PH 1: Final Study Guide
Lucia waits until she is close to death to undergo kidney dialysis because __________. Choose all that apply. - Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act states that the emergency department must stabilize her if she is this ill - the End-Stage Renal Disease Act only covers United States citizens - the ambulance will only transport her if she is likely to die in less than an hour. - she does not have private insurance that pays for regular dialysis
- - Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act states that the emergency department must stabilize her if she is this ill - the End-Stage Renal Disease Act only covers United States citizens - she does not have private insurance that pays for regular dialysis
Each week, students will complete _____ Discussion forums, totaling _____ responses, together worth _______ points per week. - 3, 3, 15 - 1, 2, 15 - 2, 4, 15 - 4, 4, 15
- 2, 4, 15
An epidemiologist must have a clear definition of a disease to be sure the study participants are actually presenting with the specific disease of interest. If the disease is fairly nonspecific, meaning not every patient with the disease has the same symptoms, and symptoms can overlap with many other types of diseases, then it is best to include: (select BEST answer) - A biomarker specific to the disease of interest - A very large sample size - A public health expert - A dose-specific aspect to your design
- A biomarker specific to the disease of interest
All of the following have a legal right to medical care in the United States except for __________. - people who are incarcerated - American citizens - a very sick person in an emergency room - military veterans
- American citizens
Which of the following did Dr. Noymer discuss with regard to human factors that can amplify or reduce viral infection rates? - Human population density is the most significant factor driving viral infection rates. - Anything that amplifies or reduces human-to-human contact will, in turn, amplify or reduce viral infection rates. - Commercial aviation is the primary driver of viral infection rates. - Hand washing is the single largest factor influencing viral infection rates.
- Anything that amplifies or reduces human-to-human contact will, in turn, amplify or reduce viral infection rates.
Which of the following is especially harmful to patients with cardiovascular disease, who are more likely to suffer heart attacks when exposed to higher concentrations of the pollutant? - Particulate matter - Carbon monoxide - Nitrogen oxides - Sulfur dioxide - Ozone
- Carbon monoxide
The percentage of children who are uninsured has declined to less than 10 percent because of __________. - Children's Health Insurance Program - Medicare - MediCal - Obamacare - Vaccination
- Children's Health Insurance Program
At which level of the Ecological Model is the following quote focused upon? From the website of Los Angeles County Parks & Recreation: "Parks are a perfect place to exercise and stay fit. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune system and helps prevent diseases such as heart disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. Health care providers often call exercise the "miracle" or "wonder" drug because of the wide variety of proven benefits that it provides. Get started in your exercise program today at your local park." (https://parks.lacounty.gov/health/?row=1#exerciseFitnessColumn) - Intrapersonal - Institutional - Public policy - Community
- Community
The Superfund, a trust fund set up by Congress to pay for cleanups of particularly bad hazardous waste sites, is less than super. Which of the following is not a reason? - The polluter is supposed to pay for the cleanup, but in many cases the liable party cannot be found or cannot afford to pay. - The amount added to the fund by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act is a small fraction of what is needed. - Congress has repeatedly raided the fund to pay for other projects. - Congress did not re-authorize a tax on polluting industries in 1995
- Congress has repeatedly raided the fund to pay for other projects
Which of the following substances can have public health benefits but also have the capability to harm public health? Choose all that apply. - plastics - chlorine - DDT - mercury
- DDT - mercury - plastics - chlorine
Which of the following are true? Choose all that apply. - DDT's popularity grew because of its widespread use against mosquito-born illnesses during World War II. - Rachel Carson did not want a complete ban on pesticides. - Rachel Carson titled her book after imagining what her local freshwater spring would sound if all of the frogs and grasshoppers were killed by DDT. - John F. Kennedy's Science Advisory Committee disagreed with Rachel Carson's analysis.
- DDT's popularity grew because of its widespread use against mosquito-born illnesses during World War II. - Rachel Carson did not want a complete ban on pesticides.
From the lectures, which perspective describes how risk or resilience factors during fetal development may have significant consequences on that individual's short- and long-term physical and mental health? - cross-generational - 'triple-hit' - Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) - lifespan
- Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD)
Which of the following public health practices were in use long before modern science explained their success? - Disease surveillance - Sewage systems - Disinfection - Quarantine
- Disease surveillance - Sewage systems - Disinfection - Quarantine
From the lecture on perspectives, how does the metaphor of building a house explain the impact of the timing of risk and resilience factors on health? (please pick the one BEST answer) - Teratogens are defined differently from birth defects - Grandparent exposures impact risk and resilience for the health of their grandchildren - Early foundational development imparts future risk or resilience later in life - Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder is more common than Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Early foundational development imparts future risk or resilience later in life
Match the job with the essential public health service. - Epidemiologist, Orange County - Diabetes Care Coach, UCI Hospital - Health Inspector, City of Santa Ana - Dean, School of Public Health - monitor health status to identify community health problems - assure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce - enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure public safety - inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
- Epidemiologist: monitor health status to identify community health problems - Diabetes Care Coach: inform, educate, and empower people about health issues - Health Inspector: enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure public safety - Dean: assure competent public health and personal healthcare workforce
No single factor can predict whether a person will develop a substance use problem from using. Which of the following factors would increase anyone's risk for developing a substance use disorder once they try the substance? - Using a drug that is illegal - Poverty - Frequent use without allowing the brain to recover in-between uses - Systemic racism
- Frequent use without allowing the brain to recover in-between uses
___________________ behaviors may be maintained and reinforced by aspects of the social environment that are beyond the individual's control. - Biosocial - Cognitive - Neurological - Health
- Health
Dr. Noymer talked about some of public health's successes, as well as failures, regarding infectious diseases. Which of the following is false? - Historically, we saw a single type of dominating influenza A strain in circulation at a time. However, since 1977, we now have co-circulation of two influenza strains simultaneously. Having two strains in circulation at one time makes it much easier to develop successful flu vaccines because there are more viral components for the vaccine to target. - The word "quarantine" originates from the Italian word quarantena, meaning "forty days." This is due to the 40-day isolation of people on ships practiced as a measure of disease prevention related to the plague. - The main Samoan island successfully quarantined from the 1918 flu pandemic, whereas Western Samoa did not. The Western Samoa population experienced devastating infection rates and death as a result. - Vaccines are the biggest success story in public health, starting with the eradication of smallpox.
- Historically, we saw a single type of dominating influenza A strain in circulation at a time. However, since 1977, we now have co-circulation of two influenza strains simultaneously. Having two strains in circulation at one time makes it much easier to develop successful flu vaccines because there are more viral components for the vaccine to target.
At which level of the Ecological Model is the following quote focused upon? "I started to put on weight by the time I was seven. There was no obesity in the family and I played out of doors getting plenty of exercise. I was encouraged not to overeat, though surrounded by energetic brothers I liked to compete with them in everything, including meal sizes. I weighed nine stone [126 pounds] when I was nine and was quite proud to be the heaviest girl in the class, but ashamed when I was 13 stone [182 pounds] at 13. I've had weight/eating problems ever since. " (https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19743173) - Institutional - Intrapersonal - Interpersonal - Community
- Interpersonal - Intrapersonal
Which is false about the attempts to repeal the Affordable Care Act? - Most Republicans now support adding a public option. - The individual mandate was repealed in 2017. - Both extremely conservative and moderate Republicans have opposed the repeal bills in Congress. - The ACA is viewed favorably by a majority of Americans.
- Most Republicans now support adding a public option.
What does NIMBY stand for? - Not In Most Back Yards - Not In More Back Yards - Never In My Best Years - Not In My Back Yard
- Not In My Back Yard
Which was the first state to allow doctors to assist terminally ill patients commit suicide? - Arizona - California - Washington - Oregon
- Oregon
Which of the following is the most visible form of air pollution? - Lead - Sulfur dioxide - Pollen - Particulate matter - Ozone
- Particulate Matter
Epidemiological statistical methods can help understand: - Mechanisms of hormone-mediated brain function - Future performance of financial marketplaces. - Vibrational frequencies in music - Potential human risk to communicable diseases via elucidating patterns of animal behaviors.
- Potential human risk to communicable diseases via elucidating patterns of animal behaviors.
Of the following, which four must be reported to the local health department if diagnosed? Choose all that apply. - Rabies - ALS/Lou Gehrig's disease - Hepatitis C - Strep throat - Candidiasis - Measles - Malaria - Alzheimer's
- Rabies - Hepatitis C - Measles - Malaria
After the historical event of the garbage barge in 1987, rapid awareness of waste and environmental health resulted. The three R's became more widely known and practiced. The three R's stand for: - Repair, repurpose, recycle - Reduce, reuse, recycle - Reduce, repurpose, respond - Reality, reuse, reduce
- Reduce, reuse, recycle
Alexis de Tocqueville could have predicted which of the following public health problems? - Refusing to wear a face-covering during COVID-19 - Refusing to have your child vaccinated - Refusing to put on a seatbelt - Refusing to use less polluting materials for your business
- Refusing to wear a face-covering during COVID-19 - Refusing to have your child vaccinated - Refusing to put on a seatbelt - Refusing to use less polluting materials for your business
Which direct assistance program(s) provide resources to families with children on nutrition, infant feeding, and/or health education? - Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) - Title V Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Block Grant - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
- Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) - Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
Which link in the chain of infection is the intervention described below meant to break? Having moderate-to-severe asthma may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19. Actions you take should include: Follow your Asthma Action Plan. Continue your current medicines, including any inhalers with steroids in them. Make sure that you have at least a 30-day supply of your medicines. Avoid your asthma triggers. (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html) - Means of transmission - Susceptible host - Infectious agent - Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
From the Fracking Video: Below are the main concerns people have around fracking, EXCEPT for one. Which one is not a main concern of fracking? - Contamination of local ground water - Fracturing of ground and pressure of water's contribution to earthquakes - Release of methane in high quantities - Impact on local resources for fresh water - The amount of natural gas that is usable after fracking - Safe disposal of flowback liquid
- The amount of natural gas that is usable after fracking
From the lectures, the metaphor of the balance scale tries to facilitate the communication of what? - How positive experiences impact future health outcomes. - The complex interactions of risk and resilience factors for influencing future health outcomes - How the timing of risk factors influences health outcomes. - How trauma influences health outcomes.
- The complex interactions of risk and resilience factors for influencing future health outcomes
Which of the following is an increasing concern about access to fresh water? Choose all that apply. - The presence of pharmaceuticals and hormones in the water. - Political conflicts over fresh water sources. - Changing weather patterns bringing rain to new places and taking it away from others - The cost of desalination
- The presence of pharmaceuticals and hormones in the water. - Political conflicts over fresh water sources. - Changing weather patterns bringing rain to new places and taking it away from others
Which of the following makes public sector problem solving particularly difficult? Choose all that apply. - The public expects results very quickly - Not everyone making the decisions agrees on the values that should guide the process. - The problems are large, interlaced, and intersectional. - There is rarely enough time or money to select the best solution
- The public expects results very quickly - Not everyone making the decisions agrees on the values that should guide the process. - The problems are large, interlaced, and intersectional. - There is rarely enough time or money to select the best solution
Which of the following is the biggest drawback of using sanitary landfills as a method of waste disposal? - Attract disease-carrying vermin - Emits noxious odors - They take up a lot of space - Toxic chemicals seep into groundwater
- They take up a lot of space
From the lecture, you learned that patterns of alcohol use within the US have changed since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The amount of alcohol consumption has increased by 40% in the US among women of child-bearing age (who already drank alcohol pre-pandemic). What is one reason this statistic may warn us of a future major public health problem? Please select the reason discussed heavily in lecture. - This may result in a spike in incidence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) - This may increase breast cancer risk - This may interact to reduce efficacy of some medications with anticipated higher blood alcohol levels (BALs) - This may increase COVID-19 infection rates.
- This may result in a spike in incidence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
____________________ is best prevented by education—warning pregnant women about the risks of contracting the disease through gardening and contact with litter boxes. - Cat-scratch fever - Tapeworm infection - Tetanus - Down syndrome - Toxoplasmosis
- Toxoplasmosis
On the Diagnostic Statistical Manual V, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders are not included as an option for a primary diagnosis, but Autism is. - True - False
- True
In the mid-19th century, what was the single largest cause of death? - Cholera - Smallpox - War - Tuberculosis - Typhoid
- Tuberculosis
When plotting data, it is standard practice to list one variable on the ____________ and the other on the ____________ of the graph: (select the best answer) - grouping label, individual label - X, Y - X axis, Y axis - main factor, minor factor
- X axis, Y axis
Mental health problems include behaviors, thoughts, and inner experiences that are what? - atypical, distressful, dysfunctional, and can be dangerous at times. - different, eccentric, unusual - abnormal, unexpected, unpredictable - traumatic, intense, obvious
- atypical, distressful, dysfunctional, and can be dangerous at times.
___________ is a systematic error that may be introduced into a study in a number of ways. - Prejudicial blindness - Favoritism - Type 2 - Natural blindness - Bias
- bias
With the pandemic onset in 2020 in the United States, what patterns are we seeing for disorders pertaining to mental health and substance use? - Only substance use disorders have changed in prevalence - Both are going down in prevalence - Both are going up in prevalence - Only mental health disorders have changed in prevalence
- both are going up in prevalence
From the public health perspective, it is more effective to ___________________. - pass laws that reward healthy behavior - pass laws that prohibit unhealthy behavior - change the social environment to influence healthy behavior - change people's behavior one individual at a time
- change the social environment to influence healthy behavior
Rep. Katie Porter's two goals for fixing healthcare in the United States are __________. Choose all that apply. - providing Medicare for everyone. - creating equity in healthcare - driving down the cost of healthcare - increasing economic competition between providers
- creating equity in healthcare - driving down the cost of healthcare
Infant mortality rates have been _______ since the early 1900s. In Current day, racial/ethnic disparities in infant mortality _______. - increasing, continue to exist. - decreasing, have been eliminated. - increasing, have been eliminated. - decreasing, continue to exist.
- decreasing, continue to exist
Stress due to the adverse physical and social conditions associated with lower___________________ may act directly by affecting physiological processes and indirectly by influencing behavior. - social distancing - political power - structural racism - economic and social status
- economic and social status
Which of the following is not at all determined by where you live? - cost of a health insurance premium - eligibility for Medicare - eligibility for Medicaid - access to prenatal support services - risk for cardiovascular disease
- eligibility for Medicare
From Dr. Morey's Lecture: What does environmental justice involve? - socioeconomic equality and healthy occupations - respect for people and honor of indigeneity - fair treatment and meaningful involvement - equal access and involvement in development
- fair treatment and meaningful involvement
Today, if you are seeking mental health treatment in the United States, you will find several EVIDENCE-BASED options for treatment. Which of these treatments listed below is not an evidence-based treatment for mental health? (choose one) - Goat yoga - Pharmaceutical treatment - Acupuncture - Psilocybin - Behavioral therapy
- goat yoga
Which of the following work to buffer the impact of daily stresses? Choose all that apply. - health insurance - a high income - education - social support
- health insurance - a high income - education - social support
(Before the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 2022 ruling) The United States Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade (1973) decided that the women have a constitutional right to abortion, but __________. - women must always ask their husbands for permission or they can be imprisoned. - very, very few women exercise that right - individual states could limit and regulate how women access that right - individual counties ban doctors from providing abortions
- individual states could limit and regulate how women access that right
Which link in the chain of infection is the intervention described below meant to break? "The State of California and the COVID-19 Testing Task Force have joined together with OptumServe in a partnership to expand COVID-19 testing services in California." (https://www.cityofirvine.org/covid-19-resources/covid-19-testing-0) - Infectious agent - Susceptible host - Portal of entry - Means of transmission
- infectious agent
Which of the following statements are false? - it wasn't until computers were invented that statistics were used to monitor health outcomes - moral or religious opposition rarely prevents scientific progress - public health practices are the driving force behind the 20th century population boom - everyone agrees on the definitions of "tyranny" and "the common good"
- it wasn't until computers were invented that statistics were used to monitor health outcomes - moral or religious opposition rarely prevents scientific progress - everyone agrees on the definitions of "tyranny" and "the common good"
The final grade for PH1 is calculated from the all of the following, EXCEPT: - short research paper - final exam - karma points - weekly discussion posts - extra credit - weekly quizzes
- karma points
From the lectures, which perspective suggests that we can more deeply understand a health outcome when we try to study how it changes across life stages, interacts with other factors, and how it can be viewed across multiple subdivisions of knowledge? - multiverse - Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) - lifespan - cross-generational
- lifespan
Match the problem with who you should contact to resolve it: - you don't understand why you lost points on a discussion post - your daughter has a fever and you need an extension on the paper - you don't know if there will be assignments due on Thanksgiving Day - your discussion post won't save correctly - the TA assigned to your group - the TA or reader who graded it - canvas tech support - "post your comments and questions here"
- lost points on discussion post: TA or reader who graded it - extension on paper: TA assigned to your group - assignments due on Thanksgiving: "post your comments and questions here" - discussion post won't save: canvas tech support
PH1 is about the ______ of public health and the determinants of health status in communities. - policies and laws - major concepts and principles - leaders and decision makers - systems and decision trees
- major concepts and principles
Genetics does not predispose a person to _________________________. - diabetes - minority stress - high blood pressure - anorexia - schizophrenia
- minority stress
Substance use can activate brain circuitry via many neurotransmitters, with the most central one being dopamine. The brain circuitry that is most affected by substances is often referred to as the 'reward system'. However, in your Week 6 lectures, you learned that the 'reward circuitry' is better characterized as the brain circuitry underlying _____________ & _______________, as this is what the circuitry evolved to do in the absence of substance use. - drugs & addiction - motivation & reinforcement - risk & resilience - stress & coping
- motivation and reinforcement
From the Fracking Video: Fracking includes drilling deep into the earth's surface to extract ______________. Choose one best answer. - ground water - natural gas - carbon dioxide (C02) - decaying organism from millions of years ago
- natural gas
This picture likely depicts a city that likely suffers from all of the criteria air pollutants, but which is the one most visible here? - ozone - sulfur dioxide - carbon monoxide - nitrogen oxide
- nitrogen oxide
When a disease becomes recognizable and is designated with the status of being a _______ disease, it becomes easier to diagnose and intervene rapidly. - Environmental - Heart - Notifiable - Syndrome
- notifiable
In this comic book panel, Tony Stark, better known as Ironman, is depicted speaking at a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous. This could represent which two stages of the transtheoretical model? Select both that apply. - Maintenance - Contemplation - Preparation - Pre-contemplation - Action
- precontemplation - contemplation
When people are insured with a __________, they must seek care from a specific collection of doctors who have agreed to offer their services at lower rates. - preferred provider organization - universal coverage plan - fee-for-service system - health management organization - single-payer system
- preferred provider plan
Federal regulations do not cover ______________. Choose all that apply. - rain water - well water - municipal water - bottled water
- rain water - well water
______________ is the return to ______________ after an attempt to stop, indicating the need for more or different treatment. - Recovery, mental health challenges - Relapse, substance use - Recovery, substance use - Relapse, mental health challenges
- relapse, substance abuse
In some HIV prevention interventions, peer leaders role-play asking their partners their HIV status, negotiating condom use, and discussing consent. This can help other participants increase their ___________________. - cues to action - self-efficacy - vulnerability - stages of change
- self-efficacy
A ___________________ may cause ______________________. - genetic screening, teratogens - teratogen, birth defects - birth defect, teratogens - genetic screening, birth defects
- teratogen, birth defects
Birth defects may be caused by a variety of environmental agents, called _________________, which include some bacteria and viruses, various drugs including alcohol, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and radiation. - tautologies - prions - teratogens - pathogens - terrigen crystals
- teratogens
Match Covid-19 advice with its type of prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary): 1. Cover your mouth and nose with a mask around others 2. Get rest and stay hydrated. Take over-the-counter medicines, such as acetaminophen, to help you feel better. 3. After release from the ICU, you may need physical and cognitive rehabilitation care. 4. Clean your hands often, either with soap and water for 20 seconds or a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.
1. Cover your mouth and nose with a mask around others (primary) 2. Get rest and stay hydrated. Take over-the-counter medicines, such as acetaminophen, to help you feel better. (secondary) 3. After release from the ICU, you may need physical and cognitive rehabilitation care. (tertiary) 4. Clean your hands often, either with soap and water for 20 seconds or a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. (primary)
Your best friend tells you they were diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). You are not sure how to respond, so you watch your Week 6 lecture on mental health and learn that there are some common responses that people tend to have when they do not understand mental health challenges very well. These common responses tend to make the person with MDD feel bad about their diagnosis. List two of these common responses that are not particularly helpful.
A common response may be "cheer up!" or "smile," which only serves to oversimplify the feelings of sadness a person with MDD may experience. Another unhelpful response would be "it's all in your head," which sounds dismissive of the person's experiences, and accusatory (blaming MDD as something the person made up).
Of the reasons below, which explain why non-immunized school-age children in the United States are often protected from diseases such as diphtheria, measles, polio, and smallpox? A. Because they are still protected by maternal antibodies. B. Because the vast majority of the other children have received mandated vaccines. C. Because some of these diseases have been eradicated. D. Because such diseases exist only in underdeveloped countries. E. Because they are not part of the group targeted by these infectious microbes.
B + C
Countries where population size has stabilized have several things in common. Describe two of them and how they lead to fewer children being born.
Countries with a stabilized population size all have access to contraception as well as education for women. Access to contraception decreases the amount of children being born, and educated women prefer having fewer children, all of which stabilize a country's population.
From the videos, write one short sentence per video describing the most surprising thing you learned. 1) Video of Ron Finley Project (one sentence) 2) Video of Climate Change Migrants by The Economist (one sentence) 3) Video of Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner at the UN Climate Summit (one sentence)
From the Ron Finley Project, the most surprising thing I found was that the city of LA charged Ron with a warrant for his arrest simply for trying to beautify his land. What I found most surprising about climate change migrants is that potentially hundreds of millions of people could become climate refugees in the next few years. The most surprising thing I learned from the video of Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner is that Oceania has already been heavily impacted by the effects of climate change- rising sea levels and drought.
Grandpa A and Grandpa B are both turning 80 this year. Both were former heavy smokers earlier in life but have now quit. The grandpas both see their primary care providers around their 80th birthdays. Grandpa A is told that his general health status for his age is very poor, while Grandpa B is told his general health status for his age is very good. Using the lifespan perspective, what are two other factors that could possibly explain the different health statuses of the grandpas who shared the same major health risk factor (chronic heavy smoking)?
Grandpa B may have sustained a much healthier lifestyle, such as daily exercise and good sleep habits, leading to higher plasticity. In contrast, Grandpa A may have been a heavy smoker for a much longer period of his life as compared to Grandpa B; coupled with poor lifestyle habits, this could be the reason why his health status is very poor.
What are two concerns about the success of future COVID-19 vaccines, according to the lectures?
In the lectures, Dr. Gideonse states that concerns about the distribution of the vaccine, as well as whether or not people want to receive the vaccine, may hinder the success of future Covid-19 vaccines.
Why are local environmental regulations insufficient and national and international environmental regulations needed?
Local environmental regulations are insufficient because water and air are never static, and are always moving around; therefore, a small jurisdiction does little to enact any environmental change. National and international environmental regulations are needed in order to fully address the entire scope of the environmental problem.
Why are most epidemiological studies observational rather than experimental?
Most epidemiological studies are observational because of the ethical concerns associated with conducting experiments on humans. In addition, observational studies are usually much cheaper and more feasible than conducting experiments.
Smoking leads to cardiovascular disease. [ Select ] ["Tar", "THC", "Nicotine", "Formaldehyde"] raises your blood pressure and increases irritability of your heart and blood vessels, while [ Select ] ["carbon monoxide", "carbon dioxide", "tar", "nicotine"] blocks your hemoglobin's ability to carry oxygen through your body, stressing your heart and blood vessels.
Nicotine carbon monoxide
Best friends Fred Jackson and Sam Roberts grew up next door to each in the Irvine in nearly identical houses. Both played on the baseball team in high school, had slightly younger little sisters; the parents of both never divorced while making about the same amount of money. They both went to USC and then to law school, eventually starting a moderately successful practice together. Fred had a heart attack in his mid-fifties and died at age 70. Sam died at 87 of coronavirus. Fred is Black, and Sam is white. What are two possible reasons Fred died earlier?
One possible reason Fred died earlier is the adverse health consequences stemming from discrimination, which entails elevated risks for a broad range of diseases. In addition, another possible reason Fred died earlier is the disparity in healthcare he received as a Black person, due to "unconscious discrimination" or "implicit bias" that impacted the quality of the healthcare he received.
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
Prevalence refers to the total number of cases in a population, while incidence is the rate of new cases in a population over a defined period of time.
What are two reasons that public health is always and inherently political?
Public health is always and inherently political because politics is central to both the policy development function and assurance function of public health, and leads to economic repercussions. Politics is responsible for how basic medical services should be provided to the public; political conservatives oppose many public health policies due to its negative short-term economic impacts to industry.
The increase of new infectious diseases coincided with the increase of modern agricultural practices that have created massive ecological changes. Describe two epidemics that were caused by this phenomenon, either from the book or the short documentary.
Rampant antibiotic use in animal feed has sped up the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter, causing recent Salmonella and Campylobacter outbreaks. In addition, new strains of influenza have originated from China's fertile animal reservoirs due to extreme animal crowding.
What is the goal of the Clean Water Act and how would it prevent another Cuyahoga River from happening?
The goal of the Clean Water Act is to purify lakes and rivers so that they are "fishable" and "swimmable," and that all pollutant discharges should be eliminated. Cuyahoga River caught fire due to the excess oil floating on its surface; by targeting and regulating the sources of pollutants such as oils from exposure to the environment, the Clean Water Act prevents another catastrophic event such as this from happening.
Fetus A and Fetus B are developing within their own biological mothers who are unrelated. Fetus A and Fetus B both experience 3 weeks of very high blood lead levels: a known teratogen. After birth, Baby A is relatively healthy and appears to be unaffected by the high fetal BALs it experienced. However, Baby B is exhibiting clear signs of birth defects and developmental delays. Name two reasons why Baby A and Baby B may have been differentially impacted by this teratogen.
This difference in impact can be explained by the cross-generational perspective: perhaps the mother of Baby A is the first generation impacted by the teratogen that only impacts later generations after the fetus, and the grandmother of Baby B was the first generation impacted by the teratogen, leading to the baby experiencing developmental delays. This difference could also be attributed to difference in prenatal diets: if the mother of Baby A has a diet high in a vitamin that counteracts the teratogen, her baby would experience less health impacts as compared to Baby B who had a mother that may have had a poor diet.
Describe two "cues to action" that help decrease smoking.
Two cues to action that would help decrease smoking include signs that state: "Stay Healthy, Quit Smoking" next to cigarette boxes, as well as doctor recommendations to quit nicotine use.
Describe two ways that the built environment can be changed to encourage more physical activity.
Two ways that the built environment can be changed to encourage more physical activity include adding new walking trails as well as the construction of bike lanes on roads. By discouraging the use of automobiles, these changes promote healthy behavior.
The most dangerous rabies threat to people are [ Select ] ["wild dogs", "bats", "deer"] . This is because they aren't [ Select ] ["studied extensively", "infected with treatable strain", "vaccinated, like pets"] and [ Select ] ["people often don't notice they have been bitten by them", "they are much more aggressive than other rabid animals", "they often co-infected with vCJD"] .
bats vaccinated, like pets people often don't notice they have been bitten by them
