudden, and that he was too radical. He condemned and burnt the Constitution as a pro slavery document. He argued for "no Union with slaveholders" unless they repented for their sins and freed their slaves.

Lucretia Mott

Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. Lucretia Mott was a woman's right for former who resented the way men neglected to give them primary roles in the women's rights movement and prevented them from taking part in large discussions. She was excluded from the world anti-slavery convention in 1840. She was one of the co-writers of the Declaration of Sentiments. Her actions helped lead to the 19th amendment, and she helped women progress in society.

Lowell System; textile mills

Recruited young farm-living women and housed them in company dormitories; began use of child labor

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)

Ruled that workers have the right to organize. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members; Declared that labor unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon. legal case in the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1842 Changed the way labour unions were viewed. Before the ruling it was unclear whether America still followed English common law. (that would have made unions and their actions (stikes) illegal. made clear that forming labor unions was legal. Made it clear that the actions of the unions (stikes) were legal. Issued rights to workers: Made it clear that people had the right to strike for better wages. made it easier to groups of employees to work together in order to achieve goals. made it easier for workers to form unions. This would make it easier for them to work for better conditions, hours and wages. The court ruling was about a society (a union -- The Boston Journeymen Bootmakers Society) and it's actions. One bootmaker began doing extra work for free, so the Society threatened to strike unless the man was fired. Made it clear that there was nothing illegal that the society did. Overall it helped workers by allowing them to come together (in a union) to achieve their goals (better conditions). Legal actions to a achieve a legal goal are allowed in the US. Established that the Supreme Court will side with unions Shaped the way unions operate today.

Dr. Sam Gridley

Sam Gridley was a physician, abolitionist and an advocate for education for the blind. He created the first school for the blind, the Perkins school for the blind. He was a reformer for the humane treatment of the mentally ill. He printed books in braille which would help with the education of the blind. Overall he was great in our life with a mentally ill and helped them progress in education.

Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837)

Sarah Grimké began as an advocate for the immediate abolition of slavery. ... In her Letters on the Equality of the Sexes, and the Condition of Woman of 1838, (initally published as a series of letters in a newspaper) Sarah Grimké responded to Catharine Beecher's defense of the subordinate role of women.

John Marshall

Served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835). Appointed by John Adams. Helped establish the practice of judicial review. Largely responsible for establishing the supreme court's power in the government. Asserted the right of the Supreme court to determine the meaning (the extent of the powers) of the constitution. appointed by John Adams (a federalist president) to be the chief justice of the supreme court. Was a virginia federalist. Had a strong influence in the supreme court. Marshall keeps the dream alive of the federalist party. By 1816 election it no longer exists. With marshall still in power, the federalist ideas, hopes, dreams and power still exists Judicial branch → federal government more powerful. Federalist ideas still in power. Rulings and influence favored a strong central government. States would then have less power

Nat Turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery. Led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives Nat Tuner was an African American who was born into slavery. Turner was responsible for one of the biggest slave revolts. He had previously purchased muskets to prepare for the uprising. The rebels killed many white men. Unfortunately for him, this revolt was quickly shut down, and Turner went into hiding. Many of the slaves participating were killed, which terrified slaves who did not participate. This led to laws that restricted black people from getting an education, restricting their right to assembly, along with a few other stricter slave codes.

Nat Turner

Slave in Virginia who started a slave rebellion in 1831 believing he was receiving signs from God. His rebellion was the largest sign of black resistance to slavery in America and led the state legislature of Virginia to a policy that said no one could question slavery. Led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives. American Slave rebel from Virginia. Led a slave rebellion known as "Nat Turner's Rebellion". Also known as "the Southampton Insurrection". Led a rebellion of black slaves on August 22, 1831. He and some of his followers marched from farm to farm assaulting white inhabitants. Most of which were women and children. The rebels killed between 55 and 65 people, at least 51 of whom were white. This was the last large-scale rebellion in the south. Was the bloodiest rebellion prior to the American civil war. Occurred where slavery was most constricting, and less followers in the beginning meant less of a chance to be caught. As a result, Turner and 56 Blacks were executed. Led to 200 more Blacks to be killed by mobs and White militias. escalated /highlighted the tension and violence between white people and black people in the south. This rebellion spread panic throughout the south. debates opened about whether slavery should continue.. In the end, Virginia just tightened its hold over its slaves rather than loosen restrictions. Overall, he destroyed the white Southern myth that slaves were actually happy with their lives or too docile to undertake a violent rebellion. Helped polarize the country by making slaveholders more defensive about salvery and nonslaveholders more critical of the institution. led to new oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of slaves. Drove the south to tighten already strict slave codes. Quickly and violently suppressed. Gave hope to enslaved american americans

Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

Tariff passed by Congress that imposed very high duties on imports. Southerners protested because it increased the cost of the manufactured good they bought. new tariff law which pleased northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. The Tariff of 1828, also known to Southerners as the "tariff of abominations," was passed during the presidency of John Quincy Adams, alienating the followers of Jackson after asking Congress for the funding of infrastructure, public education, and scientific studies. The passing of this tariff satisfied the requests of manufacturers and businessmen in the North, but greatly upset the farmers in the South. The Tariff of 1828 would lead to Jackson's reelection after the end of JQA's presidency, and added to the strained tensions between the North and the South.

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846. An experiment in Utopian socialism, it lasted for six years (1841-1847). The experiment at Brook Farm occurred in 1841, with the goal of integrating transcendentalist ideals into daily life, and achieving a natural union between intellectual and manual labor. Many big names participated in the experiment, including Margaret Fuller, a significant feminist writer and editor. Even though debt and fires caused the experiment to end, the event would go down in history as an expression of major creativity and exploration of American identity.

War Hawks

The War Hawks were members of Congress who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812. The War Hawks tended to be younger congressmen from Southern and Western states. Their desire for war was prompted by expansionist tendencies.

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

The forced removal of about 15,000 Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole Indians west; a quarter of them died along the way. they did not have time to prepare for the journey. Forced relocation of the Cherokee Indians in 1838 to leave Georgia and to the Kansas Territory (west of the Mississippi river). Forced by the US army. lasted 116 days and was 1,000 miles long. Many American Indians died during the forced move so it is called the "trail of tears". Act of genocide which forced innocent people on death marches. People died of exhaustion, starvation, dehydration. Death march. 15,000 Cherokees were forced to leave, the march caused the deaths of 4,000 signifies the callousness of American policy makers toward American Indians. Native lands were held hostage by the states and the federal government, and Indians had to agree to removal to preserve their identity as tribes. Relates to the many forced marches of the native tribes. Specific movement which helps us understand the larger picture that the most naitve nations underwent their own "trail of tears' ' separate from the Cherokees' forced march. They underwent similar inhumane conditions as well as the. Caused by: Andrew Jackson's Policy on Indians. Indians and whites couldn't live together peacefully so the Indians were to be removed to the West. Jackson signed The Indian Removal Act (1830) which granted unsettled lands west of the Mississippi to the natives in exchange for their native lands. Permission for the forced resettlement of the indegonous populations

Moby Dick

The great but commercially unsuccessful novel about Captain Ahab's obsessive pursuit of a white whale written by Herman Melville. Moby Dick by Herman Melville is another American classic. Written in 1855, it served as another significant piece of literature to define American culture during this time period. The story of a large white whale and a sea Captain, the novel portrayed the underlying conflicts between theology and culture as the country underwent the social changes brought on by the Second Great Awakening and the influence of Transcendentalists.

Antebellum Period (1840-1860)

The time period before the Civil War: during which there were many reforms, including the establishment of free (tax-supported) public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling/abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal legal/political rights for women, and abolishing slavery. Period after the war of 1812 and before the Civil War (which started in 1861). Period of increasing sectionalism. During this time there were pushes for many. "Antebellum Reforms". The Reforms included: establishing free (tax supported) schools, improving treatment for the mentally ill, controlling/abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal rights for women, and abolishing slavery. Causes: jacksonian democracy, changing relationships of men and women among social classes and ethnic groups, Enlightenment belief in human goodness and the ability of humans to use logic and reason to resolve problems, 2nd Great Awakening ideas of self salvation and changing your fate → making the world a better place. Central Idea of Reformers: that society should not simply unfold naturally; instead, its environment should be consciously structured with care.The environment makes the individual, not the other way around. Reformers believed the condition of the unfortunate (poor, insane, criminal, slave) could improve with a wholesome environment. These reforms were largely found in the North, with little impact on the South South slow to support education and humanitarian reforms Ex: slavery, public widespread education. Lead to regional disagreement on the legitimacy of reforms and if they should be integrated into society since the north continued to reform and attempt to perfect its society. time of tremendous economic growth in America thanks to the agricultural dominance in the South and the textile booms in the North. Although, this economic boom highlights the differences in the economies of the North and South. The differences in the ideals, economies and overall ways of life and thinking between the North and South led to gradual polarization of the country during this time

Baptists and Methodists

The two religious denominations that benefited from the evangelical revivals of the early nineteenth century. Grew and Spread Rapidly. By 1830, many sermons were pointing out the divine causes for slavery, reversing their stance over 60 years Products of the new religious trends/beliefs of the Second Great Awakening. Were the largest protestant denominations in the country. Believed that people could chose to be "saved" through an extent of their free will.Preachers activated the faith of many people who had never belonged to a church before. stressed personal conversion, democratic control of church affairs, emotionalism. Unlike other churches, they supported slavery. Thrived in less educated, less prosperous parts of the rural South and West. stressed personal conversion, democratic control of church affairs, emotionalism. In the southern backcountry, it was difficult to sustain local churches with regular ministers so circuit preachers of these churches would travel from one location to another. attracted thousands to hear their dramatic preaching at outdoor revivals or camp meetings. Baptists → emphasized free will, universal redemption, equality of all, complete belief in the bible and peoples natural wickedness, attractive to rural. Methodists → welcomed the poor/oppressed, committed to aggressive conversion of all

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority... American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. Henry David Thoreau was another Transcendentalist. He decided to put his beliefs to the test by living outside of society for two years. There, he had an epiphany about the meaning of life which he published in Walden, giving him the title of a pioneer ecologist and conservationist. In addition, Thoreau was a strong advocate for non-violent protest, expressing this opinion by not paying a tax that would support the US v. Mexico War; the war was a national action he saw as immoral and unjust. By facing the consequences for this peaceful form of protest, Henry David Thoreau set a precedent for future nonviolent protests and leaders, influencing America for several future generations.

Treaty of 1818

Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years. Neither Britain or America had to surrender rights or claims for this to occur. Also known as the Convention of 1818. came after the War of 1812 to settle disputes between Britain and U.S Treaty between Britain and America. allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada. gave both countries a joint occupation of the untamed Oregon Territory for the next 10 years. fixed the vague northern limits of Louisiana from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. set the boundary between the Missouri Territory in the United States and British North America (later Canada) at the forty-ninth parallel. This remains the boundary today between the two nations. meeting between John Quincy Adams (U.S. secretary of state) and British foreign ministers to resolve territorial disagreements. reflected the easing of diplomatic tensions that had led to the War of 1812. marked the beginning of Anglo-American cooperation.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River. Jefferson conflicted about the purchase, since he didn't feel he had the authority to do so under the Constitution, but the deal was too good to pass up and provided more than enough land to fulfill his dream of an America populated with small farmers. US territory doubled. U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. Secured American control of the Mississippi river. Jefferson did this to help his ideal American economy which relied on agriculture. Agriculture needs land and resources to succeed. Led to more native american resistance. More americans now encroaching and settling on their land. Led to the Lewis and Clark expedition. Established American claims to Oregon Territory. The expedition smoothed relations with natives (a little). Provided a map with landmarks, routes for settlers. More settlers going west. strengthened the country materially and strategically. Western expansion. Led to potential of a Spanish invasion/threat to Western Americans. Led to France to be less of a problem in the Americas. Still a problem in the atlantic/overseas. Would lead to more states added to the union. Open to western expansion

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. a foreign policy proclaimed by the United States in 1823 during the presidency of President James Monroe. written mostly by John Quincy Adams. Declaring that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain distinct spheres. said that European powers do not belong in The Americas. Basically, the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers. the United States recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies. stated that North and South America were no longer open to colonization. Stated the United States would not allow European countries to interfere with independent governments in the Americas. the United States would consider such attempts as an act of aggression. Contributed to nationalism. In the sense that the policy is projecting to the world that America is better than any other european power. expressed the belief that the United States was superior to all other nations. Kept america safe. the United States simply did not have the military strength needed to protect itself from European invasion. America to be the only country that would use Latin America for economic benefits Ignores conquering of native people of imperialism. Clear example of US as dominant country and "we control you" -- imperialism. Can't stop interest already there but instead on moving forward

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859); Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. Horace Mann was the leading advocate of the public school movement. He was the secretary of the newly found in Massachusetts Board of Education. He worked for the attendance of all children for a longer school year and increased teacher preparation. This movement he was a part of eventually spread to other states. This idea Of a common public school movement became nationwide after only a few years.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism. American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. A popular Transcendentalist speaker, Emerson spoke about and wrote significant essays about the expression of a unique American identity, different from that of Europe. Emerson suggested that Americans prioritize spiritual matters over materialistic ones, and that they live more independently from society, connecting more closely to their God-given planet. He would also support the Union as a Massachusetts man during the Civil War. Through his influence, Emerson was able to spread not only Transcendental ideals, but also advocated for the freedom of slaves and abolition of slavery.

Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign of 1840

William Henry Harrisons presidential run; Log cabin showed humble beginnings and hard cider was passed out at his rallies; shows modest beginnings. " Attacked" "Martin Van Ruin" as an aristocrat who liked foreign wines. The Whig party thought that they could gain popularity within the public by having a candidate run for president that was said to be a "log cabin and hard cider candidate," meaning that he was a common man, just like Andrew Jackson. This was a bug factor in Jackson winning the race, so the Whigs took advantage of it. The Whigs stated that his opponent, Martin Van Buren, was a snob who would never understand the people. In reality, William Henry Harrison, the Whigs candidate, had actually come from a wealthy family and was well off, making the whole situation ironic.

Tecumseh (1768-1813)

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Sawnee (native american) chief. attempted to organize a confederation of tribes to resist white settlement. Act of native american resistance. His brother, Tenskwatawa was a religious leader known as The Prophet. They worked together to united the northwest Indian tribes (against America). Act of defiance. Native american conflict and resistance grow with expansion of America. British provided little aid to Tecumseh yet the british were blamed for this rebellion. Rather than the government for the lack of orders/protection of American citizens and reduction in native conflict. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Later, Tecumseh and his followers joined the British to fight the United States. Killed during the war of 1812 for the British. Some natives supported Britain over America

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. Appealed to emotion rather than reason An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. found expression in the literature, philosophy, art, politics and science of the US. appealed to emotion rather than reason. Promoted a fascination with the natural world. exemplifies the importance of emotions and freedom over intellectual growth. They believe that everyone should follow what they're feeling

Cherokee Nation v Georgia

first attempt of Cherokees to gain complete sovereign rule over their nation. Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Was a blow to the Cherokee case. The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status." It cast doubt on the constitutionality of Indian Removal Act. 1831 supreme court case between the Cherokee nation and state of Georgia. Ruled that the Cherokees were not a foriegn nation with the right to sue the supreme court. The supreme court had lacked jurisdiction (power to hear a case) to review the claims of an Indian nation within the united states. The cherokees did not constitute as a foriengn nation and therefore it did not fall in the supreme court's jurisdiction to hear the Indian nation vs. the residing state. Definition of the natives as a foriegn nation relates to Article III of the constitution → judicial power of the US to cases between a state and foriegn nation. Consideration of the US supreme court's powers to enforce the rights of Native American nations against the states. the Cherokee Nation sought an injunction from the Supreme Court to prevent the state of Georgia from enforcing a series of laws stripping the Cherokee people of their rights and displacing them from their land. Argument was that the assertion of the laws violated treaties the Cherokees had negotiated with the United States. Accordingly, the Court dismissed the case.

Sorjourner Truth

former slave and abolitionist who spoke in favor of abolition and women's rights.

Laissez-faire economics

hands-off approach to government; the government should not interfere in the economy; Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property. Laissez-Faire economics is the idea that the government should not interfere with its country's economy. To make the economy strong, the government should help with the people's rights, and not with the economy. This could end up harming a country because if the economy is every unstable, the problem could be poorly managed, which could create an even bigger problem.

Eli Whitney

invented cotton gin (1793); cotton became main crop of the South. American inventor. Most notable inventions included: Cotton Gin. machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. Increased demand for slaves in the south. Increased the South's reliance on cotton. shaped the economy of the Antebellum South [cotton] became america's leading export. Interchangeable Parts. One such part can freely replace another, without any custom fitting. Standardized parts that can be replaced if broken. Uses were in guns, machines (in factories) ect.

Tammany Hall

most notorious political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed. a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism. Originally known as the Society of St. Tammany or the Columbian Order. A New York City political organization formed in 1789. Was a key powerful "political machine" dominated much of the political sphere in New York in the 1800s. Were able to enact just about legislation it wanted. Members upholded/promoted Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican principles. were opposed to Federalists. Mirrored the local democratic party. Drew support from the poor and immigrants. Provided them with social services and bribes in exchange for votes. Services were poor and they had no where else to turn to for effective help. made it a common practice to offer cash for votes. included the votes gathered from among those incarcerated in local prisons. Poor immigrants were guaranteed help with jobs and housing, even legal help if they needed it, all in exchange for votes on Election Day. Ex: As the Irish population of New York City grew, so did the influence of the Tammany machine. Leaders were known for corruption. faced charges of bribery and corruptions their machine showed what an effective political party leadership could do. Controlled much of New York's politics and legislation. Held immense political power.

Stock Based Corporations

new form of economic organization. Company that has sold shares on the public market so it has shareholders for owners. Usually has a board of directors that oversees management. Provides quarterly and annual reports to the investors. The stock is: money invested into a corporation. used to fund its endeavor. with its success the money invested by stockholders is. reciprocated as a profit for-profit organizations that issue shares of stock to shareholders to raise capital. each share represents partial ownership of the corporation. grants shareholders certain ownership rights that shape company policies. (dependent on the percent of share of the company)

Mountain People

small number of farmers lived in isolation from the rest, slopes of Appalachian and Ozark mountains, disliked planters and their slaves, many would remain loyal to the Union. A number of small farmers lived in frontier conditions in isolation from the rest of the South. They lived along the slopes and valleys of the Appalachian and Ozark mountains. They disliked the planters and their slaves many would remain loyal to the union. Aligned with the North rather than the South. From the point of view of white Americans, the rocky mountains in the 1820s were far-distant-frontier, at toal wilderness except for american indian villages. independent small farmers in the Appalachian Mountain Range. hated plantation owners and blacks people. living in the mountains and backcountry raising corn and hogs. "Mountain men". Fur traders and trappers who were the earliest white people in the Rocky Mountains. Followed Lewis and Clark. Served as guides and pathfinders. developed important relationships with the naitve people. Were mostly single white men. About ⅔ married indian or Hispanic women. Altered the character and society there.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

the Supreme Court upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank using the Constitution's supremacy clause. The Court's broad interpretation of the necessary and proper clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers. Ruling determined that implied power exist. Necessary and Proper Clause- authorizes Congress to implied powers that are useful or essential, as long as the ends and means of exercising those powers are constitutional Happened because Maryland The state passed an act that would impose a tax on all banks and their branches that were not chartered by the state. legislature;including the Second Bank of the United States (tax on the national bank by the state). Partly about the national bank being taxed by the state of maryland. National Bank established by congress. Ruling determines that implied powers exist. Validates the existence of them. establishing a bank was one of the powers. Democratic-republicans (believe in expressed powers --clearly outlines) vs. federalists (believe in implied powers). Democratic-republicans don't want them to create new powers. "Win" for federalists -- court ruling validating the existence of implied powers → give more power to the central government → strong federal government are federalists views. Article 1, section 8. "Necessary and Proper" clause/ "Elasticity" clause authorizes Congress to implied powers that are useful or essential, as long as the ends and means of exercising those powers are constitutional. Congress may have the implied power to incorporate a national bank as an appropriate means The federal statute is constitutional. granting Congress broad, implied powers in creating a functional national government. Basically: Stretched to create new powers for the federal government. Ex: Power to coin money → national bank (to store it). Ex: Tax the people → IRS --- government agency that controls taxation. Makes it clear that the federal government can do whatever it needs to do their proper and necessary duties. Additional power created overtime. Lives up to what the federalist believed what would happen. Marshall court cases would expand federal authority (overtime).

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power; A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. The Spoils System refers to the idea of spoiling leaders of the same party to federal positions in hopes of dominating the political scene. Andrew Jackson executed this system by firing many nondemocratics holding government jobs and replacing them with loyal democrats. The Spoils System is another example of Jackson expanding his federal power seemingly unconstitutionally, despite being against a strong central government. It also set a precedent for future presidents, giving them the notion of the incorporation of their personal advisors during their terms.

Era of Good Feelings

time during Monroe's presidency when the country entered a period of national unity; a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

was a military conflict fought between the forces of the United States of America and those of the British Empire.The Americans declared war in 1812 for a number of reasons, including a desire for expansion into the Northwest Territory, trade restrictions because of Britain's ongoing war with France, impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, and the humiliation of American honour. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation new found respect from European powers.