Period 8 Study Set

Interstate Highway Act (1956)

$27 billion plan to Build 42,000 interstate miles. These highways did much to change the economic and social structure of America --> helped businesses and families move from downtowns to suburbs

Why did the Soviet Union felt put-out by America?

(1) the U.S. had waited until 1933 to officially recognize the U.S.S.R., (2) the Allies had been slow to start a second front, (3) America withdrew the lend-lease program to Russia in 1945, and (4) America rejected Russia's request for a $6 billion reconstruction loan, but gave one for Germany for $3.75 billion.

Helsinki Accords (1975)

(1) the boundaries of eastern Europe were agreed upon, (2) agreements were made on traveling from the U.S. and U.S.S.R., and (3) guarantees were made of human rights. ---> to many americans, benefitting russia w little in retun

Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican)

(1953-1957) & (1957-1961), Modern Republicanism---didn't undo the New Deal of the Democrats. Called "The Republican's Choice" . He was the commander of the allied forces in Europe, the army chief-of-staff after the war, and the director of NATO for two years. Eisenhower reigned over a period of unstable peace and prosperity. At the time of the integration of Central High he made the decision to send the 101st Airborne to Little Rock to protect the black students from violence

Landrum-Griffin Act (1959)

(AKA Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act) this law aimed at protecting union members from possible wrongdoing on the part of their unions. created to watch labor unions' bookkeeping and other sleazy monkey-business

Weathermen

- Splinter group of Black Panther Party - thought peaceful protests were ineffective, were criticized for violence as a means of social and political change. against vietnam war - believed violence was needed immediately - March 1970, bomb accidentally detonated and killed 3 weathermen when it was supposed to go off at a dance at local army base, which made them target of FBI.

Alliance for Progress (1961)

- a Marshall Plan for Latin America - aimed to close gap between rich and poor to discourage communism, but failed (JFK)

reasons morale was low in vietnam

-fighting disproportionatley by poor people, AA higher casualty rates, average age was 19, no clear misson

Desegregating American Society

1947 Jackie Robinson 1948 Truman integrates American military 1955 Rosa Parks 1954 Brown v Board overturns Plessy v Ferguson 1957 civil rights act passed

Little Rock Central High School

1957 --> The Arkansas governor had activated the National Guard to not admit black students into the school. Challenged, Ike called in federal troops to admit the students.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means; organized black churches

OPEC (Org. of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

1960, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran linked with Venezuela to form OPEC which would become a major headache for America. U.S. wanted oil in Middle East

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam after two U.S. warships had been attacked by the North Vietnamese.

6 day war

1967, israrel beats USSR supported Egypt and gets golan heights from syria, WB from jordan, and sainai peninsular and GS form egypt, brought 100,000 Palestinians under Israeli control.

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s against ERA

Soviet Union Take over Afghanistan

1979, threatened (1) to expand communism, (2) oil fields and production, and (3) next-door neighbor Iran. Carter reacted by placing an embargo on the U.S.S.R. and by boycotting the 1980 summer Olympics in Moscow. He proposed setting up a "Rapid Deployment Force" for trouble-spots and asked that young people, including women, be required to register for a possible military draft. Carter admitted he'd misjudged the Soviets at the SALT II talks. This is when SALT II died.

Pentagon Papers 1971 JFK and LBJ

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War. ----> showed gov was lying and led to credibility gap

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Selma March

A march that was attempted three times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed. Led by MLK. Resulted in Voting Rights Act.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam, through Cambodia, Nixon ordered to invade Cambodia but pulled out after 2 months (congress repeal GOT resolution, symbolic)

Flexible Response

A policy, developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region (buffer zone) term coined by Churchill

Council of Economic Advisors

A three-member body appointed by the president to advise the president on economic policy.

Freedom Riders

Activists from the North who road buses through the South to push for desegregation

art

Artists experimented with abstract expressionism. Jackson Pollock literally flung paint onto canvas to create modern art and Claes Oldenburg turned everyday objects, like a telephone, into giant-sized sculptures/art. Later, Andy Warhol created colorful "pop art" with paintings such as a tomato soup can.

Robert Kennedy

Attorney General to JFK, focused fbi on internal security. He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.

Malcolm X

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965. (Nation of Islam)

Sit in Movement (Greensboro NC)

Black students protested segregated diners by sitting at white-only counters. They wouldn't get served, but their sitting down shut down the counters until the policy was changed. With success , the movement spread and became wade-ins, lie-ins, and pray-ins

Pol Pot (Cambodia)

Cambodian leader, committed act of genocide; starvation, execution, disease or overwork

SALT II Agreements

Carter met with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and agreed to limit nuclear weapons. The high-note was short lived—the Senate was very reluctant to ratify the agreement.

Carter foreign achievements

Carter was a christian who cared about human rights, supported oppressed in Zimbabwe, had a huge peace deal with Israel and the Egyptoan president, reestablished diplomatic relations with china, planned to return the panama canal to panama, but did not help with soviet troops in africa, was seen as soft.

Kennedy religion

Catholic

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam, tried to appeal to Woodrow Wilson for self-determination, way back in 1919. He felt FDR may be sympathetic to Vietnam's cause. However, Ho Chi Minh started going more and more communist, and the U.S. started backing away.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Communists who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Arrested in 1950 and executed in 1953, protests arose over alleged anti-semitism, and people began to think red scare had gone too far.

LBJ went liberal as president, passed what Act?

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act that JFK had called for and LBJ signed it. The law banned discrimination in public facilities and sought to end segregation. It also set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Comm. (EEOC) to serve as watchdog for fair hiring practices.

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan. 1963

Voter Education Project

Effort by SNCC (got funds from Kennedy) and other civil rights groups to register the South's historically disenfranchised black population. The project typified a common strategy of the civil rights movement, which sought to counter racial discrimination by empowering people at grassroots levels to exercise their civic rights through voting.

Arab Oil Embargo, 1973

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel. Moscow backed Egypt and the U.S. supported Israel. Both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. put their armed forces on alert. In an attempt to pressure America into a pro-Arab stance, OPEC, the international oil cartel dominated by an Arab majority, imposed an embargo on all oil to the U.S.

Middle East peace meeting carter

Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli president Menachem Begin met Carter at Camp David in 1978. They shook hands and agreed that Israel would withdraw from lands gained in the Six-Day War (1967) and Israel's borders would be respected.

Yalta Conference (1945)

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan and pledged free elections for Poland and a representative government; also elections in Bulgaria and Romania. (These promises were flatly broken. The Soviets set up puppet communist governments) after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. (1/2 of Sakhalin Island, Japan's Kurile Islands, railroads in Manchuria, and Port Arthur on the Pacific.) That meeting shaped the Cold War to come. It was highlighted by distrust between the U.S./Britain and the Soviet Union. China fell to the communists a few years later (1948) and FDR got some of the blame for selling out Chiang Kai-Shek and China to communist Russia.

Operation Dixie (1948)

Failed effort by the CIO after World War II to unionize southern workers, especially in textile factories.

Thurgood Marshall

First African American Supreme Court Justice

Kent State Massacre

Four killed, nine wounded by Ohio National Guard during protest of U.S. invasion of Cambodia

War Powers Act of 1973

Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress. -> result of Cambodia

architechture

Glass-and-steel skyscrapers were thrown skyward. Example: U.N. Building in NYC. Frank Lloyd Wright was an understudy of Louis Sullivan (of earlier Chicago skyscraper fame). Wright stunned people with his use of concrete, glass, and steel and his unconventional theory that "form follows function."

Sec. of State John Foster Dulles

Goal was to go beyond the policy of containment. He wanted to "rollback" communism, to liberate countries that had been taken over.

Warren Court, liberal, Nixon did not like

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) - Struck down a state law banning contraceptive use as a "right of privacy." Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) - Said all defendants were entitled to a lawyer. The Escobedo and Miranda cases (1966) - Said arrested individuals must be told their rights. New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) - A public figure could only sue for libel if "malice" on the writer's part could be proven. This opened wide the door for jabs at politicians and movies stars. Engel v. Vitale (1962) and School District of Abington Township v. Schempp (1963) - Removed prayer and the Bible from schools, arguing the First Amendment separates church and state. Reynolds v. Sims (1964) - Forbade creative district lines that made some people's votes weigh more than others. This type of gerrymandering had been used by southern whites to keep power.

John Kenneth Galbraith

Harvard economist, wrote "The Affluent Society". The book saw a problem between a generally rich and affluent society despite public problems such as polluted air and garbage .He attacked the prevailing notion that sustained economic growth would solve America's chronic social problems.

Joseph McCarthy

He claimed that Sec. of State Dean Acheson had knowingly hired 205 communists despite lacking proper evidence. He accused Gen. George Marshall as being in some kind of communist conspiracy. Also threw charges at the U.S. Army. Hearings were held on TV where the nation saw him as reckless, a bully, and making the whole thing up on the fly. He was later condemned by the Senate and died three years later of alcoholism.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Her arrest sparked this movement. It was led by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., succeeded in changing the custom, and was thrust onto the national stage. By boycotting, King showed his tactic of "peaceful resistance" ("civil disobedience").

Results of Korean War

Ike flew to Korea, but failed at ending the conflict. 7 months later, after he threatened nuclear bombs, an armistice was signed. 54,000 Americans had died ( maybe a million Chinese and Koreans). Tens of billions of dollars had been spent. Korea was still split at the 38th parallel --> the same as the beginning of the war.

States-Rights party (Dixiecrats)

In 1948, Southern Democrats formed this new party in reaction the President Truman's support of civil rights. (p. 560)

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Economic and energy woes of carter presidency

Inflation was rampant, and cost of oil imports was going up, and interest rates were high.The shah of Iran ousted, though he had been supported by US. New Muslim gov took over oil fields and OPEC raised oil proces. Carter scolded america for dependence on oil, but this was not a solution, fired cabinet members, went back to georgia crew.

Point Four Program

It was to give money and technical help to underdeveloped nations. It was a humanitarian effort, but it was also to prevent them from going communist

Peace Corps, 1961

JFK called for volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by fighting poverty in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The work is generally related to social and economic development. Volunteers went abroad to work with governments, schools, non-profit organizations, non-government organizations, entrepreneurs in education, hunger, business, information technology, agriculture, and the environment.

New Frontier Legislation

JFK domestic social program, was threatened by both Democrat and Republican conservatives. Some of Kennedy's steps were put made... *The House Rules Committee was expanded—this might help avoid conservative hang-ups. *A noninflationary wage agreement was settled, contingent on companies keeping prices down. When steel companies did not, Kennedy called in their leaders into the White House, reprimanded them, and they backed down. *Supporters of free enterprise and laissez-faire capitalism were not happy about these actions. They did support JFK when he said he would not increase spending but would cut taxes to stimulate the economy. *Kennedy initiated the quest to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. The goal was almost unthinkable when he said it, but in July, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set foot on the moon.

1960 Election

JFK wins by a narrow margin, first televised presidential debate

When a revolt broke out in the Dominican Republic,

Johnson saw it as communism trying to crop up. He sent 25,000 troops to quell the revolt. He was criticized for making a knee-jerk reaction.

National Security Act (1947)

Major reorganization of US military after WWII to fight Cold War. Created Department of Defense (replacing Dept. of War) in a new building --> the Pentagon. Also established the National Security Council (NSC) to advise the president on security matters and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government's foreign fact gathering (spying) and subvert governments and popular movements seen as contrary to the interests of US government elites.

My Lai Massacre (1968)

Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children. The atrocity produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971.

Contrary to what one might guess from a conservative, Nixon made the Great Society programs grow.

Money for Medicare, Medicaid, and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) increased. The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) was created to help the old, blind, and disabled. Social Security would be automatically increased with inflation. In his controversial "Philadelphia Plan", trade-unions were required to set "goals and timetables" for hiring blacks. The policy was extended to all federal contracts. It forced businesses to hire a quota of minorities. The Supreme Court backed Nixon in Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971). The court prohibited things like intelligence tests, saying they limited women and minorities in some fields. The court suggested hiring proportions should be the same ratio as the population. To many, especially white males, the idea of "affirmative action" had turned into "preferential treatment" or "reverse discrimination."

NSC-68

National Security Council recommended this document in 1950 in regards to Korean War. Stated that America's defense spending be quadrupled

Nuremberg trials (1945-1946)

Nazi`s were held on trial---accused of crimes against humanity. 12 were hanged, 7 got life, 3 were acquitted

Nixon in China

Nixon aimed to restore relations with the Communist China upon its public split from its ally, the Soviet Union; relations were pretty much restored; Soviet Union hated this, but allowed US relations with USSR to get better

Checkers Speech (1952)

Nixon was accused of having used a secret "slush fund" as a senator. He spoke of his dog Checkers and how his little girl loved the dog and said he wasn't a crook. People forgave him and he stayed on the ticket. showed the new power and influence of TV.

Nixon and Russia

Nixon went to Russia. With better U.S.-China relations, he felt Russia would be inclined to give in a bit. He was right. The U.S.S.R. was low on food. A deal was struck where the U.S. would sell $750+ million grain to the Soviets. There was some disarmament as well. America and the Soviets agreed to an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) reduction and to a string of "Strategic Arms Limitations Talks" (SALT).This was a hollow victory though. The quantity may have been limited, but agreements could be easily ignored and were by both sides. Plus, the move was now toward "MIRVs" (multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles) where several nuclear weapons were mounted on a single missile. Still, getting along better with China and Russia brought on another round of détente (eased tensions).

Warsaw Pact

Not to be outdone by the West, the Soviets set up the __________ treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Sputnik I and the Space Race

Oct. 4, 1957, Americans were stunned to read that the Russians had placed the first satellite in orbit, the 184 pound Sputnik I. The space race was on. A month later, Sputnik II put a 1100 pound satellite in space, and a dog

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

Organization that formed in 1954. The organization was made up of the United States and many Asian nations like South Korea, Japan, India, and Australia. Its goal was to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Created by Dulles, more symbolic than anything

Truman Doctrine (1947)

Pres Truman asked Congress for $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey who were feeling communist pressures. Overtime it was greatly broadened—the U.S. was to stop communism anywhere it seemed to be expanding. This policy would dominate U.S. foreign policy for the next 4 decades.

The Security Council

Purpose dealt with conflicts and war. It had 11 member nations, 5 were permanent with total veto power (U.S., Britain, France, U.S.S.R. and China). Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces. This would prove to be the most influential and active in world affairs.

Bretton Woods

Representatives from 44 countries met in New Hampshire to design a new international monetary system; resulted in the establishment of the IMF and the World Bank. (by the allies), Nixon later took the US off the gold standard and devalued the dollar which ended this in the 1970s

Election of 1968: candidates, issues

Richard M. Nixon, Republican, won by a 1% margin against Hubert Humphrey, Democrat. The issues were the war in Vietnam and urban crisis of law and order.

Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)

Russian premier after Stalin. Led de-Stalinization of Russia. More open but did not end the cold war, tried to push JFK around but he stood his ground

George C. Marshall's --> Marshall Plan

Some $12.5 billion was spent over 4 years, a huge sum. Congress thought the number too high (they'd already given $2 billion to U.N. agencies), but a Russia -sponsored revolution in Czechoslovakia changed their minds. The Marshall Plan worked. Western Europe's economies rebounded, and communist groups in those nations lost influence.

Vietnam split along 17th Parallel

South led by Ngo Dinh Diem(not democratic but not communist, supported by US), North led by Ho Chi Minh

Energy Crisis of the 1970s

The "energy crisis" changed things in America. The Alaska pipeline was approved to flow oil southward. A 55 MPH speed limit was set to conserve fuel. Americans also moved to smaller cars, like the VW Bug. There were calls for more use of coal and nuclear power. The embargo was lifted after 5 months. But, the message was clear: America was addicted to oil and the Middle East had nearly all of the cards in their hands. Using OPEC to exert their will, the Arab nations nearly quadrupled the price of oil by the end of the 70s.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba, US saw soviet missles in cuba, blockaded, Khrushchev promised to run the blockade and continue assembling the missile sites. For 13 days, still. Khrushchev backed down and the Soviet ships turned back. In return for removing the missile sites, Kennedy removes missiles from Turkey (these were outdated anyway). "hot line" was installed between Washington and Moscow to avoid lacking communication in a crisis. Kennedy encouraged Americans to stop thinking of the Russians as monsters, but rather as people just like them. beginnings of "détente" or relaxed tensions.

Truman's Fair Deal (mini New Deal)

The Fair Deal was to improve housing; increase employment, minimum wage, farm price supports; start a new TVA, and extend Social Security

Tet Offensive (1968)

The Tet Offensive was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army against the forces of South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. It failed militarily, but had an enormous psychological impact on the US, showing that the war was far from over, and proving that the government was lying about the war.

Robert McNamara

The US Secretary of Defense during Kennedy moved America towards *flexible response*, made it hard to get out of vietnam

Korean War

The War between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea while Soviet Union & China supported North Korea. Still in a stalemate today

J. Edgar Hoover

The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who investigated and harassed alleged radicals.

Dienbienphu (1954)

The final battle in which the Vietminh defeated the French forces, and won the war. Thus allowing them to maintain their freedom.

Nixon Passed enviornmental laws

The godmother of the modern environmental movement was Rachel Carson. She wrote Silent Spring (1962) about the ill-effects of the pesticide DDT. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was formed in 1970 along with the Occupational Health and Safety Admin. (OSHA) to set safety standards in workplaces. The Clean Air Act (1970) and the Endangered Species Act (1973) were passed. Symbolically, "Earth Day" began.

"U-2 Incident"

The night before the summit, an American U-2 spy plane was shot down. The plane had indeed been spying on Russia in their airspace (a no-no). It was an embarrassment to the U.S and to Ike. The summit fell apart.

Martin Luther King, Jr. organized a peaceful protest of segregation in Birmingham, AL in early 1963.

The protesters were attacked by police dogs, electric cattle prods, and high pressure water hoses. America watched these vicious scenes on TV. These types of instances helped to slowly start changing public opinion in favor of the protesters.

Milliken v. Bradley (1974)

This Supreme Court decision responded in some ways to the backlash against integration via busing by stating that busing was only legal where schools were deliberately using racist tactics to segregate schools. It also said that the goal of Swann was not to create racially balanced schools with certain numbers of each race but to stop wilful segregation.

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

This act banned "closed shops" (closed to anyone not joining the union). It also made unions liable for certain damages and that union leaders take a non-communist oath. Opposite of the Wagner Act of the New Deal, Taft-Hartley weakened labor unions.

Nixon and the Silent Majority

Tried to appeal to the "Silent Majority" (middle-class who didn't say much but voted) by being a hawk

North Atlantic Treaty Org. (NATO)

U.S. joined up with Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg united to start the North Atlantic Treaty Org. "attacking one meant attacking them all" alliance. U.S. joined despite unwritten national policy and tradition of avoiding "entangling alliances." Greece and Turkey joined up in 1952, West Germany in 1955. NATO had 15 nations by then

Other relief based agencies included but not limited to

UNESCO (U.N. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Org.) FAO (Food and Agricultural Org.) WHO (World Health Org.).

Berlin Airlift, 1948

USSR ( wanted Berlin all for themselves) closed all entrance points into Berlin from West Germany. Believening it would make it impossible for the people who lived there to get food or any other supplies and would eventually drive Britain, France and the US out of the city for good. .U.S. simply flew in needed supplies to West Berlin. The operation was on a massive scale, and it worked. The Soviet Union ended their blockade the next year

Vietnam defeat

Vietnam collapsed with out American aid as the last Americans were taken out of Vietnam in 1975. It made America look bad in front of other foreign countries and caused America to lose confidence in its military. The War also took a toll on America's economy and its people with $118 billion spent, 56,000 dead, and 300,000 wounded.

Great Society Programs

War on Poverty was stepped up, Office of Economic Opportunity had its budget doubled to $2 billion. Another billion was to be spent on Appalachia, Department of Transportation and Department of Housing and Urban Development Established. Education: money given to students not schools, project head start = preschool for poorer kids Medical care - Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid for the poor were passed in 1965. These programs would become staple rights in America's minds; they'd also become a major cause of national debt. Immigration reform - The Immigration and Nationality Act got rid of the old quota system around since 1921. Voting rights - LBJ wanted to get more blacks voting

What did Nixon do to counteract warren court

Warren Burger Appointed chief justice with 3 other supposedly conservative judges, but did not overturn decisions by warren court and passed roe v wade legalizing abortion

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

Was in charge of all UN troops in Korea. President Truman instructed him to limit the fighting below the 38th parallel in South Korea (he did not) -> dismissed by Truman also drew up a new Japanese constitution based on the U.S. Constitution (1946).

Levittown, NY

Was the best example of a postwar suburb (perfected the "cookie cutter" house). Identical but also very affordable. in the 50's many actually preferred the standardization, conformity, and comfort-factor the houses gave.

March on Washington (1963)

a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. Widely credited as helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965). 80% of the marchers were black.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage ----> eventually 24 amendment

Housing Act (1949)

a law passed by Congress to create public housing and urban renewal programs in order to help all Americans live in decent conditions. extending old-age benefits in a new Social Securities Act (1950).

United Nations (UN)

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 in San Fran, CA to promote international peace and security. 50 nations participated. It's headquarters would be in New York City.

United Nations and the 3 parts

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security, atlantic charter called for a new League of Nations, this was it: 1) General Assembly—the main meeting place where each nation got 2 votes. 2) The Security Council dealing with conflict and war. It had 11 member nations, 5 were permanent with total veto power (U.S., Britain, France, U.S.S.R. and China). The Security Council would prove to be the most influential and active in world affairs. 3) Other relief-based agencies, such as UNESCO (U.N. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Org.), the FAO (Food and Agricultural Org.) and WHO (World Health Org.). the senate was favorable toward this, unlike the League of Nations, UN also helped to set up Israel as a homeland

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

at Bretton Woods, the Allies set up the _____________ to propel world trade and regulate currency exchange rates

Trade Expansion Act (1962)

authorized tariff cuts of up to 50% to promote trade with Common Market countries (JFK)

JFK Vietnam

by time of his death had sent 15,000 military advisors to South Vietnam troops, now difficult to leave without looking bad

1960s

civil rights movement, hippies, sexual revolution, drugs, teens have own culture

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

congressional committee that investigated possible subversive activities within the United States.

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Jimmy Carter

defeated Gerald Ford in the first election after Nixon was outed. He was a Washington outsider, a democrat, and congress went democrat. The department of energy was established, and a tax cut. Turned out not good to be an outsider in his presidency, dealt with Iranian Hostage Crisis, oil rates high, economy not good, established department of energy

Landslide of 1972

democrat McGovern hurt by info that vp recieved psyciatric treatment, and 12 days before the election, Henry Kissinger announced that "peace is at hand" and an agreement would be announced in a few days. Nixon won in a huge way, 520 to 17. The agreement Kissinger had spoken of didn't come just yet. Nixon ramped up the bombings in attempt to drive the North back to the bargaining table, it work, and on January 23, 1973 a cease-fire was reached. Nixon declared "peace with honor", but it was hollow. The U.S. would withdraw, but the North kept 145,000 soldiers and 30% of the South occupied.

World Bank

established in order to give loans to needy nations (ravaged by war or just poor).

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, and trained by CIA landed at the Bay of Pigs. Goal was to overthrow castro, failed, JFK took responsibility

Operation Rolling Thunder (1965) and escalation

full-out bombing on North Vietnam. LBJ used the Tonkin Gulf Resolution to follow a policy of "escalation." In 1965, he sent some 400,000 soldiers to Vietnam. This is usually marked as the starting-point for the Vietnam War. America's was "all in" in Vietnam at this point, win or lose.

Employment Act (1946)

got the government to "promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power."

Henry A. Kissinger

had been secretly meeting in Paris with North Vietnamese officials in hopes of working to an end of the war. He was also preparing the way for Nixon to visit China and Russia.

Sen. William Fulbright

head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, held televised hearings where people spoke against the Vietnam war.

Why did Goldwater lose to Johnson in 1964?

hinted at use of nuclear weapons in vietnam

kennedy slowly supported civil rights but was scared to link with MLK because...

it might be revealed that King had friends who had communist connections. Robert Kennedy had J. Edgar Hoover investigate and keep a file on MLK to that end, even tap MLK's phone line.

Mao Zedong

led communist forces in a civil war against Chiang Kai-Shek's Nationalist Govt. Mao and the communists won in 1949. (bad loss for U.S. in Cold War)

1970s economy

long boom from 1950s and 1960s ends; Women and teens increasingly entered the workforce. Generally speaking, they were less skilled, often had temporary jobs. Machinery was getting old and run down by this time. The major cause was the upward spiral of inflation. Vietnam War spending helped cause inflation, but it was caused mostly from increased oil prices. What's more, the boom-years had put more money in people's hands. Anytime this is the case, prices go up. America's economic lead had dwindled as Germany and Japan had by then rebuilt and caught back up.

26 Amendment

lower voting age to 18, because that was the age people fought in vietnam/could be drafted

Lavender Scare (1950s)

many gay people in Congress outed and forced to resign or removed, due to fear of them being communist

Nixon Doctrine and Vietnamization

nixon came into white house promising to end the war, the compromise to withdraw U.S. troops gradually from Vietnam while simultaneously bolstering South Vietnam forces with money, weapons, training and advisors

Secret Bombing of Cambodia

nixon used this to expand the war into a new nation, he used military planes to drop bombs on this country ---> credibility gap

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)

promised U.S. help to the Middle East if threatened by communism.

Black Panthers

roamed the streets of Oakland armed with powerful weapons "for protection."

Michael Harrington wrote The Other America (1962)

said that despite the affluence, 20% of Americans lived in poverty (40% of blacks). Helped inspire support for Nixon war on poverty

buffer zones

satellite nations in eastern Europe that had communist puppet governments set up by the USSR, to create protective buffer from democratic western Europe

Servicemen's Readjustment Act/ GI Bill of Rights (1944)

sent 8 million former soldiers to vocational schools and colleges after returning from the war

Betty Friedan

started the modern feminist movement with her book "The Feminine Mystique" (1963). felt women were selling themselves short—they could get jobs of their own and do so much more

George F. Kennan's "containment doctrine"

stated the U.S.S.R. was expansionist by nature but it could be held in check by firm American containment

Charles de Gaulle

sticking up to and sticking out his chest at the Americans. For example, he'd vetoed Britain's request to join the Common Market in fear of a "special relationship" with America. He also pursued nuclear weapons for France, fearing America would not come through in a crisis. Amazingly, de Gaulle seemed to have forgotten that less than 20 years earlier, Hitler and the Nazis had controlled the streets of Paris until America pushed them out.

Bakke Case

student wanted to be admitted into Davis Medical Program; strict quotas were unconstitutional but race is allowed as a factor in admission decisions as long as it is not the only one; affirmative action is constitutional;

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism, Stokely Carmichael spoke of Black Power, increased AA pride in culture

Gamal Abdel Nassar (Egypt Nationalist)

wanted to build a dam on the Nile. America and Britain offered some help, then Nassar flirted with communism. Sec. Dulles removed the U.S. offer and Nassar took over the Suez Canal. This threatened the oil supply to the West. Britain and France attacked Egypt without U.S. knowing (1956) -> Ike would not supply oil to Britain and France

"Televangelists"

went to airwaves to save souls, like Billy Graham (Baptist), Oral Roberts (Pentecostal Holiness); preached against ppl like Elvis "the Pelvis" Presley (whos dance moves were dubbed inappropriate by the older generation) and Marilyn Monroe the "sex goddess of the nuclear age"

Arthur Miller

wrote Death of a Salesman. It criticized the conformity culture of the 50's. The Crucible dealt with the Salem witch trials, but clearly was criticism of modern McCarthyism.