Personal training chapter 5
After 50 years old muscle mass is lost by what percent per year?
1-2%
The development of motor skills is best understood as a 3 stage process, what are the stages?
1-cognitive 2-associative 3-autonomous
What are the two major principles in the sliding filament theory?
1. A sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z-lines moving closer together 2. Z-lines converge as a result of the myosin filaments heads attaching to the actin filaments heads. Pulling the actin across the myosin resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber
After 50 years old muscle strength is lost by what percent per year?
1.5-5%
Neurotransmitter levels decline by what percent after early adult hood?
10%
The PNS consists of how many cranial nerves and how many spinal nerves?
12 cranial 31 spinal
How many bones in appendicular skeleton
126
The physical weight of the brain declined what percent per decade after 40 years old?
5%
How many types of bones are there and what are they?
5: long, short, flat, irregular, seasmoid
Neurocognitive issues are most prevalent in adults at what age?
65 and up
How many bones in axial skeleton?
80
Kinetic chain
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.
Strain
A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon
Nonaxial joint
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side.
Synovial joint
A joint with a fluid filled joint capsule
Efferent pathway
A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
skeletal muscle
A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which in a muscle contraction
Growth plate
A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth.
Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.
Organelles
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Pivot joints
Allow movement in one direction
The skeleton is divided into 2 parts, what are they?
Axial and appendicular skeletal systems
Peak muscle mass, power, and strength occurs at what age?
Between 20s and 30s
Vertebral column
Bones that house the spinal cord
Spinal cord
Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae
What is the cervical vertebrae for and what is the section?
C1-C7 Provides support and motion for the head
What are the most essential electrolytes for muscle function?
Calcium, potassium, sodium, and water
The nervous system is composed of two interdependent divisions, what are they?
Central and peripheral nervous system
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
Endomysium
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber
Fascia
Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones
The somatic nervous system
Consists of nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and is largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement
axial skeleton
Consists of skill, rib cage, and vertebral column
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
What are two types of bones markings?
Depressions and processes
The nervous system requires different what?
Electrolytes and minerals
What is the layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle?
Epimysium (deep fascia)
What is the first layer of connective tissue?
Fascia
Within the muscles the largest bundles of fibers are called what?
Fascicles
What is a common depressions called?
Fassa-most common Also sulcus
What are type one muscle fibers?
Fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue Slow twitch Red fibers
intervertebral discs
Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement.
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites.
Sacroplasm contains what?
Glycogen, fats, minerals, oxygen-binding myoglobin, and mitochondria
condyloid joint
Joints of the fingers One bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another bone to form the joint
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage. Structures of the skull
What is the lumbar vertebrae for and what is the section?
L1-L5 It has the largest segments and it supports most of the body's weight attached to many back muscles
What are type 2 muscle fibers?
Larger I'm size, generates higher amounts of force and are faster to fatigue Fast twitch White fibers
Trochanter
Located at the top of the femur and are attachment sites for the hip musculature
appendicular skeleton
Made up of arms, legs, and pelvic girdle
sensory receptors are subdivided into what receptors?
Mechanoreceptors Nociceptors Chemoreceptors Photoreceptors
Electrolytes
Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
ball and socket joint
Most-mobile joints that allow motion in all three planes. Examples would include the shoulder and hip.
all-or-nothing principle
Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all.
Osteokinematics
Movement of a limb that is visible
What happens when you have an electrolyte or water imbalance?
Muscle cramps
What makes up the human movement system?
Muscular, skeletal, and nervous system
Each muscle fiber is made up of structures called what?
Myofibrils
What is the power stroke?
Myosin heads bind to actin and pull them towards the center of the sarcomere sliding the filaments past each other
Nervous system
Network of neurons to send signals
Stretch reflex
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.
Interneurons
Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons.
Myofibrils are made up of what?
Overlapping myofilaments
Effector sites
Part of the body that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response
What are examples pf seasmoid bones?
Patella
The adult spine has 3 curvatures, what are they?
Posterior (concave) cervical curve (rounded inward) Posterior (convex) thoracic curve (rounded outward) Posterior (concave) lumbar curve (rounded inward)
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
What are more common processes?
Process, Condyle, epicondyle, tubercle, and trochanter
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.
Myoglobin
Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles.
Neutral spine
Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement.
What is the sacrum and what are the sections?
S1-S5 5 vertebrae that fuse together as the body develops into adulthood
Each muscle fiber contains cellular components such as what?
Sacroplasm
Wolfs law
Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone.
Afferent pathway
Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system.
Muscle spindles
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Osteoclasts
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.
Osteoblasts
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue.
sarcomere
Structural unit of a Myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines (Physical site where muscle contractions occur)
What is the most common joint associated with human movement?
Synovial joint
What is the thoracic vertebrae for and what is the section?
T1-T12 Each vertebrae articulates a rib
How are muscles connected to the bones?
Tendons
Integrative function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.
Sensory functions
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Human movement system (HMS)
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.
Neuroplasticity
The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual's entire life span.
Myofilaments
The contractile proteins, actin and myosin, of muscle cells
Arthrokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
Neurocircuity
The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
Z-line
The meeting point of each sarcomere.
Motor function
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information
excitation-contraction coupling
The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction.
Remodeling
The process of resorption and formation of bone
sliding filament theory
The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere.
What is the coccyx?
The tailbone. Composed of 3 to 5 small fused bones
Myosin
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.
Actin
The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.
What are 2 vital functions of bones?
They act as levers They provide support
Why do ligaments heal slowly?
They have poor blood supply (vascularity)
Smooth muscle makes up what?
Tissues of internal organs
Hige joint
Uniaxial joint allowing movement predominantly in one direction Elbow, toe, and ankle
parasympathetic nervous system
Works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state
sympathetic nervous system
Works to increase neural activity and put the body in heightened state
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
What are ligaments made up of?
collagen with some elastin
What are the layers of fascia?
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
Sprain
injury to a ligament
Sliding movement
joint slide across another ex: knee extension
joint receptors
located around joint capsule, respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint. Signals extreme joint positions and thus helps prevent injury.
Tubercles
located at the top of the humerus at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Condyles
located on the inner and outer portions at the bottom of the femur (thigh bone) and top of the tibia (shin bone) to form the knee joint
Epicondyles
located on the inner and outer portions of the humerus to help form the elbow joint
What are examples of short bones?
most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
Neuron
nerve cell
Rolling movement
one joint rolls across the surface of another
Spinning movement
one joint surface rotates on another
Proprioception
our sense of body position
How many joints are in the human body?
over 300
Nociceptors
pain receptors
Sarcolemma
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
neuromuscular junction
point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell
Chemoreceptors
respond to chemicals
Photoreceptors
respond to light
Mechanoreceptors
respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch
What are the 3 primary functions of the nervous system?
sensory, integrative, and motor functions
What is a muscle contraction?
shortening of the sarcomere
What are the three types of muscles in the body?
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
What are examples of flat bones?
skull, ribs, sternum
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
the nerves that connect the central nervous system to all parts of the body
Capillaries
the smallest blood vessels in the body
Saddle joint
type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation
What are examples of irregular bones?
vertebrae