Personality Theories Ch 6
Fast and Funder (2008) found that using words like guarantee was correlated .21 with "has a high aspiration for self." Which of the following is a correct interpretation of this finding?
Participants who used the word guarantee were slightly more likely to also have high aspirations.
The Big Five are believed to be orthogonal factors of personality. What does orthogonal mean?
People's scores on one of the factors do not predict their scores on any of the other factors.
Which choice does NOT describe a reason that the typological approach to personality traits is less valid than trait-based approaches?
Personality types may summarize many traits within an overarching label.
What are essential traits according to Jack Block?
ego control/ego resiliency
Which of the Big Five traits appears to have the MOST inconsistency in terms of cross-cultural replication?
openness
Which of the following traits has been difficult to replicate across different samples and cultures?
openness
Which of the following terms describes the often-criticized outcome of Raymond Cattell's factor analysis, which revealed 16 factors?
overextraction of factors
According to recent research (Boyce & Wood, 2011), which trait seems to be related to quicker recovery from disabling accidents or illnesses?
#agreeableness
A researcher taking the many-trait approach to understanding personality would likely use which of the following measurement instruments?
California Q-Set
The ________ is a personality assessment device consisting of a deck of 100 cards, each of which describes an aspect of personality. These cards are sorted into categories by the respondent.
California Q-Set
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
It is time-consuming to score and interpret.
According to the text, why is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator particularly popular?
Its vague questions give the impression that it offers deep insight.
Which essential trait theorist developed a model with the strongest ties to psychoanalytic ideas?
Jack Block
According to recent research about personality and energy drink preferences (Smidt & DeBono, 2011), those high in self-monitoring would likely prefer which brand of energy drink in a consumer taste test study?
Superstar Energy
Which of the following does NOT describe a reason that people gravitate to the typological approach in contrast to the trait approach?
The typological approach has many years worth of empirical support.
According to your text, what is one important use of personality types?
They serve as a way to summarize how someone stands on several traits.
According to the text, which of the following is one of the reactions an individual high on right-wing authoritarianism would have when playing experimental games?
They tend to be uncooperative and inflexible.
Julie is a serious and conscientious employee; however, with her friends at happy hour on Friday afternoon she is the life of the party. According to Snyder's theory, Julie would MOST likely be
a high self-monitor.
Research has shown that when people use words such as ________ to describe their life stories, they are described by acquaintances as more intelligent.
absolutely
Which of the following Big Five domains is related to less smoking?
agreeableness
When compared to high self-monitors, people who score low in self-monitoring tend to
be regarded as more honest.
When compared to personality types, personality traits are ________ at predicting behavior.
better
According to a recent study described in the textbook, which trait has been linked to a decrease in life satisfaction following a period of unemployment?
conscientiousness
According to the text, individuals high in ________ are usually valued employees.
conscientiousness
Which trait has been consistently linked to a range of health outcomes?
conscientiousness
Which trait is linked to avoiding risks and driving carefully?
conscientiousness
Factor analyses are mostly based on which of the following pieces of information?
correlation matrices
According to the text, some researchers propose that openness to experience is related to ________, while others claim it is related to ________.
creativity; intelligence
Given Snyder's description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is low in self-monitoring to be ________ than someone high in self-monitoring.
easier to judge
The items in the California Q-Set were derived from
efforts by researchers to develop a complete list of items sufficient to describe any person.
Which dimension of personality assessed by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory appears to be the one MOST responsible for obnoxious and arrogant behavior?
entitlement/exploitativeness
A researcher using factor analysis to identify basic traits is likely to favor the ________ approach.
essential-trait
A researcher who tries to discover the most important or basic personality traits that exist is taking a(n) ________ approach.
essential-trait
Positive emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model?
extraversion
Which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience positive emotions?
extraversion
Which trait is MOST closely linked with dominance?
extraversion
Factor analyses have revealed a broader personality factor called plasticity. Which of the following Big Five factors are subfactors of this factor?
extraversion and openness
The MOST important advantage of Q-sorting is that it
forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other.
The MOST important thing to notice about a table of Q-sort correlates is the
general patterns that emerge.
Jack Block found that 23-year-olds who described themselves as being politically conservative were likely to have been described as ________ at age 3.
guilty and anxious
Which of the following is NOT a dimension that would likely show differences between liberals and conservatives?
harm/care
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with conscientiousness?
high IQ
The lower your score is on measures of psychological health and well-being, the ________ your score is on ________.
higher; neuroticism
What additional trait(s) do some psychologists argue should be added to expand the Big Five to the Big Six?
honesty-humility
Which trait describes people who are psychologically well adjusted and tend to be religious?
honesty-humility
Low self-monitors are more likely than high self-monitors to be described as
independent.
Someone who scores high on extraversion likely ________, whereas someone who scores high on agreeableness likely ________.
is sensitive to rewards; is psychologically well adjusted
According to the text, tests of conscientiousness predict
job performance and employee thefts.
A researcher seeks to understand the reasons that a person uses drugs. Which approach is the researcher MOST likely to adopt?
many-trait
A researcher who starts with an interest in delinquency and then identifies the traits associated with that category of behavior is taking a(n) ________ approach.
many-trait
Carlos is interested in understanding everything there is to know about a person, and he is developing a lengthy personality measure to achieve this. What approach is Carlos taking to study personality?
many-trait
Which approach to studying personality begins with the question "Who does that?" and then seeks to understand the traits associated with a specific behavior?
many-trait approach
Manuel is discontented with economic and political systems as an adult. Recent research suggests that as a child, Manuel would have been described as
misbehaved.
Which trait is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships?
narcissism
Which trait is associated with putting more effort into hairstyles and clothing?
narcissism
Negative emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model?
neuroticism
Which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience negative emotions?
neuroticism
Factor analyses have revealed a broader personality factor called stability. Which of the following Big Five factors are subfactors of this factor?
neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness
What are the essential traits according to Hans Eysenck?
neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism
What are the Big Three traits according to Auke Tellegen?
positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint
What is another name for ego resiliency?
psychological adjustment
What is another name for ego control?
self-control
Research on ________ addresses important questions concerning the way that inner reality and the private self relate to external reality and the self as presented to others.
self-monitoring
In order to alleviate the effects of bias in employment testing, employers might want to use ________ because they typically do not show racial or ethnic differences.
tests of conscientiousness
Pooja is a strong proponent of the lexical hypothesis. Where would she likely begin her search for the essential traits of personality?
the dictionary
In the factor analysis approach to personality, a "factor" can be best described as a personality
trait
The ________ approach to personality usually assumes that all people can be characterized by points on a continuous score of measurement; the ________ approach to personality suggests that people might differ in kind more than in degree.
trait; typological
A researcher interested in identifying common patterns of traits that characterize whole persons will likely use a ________ approach.
typological
Ciara is an advertiser who is interested in labeling consumers in terms of their spending habits and shopping behavior to efficiently target groups of people for different products. What approach to personality should Ciara use in her assessment?
typological
According to Jack Block, ego ________ gets people into trouble, but ego ________ gets people out of trouble.
undercontrol; resiliency
According to the text, which three personality types are the MOST replicable?
well-adjusted/undercontrolled/overcontrolled
