Period 5 (Chapters 11 & 12 & 13- Test 5)

Bleeding Kansas

(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state. ** Proslavery "Border Ruffians" came from Missouri to vote proslavery government. Antislavery people came from the North to vote in a free-slave territorial government. President Pierce recognized the proslavery government, while the antislavery people rejected it. Fighting breaks out between the two becoming violent, especially when John Brown lead a massacre at Pottawatomie.

Whig Party (1833-1856)

**Formed in opposition to the policies of Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. *Leaders:* Henry Clay, Daniel Webster *Major Ideas:* Supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism.

influence of European weapons

- Allowed Europeans to divide and conquer native Americans (could kill from farther away and more rapidly). - Also led to being able to trade for slaves, goods, etc...

The End of the Second Party System (1850-1858)

- Antislavery northerners demanded freedom for fugitive slave and free soil in the West. - Proslavery southerners plotted to extend slavery into the West, the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America.

The New Fugitive Act stated that __________. In response, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852 which increased Northern opposition to ______.

- Federal authorities could re-enslave fugitive slaves - the Fugitive Slave Law.

Election of 1844: Whigs nominate _______. Democrats nominate _______ on the platform of ______ that leads him to his victory.

- Henry Clay - Polk - Annexation

In Mexico, general Zachary Taylor was sent to disputed land between the ___________. American/Mexicans clash, Mexico was blamed. Ignoring the Whigs call for _________, Polk and ______ declared war on Mexico.

- Nueces River and the Rio Grande River - diplomacy - congress

Antislavery democrats in the North supported the _______ which was __________. The senate ______ it. Free soil party saw slavery as a threat to _____.

- Wilmont Proviso-Plan. - A plan to ban slavery in new territories (Mexico). - rejected - republicanism

"Oregon fever" and the Oregon trail lured people to the _______,______, and _______. We shared joint occupation with the _______ at the _____.

- fine harbors; fertile soil; fine climates. - British; 49th parallel.

Northern State legislatures enacted personal liberty laws which said that ______. However, the supreme court uphold the _______

- locals did not have to help federal slave catchers. - fugitive slave act (Tanny, a southerner appointed by Jackson, was supreme court justice at time therefore favored Southern values).

Mexico set up a series of ______ throughout California. _______ sprang up, but too few Americans to annex Mexico as a state at the time.

- missions - cattle ranches

The compromise adverted a ______, and moderate Southern politicians accepted it, but kept on the idea of _______________________.

- session crisis - succession if congress abolished slavery everywhere.

What tensions emerged in the Southwest that threatened to lead the United States into a war with Mexico?

-Mexico was upset that the U.S. made Texas a state, tensions grew worse when they fought about a boundary between Texas and Mexico

Compromise of 1850

1- CA comes in as a free state ( good for North). 2- Fugitive State Law (good for South). 3- New Mexico and Utah were granted popular sovereignty (choose whether to be slave state or free). 4- Slave trade ( but not slavery ) was abolished in D.C.

Key Concepts for Period 5 (2 of them):

1. A desire for territorial expansion resulted in war, the creation of new markets, territory expansion, and ideological conflicts. 2. Westward expansion increased migration, and questions over slavery shapes boundaries and led to conflicts.

1. What is the first part of the Compromise of 1850? 2. What is the second part? 3. What is the third part? 4. Whats is the fourth part?

1. Congress would admit California as a free state. 2. The people of New Mexico and Utah would decide for themselves if slavery would be legal. (popular sovereignty) 3. Congress would abolish the sale of slaves, but not slavery, in D.C. 4. A Fugitive Slave Act would order all citizens of the United States to assist in the return of enslaved people who had escaped from their owners. It would also deny a jury trial to escaped slaves.

Gold was discovered in California in

1848

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. **The land piece between areas in the Louisiana Purchase that had been made straight up Indian land after Missouri Compromise. With this, Douglas agreed to the formation of two territories to please both sides. He based it on Popular sovereignty though. Kansas would hopefully be slave and Nebraska came in as free state.

The Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln wins

Martin Van Buren

Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt. Also part of the Free Soil Party (their elected presidential nominee). Lost to Polk for democratic nominee because Polk was a strong supporter of Texas being annexed.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory. He was seen as a martyr by the North.

Comanches and Horses

Animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains. The horse was a key element in Comanche culture, who are thought to have been the first of the Plains Indians to have horses. The horse enabled the Indians to hunt bigger and faster animals such as bison and also allowed the Indians to travel and become nomadic.

Ostend Manifesto

Another south want, President Pierce was urged to seize Cuba given that longed for Cuban slave owners to declare independence from Spain. They threatened Spain with cession and American secretive troops went down there. Pierce wanted to assist the expansionist and the Americans who still supplied slaves to Cuba. This whole idea was completely depleted by democrats who denounced this.

Election of 1848

Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor-winner, honest, ignorant (whig) 2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3. Lewis Cass-father of popular sovereignty (Democrat). **Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president.

Explain the philosophy of "manifest destiny".

Coined by John O'Sullivan and means "God given right to settle from sea to shinning sea" and amplifies cultural and racial superiority.

squatter sovereignty

Congress would allow settlers in each territory to determine its status as free or slave.

What were some of the arguments made by Critics of the US entry into the Mexican War?

Critics of the Mexican-American War at the time claimed that Polk deliberately provoked Mexico into war by ordering American troops into disputed territory.

Election of 1856

Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Dred Scott was a slave living with his master in a free state. When his master dies, he was sold down South. He sues for his freedom. Supreme court justice Taney rules that: 1. A slave living in a free state is NOT free. 2. Blacks are not citizens so they cannot sue. 3. The Missouri Compromise and the Northwestern Ordinance are unconstitutional, and the states have the right to change laws not congress.

Manifest Destiny and the Plains Indians

Farmed and hunted Buffalo. The introduction of European horse culture, smallpox, plus guns and buffalo hunting all lead to the end of their way of life, resulting in American Settlers living on what was once their land.

How the Mexican War goes

Fighting broke out in North Easter Mexico with Zachary Taylor. By 1846 U.S. controlled most of it. Fighting broke out in Texas as well, where naval ships landed (John Sloat) and declared CA as property of the United States. Fermont's force was supported and they took control of Sacramento River Valley. By 1847 U.S. controlled most of California.

Oregon Trail

From about 1811-1840 the Oregon Trail was laid down by traders and fur trappers. Pioneer trail that began in Missouri and crossed the great plains into the Oregon country.

Oregon Donation Land Claim Act

Granted farm-sized plots of "free land" to settlers who took up residence before 1854.

Know-Nothing Party (American Party)

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party. ** Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant.

What does Chief Justice Roger B. Taney say

He first states, whether free or not, a slave will never be a citizen so he does not have the right to sue in court-- isn't valid given that some slaves are citizens in some states and have access to federal courts. **Then Taney endorses Calhoun's idea resulting in him concluding that the North West Ordinance and Missouri Compromise had been unconstitutional. Last, he states congress could not give territorial governments any powers its did not possess, such as the ability to abolish slavery. Only when the state is eligible to apply for statehood can it do that.

What was Lincoln's position on slavery and people of African descent during the 1840s and 1850s?

His position, was that slavery should be abolished. He said blacks should have equal economic opportunity but not equal political rights.

The treatment of Hispanics in the West

Hispanics: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War in 1848, promised US citizenship to the nearly 75,000 Mexicans living in what had just become the American Southwest. Approximately 90 percent of them accepted the offer and chose to stay in the United States. Despite promises made in the treaty, these Mexican Americans quickly lost their land to white settlers who displaced the rightful landowners—by force if necessary. Much like Chinese immigrants, Mexican American citizens were relegated to the worst-paying jobs under the worst working conditions. They worked as peóns (manual laborers similar to slaves), vaqueros (cattle herders), and cartmen, transporting food and supplies, on the cattle ranches that white landowners possessed, or they undertook the most hazardous mining tasks.

California gold rush, 1849

Hundreds of thousands of people from around the world, mostly young men, came to California in 1849 after gold was discovered in search of instant riches. Led to quick population of California, and new conflicts over slavery as California petitioned for admission as a free state. Led to Compromise of 1850.

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

"slavery follows the flag" (first alternative)

Idea or quote made by John C. Calhoun. With this he states that the executive power should be divided between the north and the south and that Congress, has not right to band slavery because slaves are property and in the constitution is says you can't do that. That planters could by right take their slave property into new territories.

Election of 1852

In this, the Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce, and the Whigs nominated Winfield Scott. Pierce won the presidency because he supported the Compromise of 1850. Leads to formation of sectional parties instead of national parties and the end of the Whig party. VICTOR: Franklin Pierce (Democrat)

How did the Compromise of 1850 resolve the various disputes over slavery, and who benefited more from its terms?

It resolved disputes like if CA can be free or not, and it organized Mexican territory and it calmed the south down a little bit by giving them a fugitive slave act. In truth, the South had more benefits than the North.

how did the ideas of manifest destiny reflect certain racial attitudes of the time period

It was racist towards the Indians and showed the idea of white superiority. The Americans wanted freedom and equality but only for the white.

Personal Liberty Laws

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves.

The Republican party

Lead by Lincoln, made of ex- whig, free soilers and abolitionist who hopped for independent farmers, artisans, and proprietors and celebrated middle class. Hated slavery

How did Lincoln and Douglas differ in their solution to the questions of slavery in the territories?

Lincoln wanted to deter the spread of slavery into the new territories while Douglas wanted to let it expand. By the end of the debates, Lincoln and the Republicans had a huge following.

Why did the Lincoln-Douglas debates take place, and why did they draw so much attention?

Lincoln was trying to increase his national visibility, so he challenged Douglas to a series of debates. They became prominent due to them being about the major issue of the times and the fact that Lincoln had eloquent and passionate attacks on slavery.

On what grounds did Polk ask Congress to declare war on Mexico?

Mexican leaders rejected an offer from Polk's special minister, John Slidell, to buy the disputed lands. Polk ordered the army to move into Mexico at this time

What were the main changes caused by the huge increase in California's population and its composition between 1849 and 1870?

Mexicans and Indians had territory that white farmers wanted so they would kill or relocate them to take it. ** Indian and hispanic population decreased ** Chinese increased due to migration for gold rush.

Which of the following acts of congress was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott decision?

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Americans gained control of

Northeast Mexico, California, and Mexico City.

Election of 1848 quick sumarry

Northern Democrats and free soilers nominated Martin Van Burren. Whigs win with war hero Zachary Taylor.

Conscience Whigs

Northern Whigs who opposed slavery

Why did the Fugitive Slave Act fail?

Northern states had already abolished slavery. Abolitionists organized resistance groups and built complex networks of safe houses to aid slaves in their escape to the North.

Why did part politicians initially oppose the annexation of Texas, and did this view change during the election of 1844?

Originally the Demos did want expansion of slavery, so the said no. But in order to achieve Oregon and have a president willing to do so, they had to link the two. Creating a forced likeage of the annexation of Texas.

Forty-niners

People who learned about the gold in California because of the discovery by John A. Sumter. People traveled from all over the world to reach Sierra Nevada foothills-- the gold mine. They came on a journey with diseases and near starvation.

54' 40 or fight

Polk called for expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire Oregon territory. The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes. "Fifty-four forty or fight!" was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds. (Slogan of westward expansion)

How did Polk's campaign catch the spirit of the time?

Polk ended up getting the democratic nomination for president over Van Buren because he was a strong supporter for the annexation of Texas.

Polk's War

Polk waged the Mexican - American war so that he could gain land and complete the manifest destiny.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

Present day Arizona and southwestern New Mexico were purchased by USA via a treaty that took effect on June 8, 1854.

John Tyler

President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

pros and cons of California gold rush

Pros: **greatest migration, spurred construction of railroads, telegraph lines Cons: **messed with gender ratio, lawless and dirty, 1 out of 5 died by disease

Why did some Great Plains peoples flourish between 1750 and 1860 while others did not?

Some Great Plains people flourished while others did not because the select few have more resources such as guns and partially survived from the diseases.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification.

The Election of 1844

Southerners are demanding that Texans be brought into the Union, the Oregon question is settled (to come in as a slave state) with the 49th line, but the annexation of Texas is put off for 10 years.

Northerners were most upset by the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision because

The decision allowed slavery in their territory.

Treatment of Indians

The murder of Indians to push them off non reservation lands, selling of Indians and etc. Many died of disease

The end of the Mexican War

The president of Mexico, Santa Anna, surprised them in his will to fight, nearly defeating Taylor's army in 1847 at Battle of Buena Vista. They won by having an American Army seize Mexican capital forcing end to Santa Anna's presidency and the new Mexican government forming peace with America.

What did conscience Whigs, David Wilmot, and free-soilers have in common, and why did they all rise to prominence between 1846 and 1848?

The similarity between these three parties is that they all wanted to end the expansion of slavery. The began to rise in fame because there ideals were represented in politics, in the election of 1848. As well as recreation things like Wilmot Proviso policy, or the free-soil movement, or squatter sovereignty.

Crisis of 1850

There was a national debate as to what to do about the land acquired from the Mexican Succession. Calhoun said that congress could not regulate where slavery could be. Congress considered extending the Missouri Compromise to the Pacific, but CA said no!

Second Alternative as to what to do with new west land and slavery supported by James Buchanan.

To extend Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean supported by James Buchanan.

Why did Northern Democratic Presidents, such as Pierce and Buchanan adopt pro-southern policies?

To keep the union from separating and to win more political support.

What were the objectives of the next two offensives in the war? What did they accomplish?

To take over California and New Mexico. California and New Mexico ceded to U.S., the U.S. payed Mexico for this.

Las Gorras Blancas—the White Caps

Tried to reclaim their land and intimidate white Americans in order to prevent further land seizures. White Caps conducted raids of white farms, burning homes, barns, and crops to express their growing anger and frustration. However, their actions never resulted in any fundamental changes.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

US pays Mexico 15 million for New Mexico and California. The war caused sectional conflict. The Northern Whigs ( concious whigs) saw it as a "morally wrong" conspiracy to add more slave states.

David Crockett

United States frontiersman and Tennessee politician who died at the siege of the Alamo (1786-1836)

Nata...

Why did the teabag say when she didn't get laid? he was such a TEAse! hehe...

What was the risk or complication with squatter sovereignty?

With that, when new territory is settled on, do u decide right then and there or delay it until the territory had enough people to form a constitution and apply for statehood.

How was the American acquisition of California similar to, and different from, the American-led creation of Texas?

came without permission, the difference, didn't form its own republic became a state. Texas was its own country and republic for a little while then eventually went to statehood. ...

Stephen Douglas

created the Kansas Nebraska Act

As a result of the discovery of gold in California in 1848, in 1849....

crowded ships sailed around Cape Horn and 1200 wagons moved Westward.

The miners (49ers) staged race wars in order to

limit Indian, Mexican, and Chilean access to minefields. They also called for laws to expel the Chinese

House Divided Speech

made by Abraham Lincoln before he was elected stating that the United States will either be all slave or all free because it can't be half and half and still succeed.

In CA, few became ______ and _____ took over the mines with _______ and ______ mining.

rich; big companies; hydraulic; underground.

Last alternative supported by Salmon P. Chase

that we should allow slavery where it is now, but no where else. Keep it contained.

Debates over slavery and other economic, social, and political issues led to_____. A result of this was _______ being intensified

the Civil War; sectionalism

What role did the issue of slavery play in the election of 1848?

• the free soil party emerged out of the election of 1848 which pushed the slavery issue. • caused the creation of the Wilmot Proviso to determine whether the Mexican War territory should enter as free or slave states • divided the parties (in terms of slavery: free soil party vs democrats and Whigs)

The forty niners was made up of _______ people, mostly _______

80000; males

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises. -Henry Clay avoided taking a stand on the issue of Texas which ultimately cost him the election

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral.

The treatment of Chinese in the West

As gold rush fever swept the country, Chinese immigrants—like others—were attracted to the notion of quick fortunes. By 1852, over 25,000 Chinese immigrants had arrived in the United States, and by 1880, over 300,000 Chinese people were living in the United States, most in California. Although they had dreams of finding gold, many Chinese immigrants instead found employment building the first transcontinental railroad. Some even traveled as far as the South, where they helped farm former cotton plantations after the Civil War. **Prohibited by law in 1790 from obtaining US citizenship through naturalization, Chinese immigrants faced harsh discrimination and violence from American settlers in the West. Despite hardships like the special tax that Chinese miners had to pay to take part in the Gold Rush and their subsequent forced relocation into Chinese districts, these immigrants continued to arrive in the United States seeking a better life for the families they left behind.

The Wilmot Proviso

Banned slavery in the territory gained from Mexican War

Texas Annexation 1845

Texas was originally part of Mexico. American settlers (led by Stephen Austin) received permission to move there (most settlers were cotton farmers). Mexican leader Santa Anna attacked Americans at the Alamo during the Texas Revolution. Americans had decided to revolt and break Texas away from Mexico because the Mexican government was trying to force them to abolish slavery. Texas was not welcomed into the US right away because northern congressmen opposed adding a new slave state to the Union.

The Settlement of Texas

The Mexican government encouraged American settlement in Northern Mexico, but the government said that the settlers must convert to catholicism, end slavery, and become Mexican citizens. Instead, the Americans rebelled and proclaimed that Texas was a republic. To quell the rebellion, Mexico send their army to Alamo. There, the defenders were all killed, including David Crochet. The Americans rallied with "Remember the Alamo!" and defeated the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto. Texas becomes the "Lone Star Republic" with Sam Hueston as president demanding to be annexed to the United States.

Free Soil Movement

opposed the expansion of slavery in new states (particularly out west) ; subcatagory of the Republican party who were also abolitionists ; popular during the late antebellum period ; Abe Lincoln was the most influential person of this political party (Sought to keep slavery from expanding into newly acquired territories.)

Northern State legislatures enacted __________

personal liberty laws

Third Alternative Supported by Stephan Douglas

squatter sovereignty basically allowing the peeps to choose, supported by Stephan Douglas who became this ideal's main captain.

Lincoln's election of 1860 led to a

succession