period 4 saq's!

14A. Provide ONE piece of evidence based on the Palace of Versailles that supports the argument politicians used architecture to legitimize their rule and explain how this piece of evidence supports this argument.

During the 1670's Louis XIV built a magnificent residence at Versailles not far away from Paris. Later in the 1680's Louis moved his court there, where he was the absolute center of attention. Court officials were later encouraged to live at court, where the King could keep an eye on them. Louis and his ministers ran the state, in fact, Louis provided endless entrapment to legitimize his rule.

14B. Provide ONE piece of evidence based on the Winter Palace that supports the argument politicians used architecture to legitimize their rule, and explain how this piece of evidence supports this argument.

The Winter Palace displayed the wealth of the Russian Tsars and further supported the absolutist policies that these Rules such as Elizabeth had. The Winter Palace was the Tsar's home and it was a monument used to project the Tsar's power.

2A. Identify and explain TWO key advances that allowed the explosion of exploration that occurred in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

Advances in nautical technology and navigational skills led to the explosion of exploration. One nautical advance was the sternpost rudder, a Chinese invention which increased a ship's maneuverability. As for navigational skills, the magnetic compass and the astrolabe further paved the road toward overseas exploration. The magnetic compass helped determine a ship's heading to Atlantic or Mediterranean waters. While the astrolabe recorded latitude and worked by measuring the angle of the sun.

17B. Select ONE of the explorers above and briefly explain how his voyage(s) affected the sponsoring empire beyond the impact listed in the chart.

Columbus' voyages led more conquerors to go to the Americans which made Spain adopt a mercantilism economy. It allowed them to gain access to raw materials like: Corn Potatoes Beans Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes

4C. Explain a SECOND specific demographic effect of the Colombian Exchange, specifying the region of the world that was most affected by this effect.

Diseases ravaged the new world and killed many of the natives. The new world was mainly affected because they had no previous immunity for them. The mortality rate was very high, wiping out most of the population.

12A. (uses passage) Explain Crocker's attitude about the Enlightenment in the excerpt above.

He believed that people had the divine privilege to surmount a leader's rule seeing, they had control over their density. (+ quote excerpt)

12B. Explain ONE specific piece of evidence that supports Crocker's interpretation of the Enlightenment, using a specific Enlightenment thinker when making your argument.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theories closely resembled Crocker's. In his influential book, 'The Social Contract' Rousseau argued that members of society were collectively the sovereign power, just like Crocker.

7A. Identify and explain ONE reason for this change or development.

One reason for more direct and sustain networks during the sixteenth and 17th century was the increasing demands in spices from India, in Europe, which led to an increase in global trade as well as accelerated commercial interaction due to the development of silver, because silver became a very important product and essential in long distant (Global) trade.

9A. Identify and explain ONE group or country who benefited from the changes following the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia as illustrated by the maps.

The Dutch Republic & kingdom of Spain signed a treaty to make them all soverign and equal. This allowed them to gain political power and diminish religious influence.

10B. Identify ONE way in which the English Reformation differed from the Catholic Reformation.

The English reformation happened because King Henry wanted to divorce and then get remarried. He broke off from the Church and created an Anglican state. The Catholic Reformation was in response to the protestant reformation which was led by Martin Luther. The Catholic reformations goal was to persuade protestants to return to the Catholic Church.

16B. Other than geography, cite and explain ONE difference between Spanish and Portuguese settlements in the Americas.

Their economical practices. Silver trade strengthened the Spanish economy and made them wealthy. The use of mercury to separate the silver from its ore made silver made it more profitable. The Spanish empire used the wealth they made to establish trade with foreign lands. The Portuguese focused more on agriculture and slave trade. Because of where the Portuguese were settled, it was a perfect place for sugar cane cultivation. They began to import slaves to help with the plantations. Sugars profitability in Europe dramatically increased the number of slaves imported.

10C. Identify and explain ONE way in which the Roman Catholic church attempted to combat the Protestant Reformation.

They attempted to combat them with The Church created the Council of Trent and the Society of Jesus. The Council of Trent, composed of bishops and other high priest officials got together and addressed matters of the doctrine. The Jesuits or members of the Society of Jesus went on the offensive and tried to expand the borders of the newly reformed catholic church.

15A. Using specific examples: analyze TWO continuities in the methods that Ivan III, Ivan IV (the Terrible), Peter the Great, and Catherine the Great used to consolidate their political power in Russia.

Catherine, Ivan the III, and Ivan IV were all Russian rulers which established their reign and political authority with their military might and their Union with the Orthodox church. As soon as Ivan III became the grand prince of Rus, he started to work hard to kick the Mongols out of Russia. In the end, he tripiled the size of the state and named himself tsar. Ivan IV also expanded Russia and cleared Russia of Mongols. He set up the oprichnina to keep Russia under control while expanding Russia. Catherine prevented the Pugachev Revolution by executing Pugachev in front of an audience of people. ABSOLUTISM. For example, Catherine and Peter put down serf rebellions. Ivan III named himself tsar and Ivan IV implemented tsardom.

17A. Cite ONE technological improvement that originated outside of Europe that Europeans learned to use, and explain how it helped them in their voyages of discovery

Compass--this originated in China and made its way through Africa, the Muslim Empires and Europe. The magnetic compass became important during sea voyages in navigating the direction of the boats. This method was more reliable especially when the sailors were unable to see the stars to direct navigation.

16C. Other than geography, cite and explain ONE difference between Dutch and French settlements in the Americas

Dutch settlements did not last long. For example, the Dutch built a settlement in New Amsterdam in 1623 but just a few years later, an English fleet seized it and renamed it to New York. French settlements lasted longer as they built their settlements near Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, far away from the English.

7B. Identify and explain TWO effects of this change or development.

Effects of these changes or developments was for the trade and spices, the discovery of the new world, and an increase in trade between the new world and Europe, which led to cultural diffusion and the spread of diseases and for the development of silver was the initiation of a Pacific Commerce web the steadily grew over time as well as a transformation of Spain and Japan which controlled the principle new sources of silver.

6B. Briefly explain ONE impact of one Eurasian crop transferred to the Americas.

In the Colombian Exchange, many crops were transferred from Eurasia to the Americas but one crop that had the most impact was wheat. It was impactful because it grows very easily and can be planted in many places, like the Great Plains.It also allowed places that didn't grow corn to feed people like in the Pampas of Argentina.

18A. Many historians argue that the Enlightenment fundamentally altered European society. Identify and explain TWO pieces of evidence that support this argument.

John Locke helped alter European society. For example, his rebuttal of divine right theory, which was the foundation of absolute monarchy and his support of a constitutional government gave way for England's constitutional monarchy. In addition to this, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's influential book, The Social Contract, altered European society. He argued in favor of society being collectively the sovereign, aka the General Will.

12C. Explain a SECOND specific piece of evidence that supports Crocker's interpretation of the Enlightenment, using a specific Enlightenment thinker when making your argument.

John Locke's work, "Second Treatise of Civil Governments" supports this interpretation. It described that uniformity captivates administrations' vigilant leadership. Because of this, it is fair to make the assumption that people are in authoritative power.

11B. Identify and explain ONE aspect of the Renaissance that supports the interpretation that it was more important than the Scientific Revolution

One aspect is that the Renaissance influenced the Scientific Revolution. The Renaissance caused Greek and Roman works to be read again which led to people learning the philosophical works of Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato. This return of past thought influenced the Scientific Revolution, without it, it would have never happened.

11C. Identify and explain One aspect of the Reformation that supports the interpretation that it was more important than the Scientific Revolution.

One aspect is that the scientific revolution only impacted higher classes while Reformation challenge everyone's views. Luther caused peoples religions to change and caused people to read more since he stressed you could reach salvation through reading the bible yourself rather than having to read it to you.

11A. Identify and explain One aspect of the Scientific Revolution that would support the interpretation that it was more important than either the Renaissance or the reformation.

One aspect that would support this interpretation is that it brought advanced technology. The Reformation brought several religious wars, like the Thirty Years War, so it didn't have time to invent anything important and caused many lives to be lost. While the Scientific Revolution brought several new ideas like the idea of elliptical planet orbit and gravity.

20A. Briefly explain ONE cause of the Thirty Years' War in Europe.

One cause of the thirty year's war was that religious differences complicated other economic and political issues which made them more difficult to resolve. For example, the war occurred after the Holy Roman Emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic Church.

15B. Identify and explain ONE change in the Russian political structure from Ivan III's reign to the end of Catherine the Great's reign

One change is the change in their policies of Boyars. Ivan III made sure to keep the Boyars close to him in order to prevent a rebellion by moving them closer to where he lived. Catherine II was less strict on the Boyars' whereabouts and reduced the amount of taxes and services assigned to them.

13B. Explain ONE economic effect of European maritime technological developments.

One economic effect is the fact that with these new technological advancements, maritime trade will flourish. European sailors learned how to construct ships strong enough to survive most adverse conditions, names three-masted caravels and used the magnetic compass to guide them on their trip. This lets ships travel all the way to the New World thus creating the beginning of the Colombian Exchange which sparked economic growth in all lands that participated (England, France, Spain, Portugal).

20B. Briefly explain TWO effects of the Thirty Years' War on Europe.

One effect is the damage of societies throughout Europe. This war led to the deaths of about one-third of the German population. Also, a lot of violence was committed by undisciplined soldiers. Another effect of the Thirty Years' War is it transformed Western Europe in remarkable political ways. The post-war period caused the ending of the Holy Roman Empire and the succeeding collapse of the Hapsburg powers.

8B. Identify and analyze ONE effect of this interaction on the region.

One effect of this interaction is that over the long term, this spread of religion in the Philippines never went away. The Filipinos turned increasingly to Christianity, and by the 19th century the Philippines had become one of the most fervent Roman Catholic lands in the world.

8A. Identify and analyze TWO examples of religious interaction among Europe, Africa, and South and East Asia from the time period of 1500-1700.

One example is when Spain started to spread Roman Catholicism throughout the newly conquered Philippines. Spanish rulers and missionaries pressured prominent Filipinos to convert to Christianity in hopes of persuading others to follow their example. Another example is the Russian occupation of Siberia. Russia slowly kept integrating themselves throughout Siberia and over time, Siberian trading posts started to become Russian and opened several Russian Orthodox churches. The opening of these churches caused many Siberians to convert.

19A. Identify and explain ONE reason for Louis XIV wanting "One Faith."

One faith—He believed that France should be unified under Catholicism, and he was successful in this because he revoked the Edict of Nantes granting Huguenots rights, which in turn made them want to flee France to find a safe haven elsewhere. His prosecution of non-Catholics turned France into a "one faith" country.

6A. Briefly explain ONE impact of one American crop transferred to Eurasia.

One impact of an American crop was corn. Because it grew all year long,it was able to increase the population of Eurasia from 425 million to 545 million in 100 years.

3B. Identify and explain ONE piece of evidence to show how European legal system contributed to the role of Europeans in the Indian Ocean Trade.

One piece of evidence to show how it influenced was the use of the primogeniture laws. These laws allowed the eldest son to retain the estates from their parents. This influenced younger sons to go explore new lands to become wealthy and allow them to participate in the Indian Ocean trade. This is important because it allowed Europeans to conquer new lands and become wealthy.

3A. Identify and explain ONE similarity and ONE difference between China and Europe that explain their decisions on whether to explore or conquer lands around the Indian Ocean.

One similarity is that both their problems were population their land shortage. When China stopped voyaging in the Indian Ocean, Europe came and discovered new land which helped their problems by controlling the population and find enough land to grow crops. For China, they moved inland in central Asia and used the land for their growing rice and growing population. One difference is that China had to move inland to conquer new land, Europe conquered territories around the Indian Ocean and helped with their land shortage and population.

13C. Explain ONE social effect of the European maritime technological developments.

One social effect is the new learning of geography. Sailors learned more about geography using the magnetic compass and the introduction of longitude and latitude which also improved navigation. This also caused for Prince Henry of Portugal to organize a school for navigation at Sagres, Portugal and taught navigators how to develop and apply the new sailing innovations.

10A. Identify ONE way in which Martin Luther helped to change the face of Europe.

One way he changed the face of Europe was with his critiques and works on the Roman Catholic Church, namely the 95 theses. He drew support from others during the Protestant reformation and lead to closure of monasteries and priestly authority.

5B. Identify and explain TWO long-term effects that occurred because of the event described in the passage.

Outbreaks of smallpox in the America's saw a decline of native populations by much as 90%. Epidemics would sometimes wipe out entire societies, because of this, the political, social, and cultural traditions of natives declined or even disappeared. Also, the epidemics worked in the European's favor, as many natives were killed and few were left to fight back. So, empires, like the Aztec and Inca fell.

1B. Identify and explain ONE in which overseas commercial rivalries developed into open conflict.

Overseas commercial rivalries developed into open conflict when the Portuguese believed that they were superior and should be controlling trade. An example of this is when Alburquerque introduced safe-conduct passes which were to be presented at Portuguese trading post and in failure to do so would be executed or have their hands chopped off.

17C. Select ONE explorer not selected in part B and briefly explain how his voyages affected the indigenous population of the Americas

Pedro Cabral's voyages and explorations held a major impact on the Civilizations of Brazil. One aspect he affected was the Indigenous people occupying Brazil. The Amerindians and Tupiniquim were still living in Stone Age as hunter-gatherers and fishers. When Cabral came through, he introduced Christianity and new tools, somewhat changing the view of Native tribes

2B. Explain ONE reason Portugal was at the forefront of exploration.

Portugal was at the forefront of the exploration because resources were scarce. They ventured through the Atlantic in order to find fish, seals, whales, timber, and places optimal for development of resources. They eventually found the uninhabited Azores and Madeira islands. They established sugar plantations, with profits from these islands they were able to continue exploring.

18B. Identify and explain ONE piece of evidence that undermines this argument.

The French Revolution, while caused by the Enlightenment, proves that the Enlightenment didn't change the European fundamental tendency for violence as a solution to most disputes. Since the revolution led to a lot of bloodshed and chaos.

16A. Other than geography, cite and explain one difference between British and french settlements in the Americas

The French were much friendlier to the Native Americans than the British. French fur traders often associated themselves with Native women and generated mixed children, or metis, in many regions. Mingling between different races was less common with the British. They disdained the native peoples and scorned them as inferior.

9B. Identify ONE way in which the Habsburgs took a leading role in Europe.

The Habsburgs married into royal families to gain land, such as the low countries, Naples, and Hungary. They also had power throughout Europe.

9C. Provide ONE piece of historical evidence to support your answer in part B

The Habsburgs' Austrian domains were passed on to Charles V because he was part of the Royal Family.

1C. Explain ONE way in which the Seven Years' War shifted the balance of power throughout the world.

The Seven Years war shifted the balance of power when the domination of world trade was passed from Portugal to Britain. As the seven years war progressed, commercial merchants and military in Britain gained power. Ultimately leading to a shift in power in world trade to Britain.

14C. Provide ONE comparison between the Palace of Versailles and the Winter Palace that demonstrates Peter the Great's ideas about reform.

The Winter Palace was based of off the architecture of the Palace of Versailles and off of monuments in Paris and Vienna. This mirrors Peter the Great's ideas about reform as he always wanted to copy Western Europe and their ideals, architecture, and technology which is exactly what he did

13A. Explain ONE cause of the European maritime technological developments.

The cause of this was that they needed to find a new way to trade because other societies had major access to the silk road. The Ottoman Turks were taking over the silk road and Europeans wanted to do as much as possible to prevent them.

5A. (uses passage) Explain ONE reason for the event described in the passage.

The event described in the passage was the result of smallpox, which was brought to the America's through the Colombian Exchange. The symptoms described in the passage correlate to the effects smallpox has on people, especially in the Mexico where it diffused over the Natives killing millions of them.

6C. Briefly explain ONE impact of the Colombian exchange on human populations

The exchange of plants and animals funded a surge in world populations. From 1500 to 1800, the population went from 425 million to 900 million.

1A. Explain ONE way in which the map illustrates the commercial rivalries that developed among European nations in the seventeenth century.

The map illustrates the commercial rivalries that developed amongst the European nations in the 17th century because it is shown that there is a majority of Dutch and Portuguese trading posts. The Dutch conquered Melaka, a Portuguese trading post in the year 1641. It can be concluded that the European nations were fighting for control of trade.

4A. Explain ONE specific cause of this the formation of the Colombian Exchange between 1450-1750.

The new people that came to America brought never before seen plants, animals, and diseases. These included sugars, horses, and smallpox. The rush to find new lands exposed the natives to these things.

19B. Identify and explain TWO ways Louis XIV implemented his motto in France.

To establish "One King", he tried to protect his power. He id this by establishing divine right and made obedience to the king a religious obligation. To establish "One Law", through his state model of Absolutism. He even called him self "le etat cest moi", or I am the State. He never called meetings, therefore, the nobility never helped or have any powers.