Personality qs

______________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior. ______________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is a healthier self-image that allows us to focus beyond ourselves and enjoy a higher quality of life.

Defensive; Secure

How might Freud and Rogers differ in their explanations of how the environment influences the development of a criminal?

Freud might argue that the criminal may have lacked the proper guidance as a child for developing a strong superego, allowing the id free rein. Rogers might assert that the criminal was raised in an environment lacking genuineness, acceptance, and empathy, which inhibited psychological growth and led to a negative self-concept.

What are the positive and negative effects of high self-esteem?

People who feel confident in their abilities are often happier, have greater motivation, and are less susceptible to depression. Excessive optimism and very high self-esteem can lead to blindness to one's own incompetence, self-serving bias, and narcissism.

The tendency to overestimate others' attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the

Spotlight effect

Which elements of traditional psychoanalysis have modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists retained, and which elements have they mostly left behind?

Today's psychodynamic theorists and therapists still rely on the interviewing techniques that Freud used, and they still tend to focus on childhood experiences and attachments, unresolved conflicts, and unconscious influences. However, they are not likely to dwell on fixation at any psychosexual stage, or the idea that resolution of sexual issues is the basis of our personality.

A fortune cookie advises, "Love yourself and happiness will follow." Is this good advice?

Yes, if that self-love is of the secure type. Secure self-esteem promotes a focus beyond the self and a higher quality of life. Excessive self-love may promote artificially high or defensive self-esteem, which may lead to unhappiness if negative external feedback triggers anger or aggression.

Which of the following is NOT part of the contemporary view of the unconscious? a. repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events b. schemas that influence our perceptions and interpretations c. parallel processing that occurs without our conscious knowledge d. instantly activated emotions and implicit memories of learned skills

a. repressed memories of anxiety-provoking events

The social-cognitive perspective proposes our personality is shaped by a process called reciprocal determinism, as personal factos, environmental factors, and behaviors interact. An example of an environmental factor is a. the presence of books in a home b. a preference for outdoor play c. the ablity to read at a fourth-grade level d. the fear of violent action on television

a. the presence of books in a home

neo-Freudians,

adopted Freud's interviewing technique and accepted Freud's basic ideas: the personality structures of id, ego, and superego; the importance of the unconscious; the childhood roots of personality; and the dynamics of anxiety and the defense mechanisms.

Freud believed that defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to distort or disguise reality, all in an effort to reduce our ___________.

anixety

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors? a. conscientiousness b. anxiety c. extraversion d. agreeableness

b. anxiety

According to the psychoanalytic view of development, we all pass through a series of psychosexual stages, including the oral, anal, and phallic stages. Conflicts unresolved at any of these stages may lead to a. dormant sexual feelings b. fixation at that stage c. preconscious blocking of impulses d. a distorted gender identity

b. fixation at that stage

Our scores on personality tests best predict a. our behavior on a specific occasion b. our average behavior across many situations c. behavior involving a single trait, such as conscientiousness d. behavior that depends on the situation or context

b. our average behavior across many situations

Researchers have found that low self-esteem tends to be linked with life problems. How should this link be interpreted? a. life problems cause low self-esteem b. the answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect c. low self-esteem leads to life problems d. because of the self-serving bias, we must assume that external factors cause low self-esteem

b. the answer isn't clear because the link is correlational and does not indicate cause and effect

One famous personality inventory is the a. Extraversion-Introversion Scale b. Person-Situation Inventory c. MMPI d. Rorschach

c. MMPI

According to Freud's view of personality structure, the "executive" system, the ___________, seeks to gratify the impulses of the ___________ in more acceptable ways. a. id; ego b. ego; superego c. ego; id d. id; superego

c. ego; id

Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that we must satisfy basic phychological and safety needs before we seek ultimate psychological needs, such as self-actualization. Maslow based his ideas on a. Freudian theory b. his experiences with patients c. a series of laboratory experiments d. his study of healthy, creative people

d. his study of healthy, creative people

In general, neo-Freudians such as Adler and Horney accepted many of Freud's views but placed more emphasis than he did on a. development throughout the life span b. the collective unconscious c. the role of the id d. social interactions

d. social interactions

According to Freud's ideas about the three-part personality structure, the ____________ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain; the ______________ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification; and the ______________ represents the voice of our internalized ideals (our conscience).

ego; id; superego

____________ tests ask test-takers to respond to an ambiguous stimulus, for example, by describing it or telling a story about it.

projective

The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failures is called ______________ - ______________ ______________.

self-serving bias

Albert Bandura proposed the ______________ - ______________ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term ______________ ______________.

social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism

Freud proposed that the development of the "voice of conscience" is related to the ____________, which internalizes ideals and provides standards for judgments.

superego

The _______ theory of personality focuses on describing characteristic behavior patterns, such as agreeableness or extraversion.

trait

Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate ______________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against ______________.

unconsciously; anxiety

What is the best way to predict a person's future behavior?

Examine the person's past behavior patterns in similar situations.

Modern day psychodynamic theorists and therapists agree with Freud about a. the existence of unconscious mental processes b. the Oedipus complex c. the predictive value of Freudian theory d. the superego's role as the executive part of personality

a. the existence of unconscious mental processes

Critics say that _____________-_____________ personality theory is very sensitive to an individual's interactions with particular situations, but that it give too little attention to the person's enduring traits.

social-cognitive

The total acceptance Rogers advocated as part of a growth-promoting environment is called __________ ___________ ____________.

unconditional positive regard

Freud believed that we may block painful or unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories from consciousness through an unconscious process called __________.

repression

What are three big ideas that have survived from Freud's work in psychoanalytic theory? What are three ways in which Freud's work has been criticized?

Freud first drew attention to (1) the importance of childhood experiences, (2) the existence of the unconscious mind, and (3) our self-protective defense mechanisms. Freud's work has been criticized as (1) not scientifically testable and offering after-the-fact explanations, (2) focusing too much on sexual conflicts in childhood, and (3) based on the idea of repression, which has not been supported by modern research.

How did humanistic psychology provide a fresh perspective?

This movement sought to turn psychology's attention away from drives and conflicts and toward our growth potential, with a focus on the way healthy people strive for self-determination and self-realization, which was in contrast to Freudian theory and strict behaviorism.

What does it mean to be empathic? How about self-actualized? Which humanistic psychologists used these terms?

To be empathic is to share and mirror another person's feelings. Carl Rogers believed that people nurture growth in others by being empathic. Abraham Maslow proposed that self-actualization is the motivation to fulfill one's potential, and one of the ultimate psychological needs (the other is self-transcendence).

three interacting systems:

To understand the mind's dynamics during this conflict: the id, ego, and superego