Pharmacology

Identify a difference between "typical" antipsychotic drugs and "atypical" antipsychotic drugs.

"Typical" antipsychotic drugs primarily block D2receptors, whereas "atypical" antipsychotic drugs primarily block 5HT2A receptors.

What is the onset of action of glimepiride (Amaryl)?

1 hour

A stock bottle of liquid medication contains 8 ounces. The bottle was opened on Monday and patient A received 4 doses of 1 teaspoon, patient B received 2 doses of 1 tablespoon, and patient C received 2 doses of 1½ teaspoons. Select the correct volume that is left in the stock bottle of liquid medication.

175 ml

Use a half-life of 8 hours to determine the amount of a drug left in the body at 4 p.m. if a 500-mg dose of the drug was taken at 8 a.m.

250 mg

Determine the correct dose of a drug 15 mg/kg to be administered for a patient who weighs 55 pounds and is 8 years old.

375 mg

Laura visits her physician with complaints of a sore throat. The physician diagnoses an infection and prescribes a syrup to ease the discomfort. The prescribed dosage is 1 tablespoon of syrup, thrice every day. Determine the daily dosage using metric system equivalents.

45 ml

Which of the following statements is true of a drug?

A pure drug is a chemical compound with a specific chemical structure

Dr. Patrick diagnoses 65-year-old Alex with glaucoma. He advises Alex to start using eyedrops containing a certain type of drug that will stimulate Alex's pupils to constrict, thereby facilitating the better drainage of intraocular fluid from Alex's eyes. Which of the following types of drugs has Patrick most likely advised Alex to take?

A reversible anticholinesterase drug

Select the preferred treatment for hypertension for patients with renal disease.

ACEIs and ARBs

Why should patients taking warfarin (Coumadin) limit their intake of acetaminophen to the lowest effective dose for short-term therapy only?

Acetaminophen has been reported to increase the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.

Why is acetaminophen effective in the treatment of headaches but not in the treatment of muscle aches and inflammation?

Acetaminophen is effective against the pain of headache because it inhibits prostaglandin synthesis within the CNS but does not significantly inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins in peripheral systems, which accounts for the lack of anti-inflammatory activity.

Which of the following statements is true of acetaminophen?

Acetaminophen is recommended for use in patients who experience GI upset from aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

_____ is a diuretic that is used to treat acute mountain sickness and glaucoma.

Acetazolamide

Identify an accurate statement about acetylcholine.

Acetylcholine is released at both the ganglia and the postganglionic nerve endings of parasympathetic nerves.

Explain the role of the kidneys in the development of hypertension.

Activation of the RAA mechanism causes vasoconstriction, and sodium and water retention, which leads to an increase in blood pressure.

Which of the following is a contraindication to the use of statins?

Active liver disease

David is diagnosed with unstable angina. What is the preferred therapy for this form of angina?

Administering antianginal, anticoagulant, and antiplatelet drugs

Which of the following is recommended for patients who require an aggressive lipid-lowering strategy?

Administration of a triple combination of niacin, colestipol, and lovastatin

Which of the following is the primary treatment for the calcium disorder hypoparathyroidism?

Administration of intravenous calcium followed by oral calcium salts and vitamin D

Identify a difference between agonists and antagonists.

Agonists bind to specific receptors to trigger a drug action, while antagonists bind to specific receptors to block a drug action

Which of the following decreases insulin requirement (potentiates insulin)?

Alcohol

Alex has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and is prescribed Glucophage. He is invited to a party by his friend Ryan. Which of the following statements would be accurate for the given situation?

Alex should avoid alcohol use.

Who among the following should avoid using steroids?

Alex, who has ocular herpes

Alison is rushed to the hospital after suffering a serious head injury in a car accident. Dr. Jacob takes a few specialized scans of Alison's head to locate the site of injury in her brain. All the scans indicate damage to the temporal lobe of the brain. Alison's parents ask Dr. Jacob if Alison's functions will be impaired as a result of this brain injury. What is Dr. Jacob most likely to say?

Alison may lose her memory.

Which transport mechanism is used by cells to allow drugs to pass through the cell membrane?

All of the above (Passive, Active and Filtration)

Explain the pharmacologic actions of bupropion (Wellbutrin).

All of the above are correct - Bupropion increases the release of norepinephrine and dopamine - Bupropion inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine - Bupropion has minimal effects to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin.

Identify the physiologic action that results from the administration of venodilators such as nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate.

All of the above are correct: - Venodilators reduce venous return to the heart. - Venodilators increase cardiac output. - Venodilators decrease the rate of contraction of the heart.

When selecting bupropion for treatment of smoking cessation, it is important to differentiate between bupropion and the nicotine replacement products. Which of the following statements is true of bupropion?

All of the above: -It is available as 25-,50-,75- and 150-mg tablets -It has an adverse effect profile that includes insomnia, dry mouth, and gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances -It is an antidepressant drug

Identify the primary effect produced by the beta-2 receptors when they are stimulated by epinephrine.

All of the above: -Vasodilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels -Bronchodilation of the bronchiolar smooth muscle -Vasodilation of coronary arteries

Use metric system equivalents to select the quantity equal to 3 g.

All of these (0.003 kg, 3000 mg, 50 grains)

Identify the appropriate information that must be given to a patient about the use of antiseptics and disinfectants.

All of these are correct - Chlorhexidine can be used as an oral rinse, but it should not be ingested. - Antiseptics and disinfectants may contain ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, which are poisonous if they are ingested. - The aldehydes are never used as antiseptics because of the potential damage to human tissue at any concentration.

Select the true statement about the mechanism of action of antiseptics and disinfectants.

All of these are correct - They destroy microorganisms by altering the nucleic acid - They can decrease the surface tension of bacterial cell walls causing the cells to swell and lyse - They can disrupt the protein function of the cell

Select the mechanism of action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs).

All of these are correct: - ACEIs inhibit the formation of angiotensin II and decrease the release of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone - ACEIs lower blood pressure by causing a balanced vasodilation of both arteries and veins - ACEIs inhibit inactivation of bradykinin, which produces vasodilation

Which of the following best reflects the advantages of nystatin?

All of these are correct: - It exhibits little or no absorption following oral administration and little adverse effects. - Nystatin remains unmetabolized in the intestine, which makes it a good choice in the treatment of intestinal candidiasis. - It is a good choice for the treatment of pregnant women because the drug cannot affect developing fetal tissues.

A 75-year-old lactose-intolerant patient complains that her appetite has decreased over the last month and that she has been experiencing pain in her bones. She is concerned that she is not getting enough vitamin D. Using your knowledge of vitamin D, what recommendation can you give her?

All of these are correct: - She should start taking a vitamin D supplement containing 200 IU of vitamin D daily. - She should start eating eggs and taking fish liver oil - She should increase her exposure to sunlight daily in order to allow the sunlight to convert the cholesterol in her skin to vitamin D

Select the correct statement related to the mechanism of action of steroids.

All of these are correct: - Steroids act to decrease the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes - The major effect of steroids in the treatment of asthma is to inhibit the inflammatory process - Steroids work as anti-inflammatory agents to inhibit the activation of arachidonic acid

Identify the statement that is true of the development of nosocomial infections.

All of these are correct: - Urinary tract or intravenous therapy catheterizations contribute to the development of nosocomial infections. - Nosocomial infections occur with prolonged hospitalizations. - High-risk patients with decreased immunoresistance are susceptible to nosocomial infections.

Implementing a patient education session for a patient suffering from essential hypertension requires:

All of these are correct: -instructing the patient about the importance of taking their medications at proper times - instructing the patient to undergo routine medical checkups to ensure that their blood pressure is under control - instructing the patient that he or she may not have symptoms but will require lifelong treatment

In the context of drug administration, select the correct statement related to digitalization and maintenance.

All the above: - During digitalization, digoxin is administered by either the PO or IV route of administration - After the initial administration of digoxin, subsequent daily maintenance doses are lower and adjusted to maintain a therapeutic level of glycoside in the blood. - Digitalization is similar to the process of administering a loading dose because both rapidly produce a therapeutic blood level of drug.

Which of the following statements is true of the administration of digoxin?

All the above: - The patient's pulse rate should be between 60 and 100 beats per minute - The patient should avoid taking antacids and laxatives - The patient should maintain adequate potassium intake

Which of following is recommended by the FDA to be used as a black box warning for OTC products that contain a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)? rev

All the above: -Every OTC product containing an NSAID will have to include a bolded warning advising consumers about the potential risks for "severe stomach bleeding," especially in people who are aged 60 years or older or have had stomach ulcers or bleeding problems. -Every OTC product containing an NSAID will have to include a bolded warning advising consumers about the potential risks for "severe stomach bleeding," especially in people who take a blood thinning or steroid drug or take other drugs containing prescription or nonprescription NSAIDs. -Every OTC product containing an NSAID will have to include a bolded warning advising consumers about the potential risks for "severe stomach bleeding," especially in people who have three or more alcoholic drinks a day while using the product or take more of the product than directed.

Why should one avoid applying local anesthetic agents to damaged, open, or broken skin?

All the above: -The broken skin allows the anesthetic agent to reach the blood vessels - The patient may develop hypotension - The patient may develop overdose effects

Determine the recommended drug for status epilepticus that can be administered by IV or IM.

All the above: Clonazepam Diazepam Lorazepam

Describe the type of disorder that responds to lithium treatment.

All the above: Disorders characterized by alternating cycles of depression and mania Disorders characterized by hyperactivity and excessive elevation of mood Disorders characterized by wide shifts in mood

Identify the most common adverse effects of phenytoin (Dilantin).

All the above: Dizziness and ataxia Visual disturbances and postural imbalance Skin rashes, hirsutism, and gingival hyperplasia

Which of the following instructions should be given to a patient after administering anesthesia?

All the above: Don't rely on memory for spoken instructions; follow written instructions. Don't leave the health care facility unless accompanied by a responsible adult. Don't operate complex equipment for at least 24 hours.

Which of the following is true of salicylates?

All the above: Salicylates directly irritate the stomach mucosal lining. Salicylates inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Salicylates stimulate the medullary center known as the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

Identify the possible cause of nausea, vomiting, and headache that an alcoholic patient is experiencing while taking disulfiram.

All the above: Acetaldehyde is accumulating in the blood, causing these symptoms to occur, The patient may be drinking alcoholic beverages while taking disulfiram, and The patient may be using OTC products that contain alcohol while taking disulfiram

What is the mechanism of action of allopurinol (Zyloprim) in preventing the formation of uric acid in the body?

Allopurinol is a noncompetitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, so uric acid formation is blocked.

The use of which medication for Parkinson's disease is associated with livedo reticularis?

Amantadine

Select the drug used prophylactically to reduce the severity of influenza A virus in susceptible groups.

Amantadine (Symadine

Which of the following statements is true of the drug Amantadine?

Amantadine often becomes ineffective after a few months of treatment.

Identify the antibiotics/families of antibiotics in which nephrotoxicity is a major concern.

Aminoglycosides and first-generation cephalosporins

Which antibiotics can be used for bowel sterilization prior to surgery?

Aminoglycosides and sulfonamides

Which of the following statements reflects the mechanism of action of amphotericin B correctly?

Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol within the cell wall, forming pores that leak electrolytes, especially potassium

Which of the following effects results from parasympathetic stimulation?

An increase in gastrointestinal motility

A patient having multiple chronic diseases can expect:

An increase in the consequences of a drug's action

A decrease in renal function is associated with:

An increase in the duration of the drug action

After Darren breaks his ribs in a car accident, he is admitted at Pascal Hospital for a few days under the care of Dr. Palmer. Which of the following changes will Dr. Palmer expect in Darren's body as a response to the trauma of the accident?

An increase in the level of glucose in the blood plasma

A person taking an atypical antipsychotic medication could be expected to develop all of the following metabolic disorders except:

Anemia

The two types of medications that are most often used for people who have emotional or behavioral problems are:

Antianxiety drugs and antidepressants

Which of the following statements is true of antithyroid drugs such as propylthiouracil and methimazole?

Antithyroid drugs inhibit the incorporation of iodide into tyrosine and the condensation of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine.

Which of the following substances binds to cholesterol to transport it from the liver to the gall bladder?

Apoproteins

_____ is defined as a permanent black discoloration of skin and mucous membranes caused by prolonged use of silver protein solutions.

Argyria

Insufficient blood flow in the coronary arteries to the heart is common in all of these conditions except:

Arrhythmias

Which of the following is a disease of the aging process that is characterized by the narrowing and hardening of the arteries?

Arteriosclerosis

What is the primary mechanism of action of clomiphene as a synthetic ovulation stimulant?

As an estrogen antagonist that inhibits negative feedback to the anterior pituitary

Which of the following drugs irreversibly inhibits the aggregation of platelets necessary for blood clot formation?

Aspirin

Ben, a farmer, developed cholinergic crisis after spraying his fields with insecticide. Which of the following drugs should be administered to reverse the effects of excessive acetylcholine and improve Ben's condition?

Atropine

Which muscle relaxant would be used in the treatment of a patient with a spinal cord injury?

Baclofen

What type of antibiotic action inhibits the reproduction of bacteria?

Bacteriostatic

Which of the following statements is true of bactericidal and bacteriostatic antiseptics?

Bacteriostatic antiseptics inhibit the growth and reproduction of the bacteria but do not kill the bacteria.

Select the most appropriate reason why a patient on warfarin therapy should not use glucocorticoids.

Because glucocorticoids can inhibit the body's response to warfarin

Why are patients advised not to chew or crush enteric-coated or delayed-release iron supplements?

Because it will lead to gastrointestinal (GI) irritation

Why is iodide suppression not useful for the long-term treatment of hyperthyroidism?

Because the effects of iodide suppression are not permanent

Select the therapy of choice for patients suffering from insomnia that is complicated with anxiety or stressful situations.

Benzodiazepines

Which of the following medications is used for its sedative effects in the treatment of hallucinogenic drug intoxication?

Benzodiazepines

Which of the following is an anticholinergic drug?

Benztropine

Identify the most common adverse effect of insulin therapy.

Blurred vision

Compare beta-blocking drugs and alpha-blocking drugs and identify the similarity between these drugs.

Both classes of drugs reduce blood pressure and are subsequently used to treat hypertension.

Which of the following is not an adverse effect of nitrates?

Bradycardia

Which of the following diuretics is most likely to produce ototoxicity in patients?

Bumetanide

Which of the following is true of calcitonin?

Calcitonin does not affect intestinal and renal calcium absorption.

Select the preferred treatment for hypertension for patients with cardiac arrhythmias or ischemic heart disease.

Calcium channel blockers or beta-blockers

Terrence, a 42-year-old patient, presents with symptoms of chronic heart failure. His medical history reveals that he is allergic to ACEIs and administration of any ACEI to Terrence usually brings about a severe bout of angioedema. Which of the following drugs should be avoided?

Captopril

Which of the following conditions is lidocaine, a local anesthetic, used to treat?

Cardiac arrhythmias

The function of the autonomic nervous system is to regulate the rate of:

Cardiac muscle contractions

The phenomenon that occurs upon taking additional doses of acetaminophen for pain when a 100 percent response has been attained is called the _____.

Ceiling effect

With which antibiotics should alcohol consumption be avoided?

Cephalosporins and metronidazole

Coordinating body movements and posture and helping maintain body equilibrium are the major functions of the _____.

Cerebellum

Dr. Omar prescribes an oral rinse to a patient whose gums are inflamed and have started bleeding. Dr. Omar asks the patient to use the prescribed oral rinse only after one hour of using any other dental products. Which of the following drugs is the prescribed oral rinse most likely to contain?

Chlorhexidine

Why should statin medications be taken during the evening?

Cholesterol is endogenously produced at night

Which H2-receptor antagonist should not be prescribed for a patient already taking calcium channel blockers, metoprolol, and phenytoin?

Cimetidine

_____ is an adverse syndrome produced by quinidine in overdosage or in patients who are sensitive to the drug.

Cinchonism

Identify the drug that is effective in treating a patient with absence seizures.

Clonazepam (Klonopin)

Which of the following atypical antipsychotic drugs cause significant anticholinergic, alpha-adrenergic blocking, or antihistaminic actions as side effects?

Clozapine

Identify an accurate statement about cocaine.

Cocaine is absorbed from the intestinal tract and from all mucous membranes.

Alex has developed a severe cough. He visits Dr. Harrison's clinic for a checkup. After a thorough examination, Dr. Harrison instructs him to take a certain opioid drug for its good antitussive activity. Which of the following drugs has Dr. Harrison most likely prescribed?

Codeine

Select the drugs preferred for the treatment of acute gout attacks, relief of pain, and interruption of the inflammatory process.

Colchicine, specific NSAIDs (indomethacin, naproxen), and sodium thiosalicylate

Identify an adverse effect associated with the use of analgesics.

Constipation

Which of the following is the most frequent side effect produced by antidiarrheal drugs?

Constipation

Which of the following first-generation antihistaminic drugs inhibits the actions of histamine and serotonin?

Cyproheptadine

Identify the preferred therapy for the relief of moderate or persistent asthma.

Daily treatment with low-to-moderate-dose inhaled anti-inflammatory corticosteroids and inhaled selective beta-2 adrenergic bronchodilators

What is the drug of choice for treating malignant hyperthermia?

Dantrolene

What is the primary mechanism of action of carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproic acid?

Delaying the inactivation of the Na+ channels

Which centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant can lead to dependency upon prolonged use?

Diazepam

Which of the following accurately describes the mechanism of action of digoxin?

Digoxin binds to and inhibits Na/K ATPase. Inhibition of Na/K ATPase increases intracellular concentration of Na+ ions. Increased intracellular Na+ decreases the activity of the Na/Ca exchanger and allows intracellular Ca++ concentrations to increase. Increased intracellular Ca++ increases the formation of actinomyosin and increases the force of myocardial contractions.

____ is the antihistamine contained in most topical products to relieve itching and manage symptoms of insect bites.

Diphenhydramine

Identify an accurate statement about disopyramide.

Disopyramide produces a prolongation of the cardiac refractory period.

Mark suffers from mild hypertension. Which of the following is best suited to treat his condition?

Diuretics

Which of the following types of medicines can potentiate the effects of succinylcholine due to shifting of the levels of potassium in the body?

Diuretics

The fact that adipose tissue receives a relatively poor blood supply indicates that adipose tissue:

Does not accumulate large amounts of drug

Which of the following medications is preferred for treating all the stages of Alzheimer's disease?

Donepezil

Identify the term used for the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its site of administration.

Drug absorption

According to the guidelines of the American Geriatric Society issued in 2009, which of the following statements is true about the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in elderly patients?

Elderly patients with moderate-to-severe pain or diminished quality of life due to pain should be considered for opioid treatment rather than NSAIDs.

Use your critical-thinking skills to determine a pharmacokinetic effect of barbiturates as a result of enzyme induction.

Enzyme induction leads to faster metabolism of the barbiturate in the liver and decreased duration of action.

Select the function of the eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis as it relates to asthma.

Eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF-A) is released from eosinophils and mast cells and functions to attract eosinophils to the site of cell injury or irritation in the lining of the respiratory tract in asthma.

Identify the correct use of an EpiPen Auto-Injector.

EpiPen must be carried at all times and should be administered immediately following the onset of an anaphylactic allergic reaction

What is the main chemical released by the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic stimulation?

Epinephrine

Which of the following statements is true of erythropoietin?

Erythropoietin can be used to treat zidovudine-related anemia in HIV patients.

Which of the following would not be considered an adverse effect of taking an oral antibiotic?

Extravasation

Progesterone exerts a negative feedback against and causes a drop in _____ levels.

FSH and LH

Which generation of penicillins has shown beta-lactamase resistance?

First-generation penicillins

Select the drug agent that is used to treat allergic rhinitis from the following list of corticosteroids that are administered by oral inhalation or by nasal spray.

Flonase

Which of the following pairs of drugs is approved for the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, where mood disturbances occur in relation to the menstrual cycle?

Fluoxetine and sertraline

Which of the following statements is true of using folic acid for treating anemias?

Folic acid should never be given for treatment of cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency anemia.

The adverse effects of SNRIs include:

GI disturbances, CNS excitation, and increased blood pressure.

Lillian was suffering from Lyme disease. She was given Biaxin for her treatment. Which of the following is the adverse effect that Lillian is most likely to suffer due to this medication?

Gastrointestinal irritation

The nonproprietary name of a medication is more commonly known as its _____.

Generic name

Which of the following statements is true about Giardia lamblia?

Giardia lamblia can exist even in chlorinated water

Ella develops a large swelling in the front of her neck, which makes it difficult for her to swallow. Ella visits Dr. Stein for a checkup who decides to run some tests. After receiving the test results, Dr. Stein explains to Ella that she has iodine deficiency and that the protrusion in the front of her neck is, in fact, her enlarged thyroid gland. Based on the information provided in this scenario, from which of the following conditions is Ella most likely suffering?

Goiter

As a health-care professional, which of the following instructions will Dr. Knightley give a patient with lupus erythematosus who intends to discontinue long-term therapy with prednisone?

He will tell him to gradually reduce the dose of prednisone over a period of a few months.

A patient with a tendency to form blood clots is in the recovery room after having hip replacement surgery. Which anticoagulant would best serve the patient's needs?

Heparin

The preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy is:

Heparin

Identify the primary adverse effect of oral ketoconazole (Nizoral).

Hepatic toxicity

Select the false statement about hexachlorophene.

Hexachlorophene is a bactericidal preparation that is primarily effective against gram-negative bacteria and provides relatively weak activity against gram-positive bacteria.

_____ enhances the action of digoxin and can lead to arrhythmias.

Hypercalcemia

Dr. Lee is treating a patient who suffers from an edema. She decides to use acetazolamide to help the patient. Which of the following is most likely to be a side effect of using acetazolamide

Hyperchloremia

The symptoms of Parkinson's disease include all of the following except:

Hypertension

Abigail is taken to the hospital after experiencing severe abdominal pain and dizziness. She starts vomiting on the way to the hospital and experiences hot flushes. When Dr. Butler examines Abigail, he notices that she has dry, cracked skin, joint pain, and is lethargic. On further enquiry, Dr. Butler learns that Abigail has been using isotretinoin tablets for her acne. He immediately attributes her condition to drug toxicity. From which of the following conditions is Abigail most likely suffering?

Hypervitaminosis A

Tobias is suffering from growth failure. The doctor prescribes mecasermin for him at a low dose for the first week. Which of the following conditions should be met before the doctor can increase the dosage?

Hypoglycemia should not occur.

A patient experiencing _____ is most likely to be administered spironolactone.

Hypokalemia

Diuretics are primarily used in the management of all these conditions except:

Hypotension

Select the primary effects of stimulation by epinephrine on the beta-1 receptors.

Increase in heart rate and increase in the force of cardiac contractions

David is suffering from hypothyroidism. He has been using liotrix to treat his condition for many months now. When he accidently consumes a very large amount of the medication, he begins to experience reactions to the drug and is rushed to the doctor. Which of the following adverse reactions is he most likely to experience?

Increased blood pressure

Which of the following risks is associate with the administration of ezetimibe in conjunction with fenofibrate to a patient?

Increased potential for formation of gall stones

Which of the following routes of drug administration has the fastest onset of action?

Inhalation

A nurse is explaining the benefits and adverse effect associated with the use of cholestyramine to a patient. Which of the following is the nurse likely to identify as the most serious adverse effect of cholestyramine?

Intestinal obstruction

Which of the following is true of treating iron deficiency?

Iron dextran (INFeD) can be used to treat iron deficiency in patients who have impaired gastrointestinal absorption.

Select the beta-adrenergic drugs that can be inhaled via a nebulizer in order to open the respiratory airway.

Isoetharine and levalbuteral

How does diabetes contribute to impotence?

It causes damage to blood vessels, thereby diminishing blood flow.

Which of the following is an advantage of using cocaine in surgical procedures?

It decreases operative bleeding

Select the true statement about the properties of fluconazole (Diflucan) that makes it a good choice in the treatment of cryptococcal and coccidioidal meningitis

It has high penetration into the cerebrospinal fluid.

Raven is under oral contraceptive therapy. In this case, what does breakthrough spotting most likely indicate?

It indicates that she has missed a dose.

Which of the following is true of nitroglycerin ointment?

It is applied topically to an area of the chest and absorption occurs through the skin.

Which of the following statements is true of the use of droperidol?

It is not administered to patients predisposed to developing cardiac arrhythmia

Identify the correct statement about desmopressin acetate (DDAVP).

It is proven effective in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis when administered prior to bedtime.

Which of the following statements is true of amylin?

It is the hormone co-secreted by the pancreas beta cells with insulin.

What is the disadvantage of using norepinephrine as a drug?

It must be administered by injection

Which of the following instructions should be given to a patient receiving treatment with delavirdine (Rescriptor)?

It must be taken 1 hour before antacids

Aaron is prescribed an opioid analgesic after a surgery. What effect is this drug most likely to have on his body?

It will decrease his mental alertness.

Who among the following would benefit the most from total parenteral nutrition?

Jimmy, a cancer patient who has been suffering excessive weight loss

Which of the following anesthetics increases blood pressure?

Ketamine

Which of the following NSAIDs causes ulcers more frequently than the others?

Ketorolac tromethamine

What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics on the pain response?

Local anesthetics block sensory nerves at low doses that do not inhibit motor nerve function

What is the effect of local anesthetics on the heart?

Local anesthetics depress the function of the cardiac conduction system

A patient complains of weakness, dizziness, and feelings of faintness when standing up. Using your knowledge on ganglionic stimulants and blockers, determine the probable cause of these adverse effects based on the patient's medication profile.

Mecamylamine

Which of the following is a secretagogue?

Meglitinides

Ramelteon (Rozerem) is classified as a _____.

Melatonin agonist

Nonopioid analgesics include all of the following except:

Meperidine

Which of the following effects is an acidic drug such as aspirin likely to produce in the body?

Metabolic acidosis due to limited number of transporters for tubular secretion

Select the preferred beta-blockers used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.

Metoprolol (Lopressor) and carvedilol (Coreg)

A doctor is scheduled to perform an endoscopic procedure on a child. The anesthetic should have a rapid onset of action as the child is agitated. Which of the following anesthetics is the best choice in this scenario?

Midazolam

In comparison to the members of other age groups, members of the geriatric population are:

More likely to experience the adverse effects of a drug

Which of the following statements is true of antiarrhythmic drugs?

Most antiarrhythmic drugs exert their major antiarrhythmic action on a specific phase of the action potential.

Which of the following drugs that are used to treat diarrhea needs to be absorbed into the circulation to work?

Motofen

Which of the following is an expectorant available over the counter and is used for the relief of an unproductive cough?

Mucinex

Which of the following types of cholinergic receptors would need to be stimulated for the activation of the gastrointestinal system after surgery?

Muscarinic receptors

Identify a difference between muscarinic receptors and nicotinic-muscle (Nm) receptors.

Muscarinic receptors are located at parasympathetic postganglionic nerve endings, whereas Nm receptors are located at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles.

The _____ is the muscular layer of the heart.

Myocardium

Phencyclidine produces its psychotomimetic effects by blocking the _____ receptor.

N-methyl-D-aspartate

Betty, an angina patient, is asthmatic. Betty's doctor prescribes a combination of a nitrate and a beta-blocker to treat her angina. Which of the following combination of drugs is contraindicated?

Nadolol and isosorbide dinitrate

Dr. Hampton administers the same dose of a certain water-soluble drug to two of his patients, Nathaniel, who is 65 years of age, and Mark, who is 25 years of age. Which of the following is most likely going to happen?

Nathaniel will experience a more intense pharmacological drug effect than Mark will experience

What do the adverse effects of methylergonovine (Methergine) include?

Nausea, vomiting, and constriction of blood vessels, which can produce varying degrees of hypertension

Kevin suffers from occasional asthmatic episodes caused due to various allergic reactions. His doctor prescribes cromolyn sodium for his treatment. During a subsequent visit, his doctor informs him that he could use a substitute drug that is similar in mechanism and pharmacological effect to cromolyn. Which of the following drugs is being referred to in this scenario?

Nedocromil (Tilade)

Austin has accidently taken an overdose of atracurium, a drug belonging to the class of nondepolarizing blockers. He slips into a state of respiratory paralysis and struggles to control his breathing. On arriving at the hospital, the doctors give Austin a dose of a certain drug in an attempt to reverse his condition. Based on the information provided in this scenario, which of the following drugs have the doctors given Austin?

Neostigmine

Identify the mechanism of action of antacids.

Neutralizing gastric acid

What were the receptors at the autonomic ganglia known as prior to the discovery of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACH)?

Nicotinic receptors

Select the nitrate drug that is used prophylactically to prevent the occurrence of anginal attacks.

Nitroglycerin extended-release capsules

Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by the postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Norepinephrine

Jamie, a 50-year-old man, is prescribed fluvoxamine to treat his obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Fluvoxamine is available as a 100-mg scored tablets. Jamie takes half a tablet each day. After two days, Jamie begins experiencing symptoms of sedation such as drowsiness. What is the most likely explanation for this occurrence?

One of the effects of fluvoxamine on the central nervous system is sedation.

Identify an accurate statement about opioid analgesics.

Opioid analgesics selectively act within the central nervous system (CNS) to reduce the reaction to pain.

Identify a true statement about opioid antitussives.

Opioid antitussives have a direct inhibiting effect on the coughing center in the medulla.

Which of the following clinical conditions has shown an improvement with hormone replacement therapy?

Osteoporosis

Explain the primary reason why antibiotics cannot always eradicate an organism.

Overuse of antibiotics has made some microorganisms resistant to the available antibiotic treatments.

Which of the following is an adverse effect of oxytocics due to which these agents are contraindicated in patients with asthma?

Oxytocics cause constriction of bronchial smooth muscle.

How do parasympathetic nerves differ from sympathetic nerves?

Parasympathetic nerves do not release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, whereas sympathetic nerves do.

Hans is 75 years old. He is suffering from a degenerative disease that is characterized by muscular rigidity and tremors. Hans has trouble moving and sitting up straight. His doctor, Dr. Ross, suspects that Hans's condition is a result of the degeneration of the neurons within the basal ganglia of his brain. Based on the information provided in this scenario, Dr. Ross is most likely to diagnose Hans with _____.

Parkinsons disease

In which of the following patients is the use of steroids contraindicated?

Patients who have systemic fungal and local herpes infections

Simon is going to travel to another country on a business trip. He is informed by his colleagues that the water supplied in that region is unlikely to be pure and that people who have previously visited the place have suffered from diarrhea. Simon wants to know how he can avoid the onset of diarrhea while on his business trip. Which of the following drugs would you ask Simon to take prophylactically?

Pepto-Bismol

Ramona and Michael bring in their 3-month-old child, Darla, with a complaint of partial seizures. Which of the following drugs should ideally be prescribed for Darla?

Phenobarbital

Allison, a teacher at a school for underprivileged children, notices that one of her students, 8-year-old Sarah, has an abnormal eating disorder. She often observes Sarah eating clay and chalk. When this habit continues in spite of intervention, Allison takes Sarah to Dr. Ford's clinic for a medical checkup. In addition to pale skin and rapid breathing, Dr. Ford notes that Sarah has abnormally low levels of iron in her blood stream. Based on the information provided in this scenario, Sarah shows the characteristic symptoms of _____.

Pica

A common sign of opioid toxicity is _____.

Pinpoint pupils

In gestational diabetes, hormones produced by the _____ cause insulin resistance.

Placenta

The term used to describe the situation that involves multiple drug prescriptions is _____.

Polypharmacy

Which of the following types of receptors does histamine interact with to mediate allergic reactions?

Postsynaptic H1-receptors

In the context of electrolytes and fluid balance, identify an accurate statement about potassium.

Potassium is important in maintaining cell structure and function.

Identify the mechanism of action of the calcium channel blockers in the treatment of angina and coronary artery disease.

Prevention of influx of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle

Emily has a family history of anemia. After returning from a vacation in the tropics, she develops malaria. Which medication should not be given to Emily?

Primaquine

The topical anesthetic procaine has been shown to inhibit the action of sulfonamide antibiotics. Why does this inhibition of action occur?

Procaine is metabolized to p-aminobenzoic acid, which competes with the sulfonamides for the bacterial site of action

The alpha and beta agonists are also known as sympathomimetics. It can be concluded that these agonists:

Produce effects similar to the sympathetic nervous system

_____ can be safely used in asthmatic patients.

Propofol

Adequate nutrition in elderly patients is important for synthesizing drug-metabolizing enzymes. The body produces these enzymes from foods that are high in:

Protein

Patients on oral anticoagulant therapy should be monitored by which tests?

Protime (PT) or INR

What medication might a person be taking if he or she experiences headache and ringing in the ears?

Quinine

Which of the following drugs may produce cinchonism in sensitive individuals?

Quinine

The discontinuation of intrathecal baclofen therapy should be gradual in order to prevent:

Rebound spasticity

In large doses, barbiturates lead to cardiovascular and central nervous system depression. Select the reason for the occurrence of this depression.

Reduced activity in the medulla oblongata removes sympathetic control of the blood vessels, leading to hypotension, decrease in kidney function, irregular breathing, and hypoxia.

Which of the following may contribute to drug toxicity in the geriatric population?

Reduced production of plasma proteins

Which of the following is an adverse effect caused by the chronic use of testosterone in adult males?

Reduced sperm count

Identify the clinical indication for the use of benzodiazepines.

Reduction of anxiety

Identify the clinical use of a sedative.

Reduction of the desire for physical activity

The major toxicity associated with neuromuscular blocker overdose is:

Respiratory muscle paralysis

Identify an adverse effect of glucocorticoids.

Restlessness

Marc, an HIV-infected patient, is being treated with anti-HIV drugs. Which of the following statements should be told to Marc by the physician?

Routine chemistry and hematology will be performed before all dosing with IV drugs and periodically as determined by the treating physician for oral medication.

Atropine is used to treat sinus bradycardia because it increases all of the following except:

SA conduction.

Which of the following statements is true of the drug selegiline?

Selegiline prolongs the duration of action of dopamine by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B).

Which of the following is the best sample for testing cholesterol levels?

Serum

Hannah has type 1 diabetes. She is injected with insulin glargine (Lantus), which is administered at bedtime and released from the injection site at a consistent rate. Which of the following statements would be true of this scenario?

She will have controlled insulin release during the next day.

_____ is commonly used as an ophthalmic antiseptic in newborns.

Silver nitrate

What should be done if a patient on vancomycin exhibits a flushing redness of the neck and upper body?

Slow the IV drip rate.

Which of the following is true of an antigenic drift?

Small changes in viral surface proteins are known as an antigenic drift and result in decreased vaccine effectiveness.

Identify an adverse effect most commonly associated with the use of oxazolidinediones.

Snow blindness

Identify the term that refers to the liquid portion of a solution that is capable of dissolving another substance.

Solvent

Identify the medical condition that the drug form known as a "troche" is commonly used to treat.

Sore Throat

Neostigmine is an indirect-acting anticholinesterase drug that is used to treat urinary retention by:

Stimulating bladder contractions

As a healthcare professional, how would you explain to a diabetic patient the outcome of discontinuing thyroid treatment without notifying the physician?

Stopping thyroid therapy may bring about hypoglycemia unless the antidiabetic medication is readjusted.

Identify the most common route of administration of nitrates during attacks of angina.

Sublingual

David takes a dose of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). An hour after administration, David begins to experience the hallucinogenic effects of the drug. His perception of the sounds he hears and the objects he sees becomes distorted. He also begins to feel as though his arms have detached themselves from his body. Which of the following neurological phenomena is David most likely experiencing?

Synesthesia

Anya has just been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. As the disease has been diagnosed late and the symptoms are severe, Dr. Potter prescribes the drug levodopa for treatment. Which of the following instructions is Dr. Potter most likely to give Anya about using the drug?

Take the drug on an empty stomach.

Bernice is prescribed niacin for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. On administration of the drug, Bernice feels flushed and experiences a sensation of warmth on her face. She also feels a tingling sensation and has a mild headache. Which of the following measures can be adopted by Bernice to prevent this adverse reaction from recurring?

Taking aspirin 30 minutes before niacin dosing

David, a patient with schizophrenia, has been undergoing antipsychotic treatment for many years now. He stops taking his regular dose of phenothiazine when he discovers that he no longer has the funds to cover the expenses for his treatment. As soon as he stops his medication, he starts experiencing a new range of symptoms such as involuntary movements of his lips, jaw, tongue, and extremities. Worried about the onset of these new symptoms, David's mother consults David's doctor, Dr. Richards, about David's mental health. Dr. Richards examines David and informs David's mother that these new symptoms can be suppressed by reinstituting phenothiazine. From which condition is David most likely suffering?

Tardive dyskinesia

Drugs, such as thalidomide, that produce birth defects are known as _____.

Teratogens

Which of the following has been developed as a new class of ergosterol biosynthetic inhibitor for the treatment of Tinea pedis?

Terbinafine (Lamisil)

Which antibiotics can cause photosensitivity as a reaction?

Tetracyclines and sulfonamides

Which of the following statements is true about administering levodopa in combination with carbidopa?

The addition of carbidopa allows the dosage of levodopa to be reduced.

Dr. Mark is asked to explain the mechanism of adsorbent drugs when they are used in the treatment of simple diarrhea. Which of the following statements should Mark choose?

The adsorbents work in the intestine to form a complex with irritating substances such as bacteria, digestive enzymes, or toxins and carry them into the feces for elimination.

Select the correct statement related to the preferred therapy for the treatment of asthma and COPD.

The aim of therapy is to administer sympathomimetic drugs to stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors or anticholinergic drugs that decrease parasympathetic activity.

Which of the following classes of antipsychotic medications produces the highest incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)?

The butyrophenones

Identify an accurate statement about the cerebrum.

The cerebrum controls all of the higher intellectual abilities of human beings.

Dr. Jones is treating a patient with chronic edema. He decides to use mannitol to treat the patient. Which of the following statements, if true, would make mannitol the wrong choice for this patient?

The chronic edema is a consequence of intracranial bleeding

Which of the following age-related changes is responsible for the decrease in the rate of drug metabolism in elderly patients?

The decrease in liver blood flow

Steven, a 40-year-old man, is being treated for tuberculosis. During his recent checkup, the physician noticed that the durations of action of the drugs administered, including Rifadin, have decreased. Which of the following should be done in such a case?

The dosage of Rifadin should be increased

A patient who is under digoxin therapy to treat chronic heart failure presents with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, headache, and visual disturbances. Which of the following treatment options should be pursued?

The dose of digoxin should be reduced.

Which of the following statements is true of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)?

The effect of using ARBs is similar to the effect of using the ACE inhibitors except that ARBs do not increase bradykinin.

Identify the physical ramifications of the excessive use of acetaminophen.

The excessive use of acetaminophen causes metabolites of the drug to bind to tissue groups in the kidney and liver, causing hepatotoxicity.

What physiological changes take place in the body during the fight or flight reaction?

The force of myocardial contractions increases

Which of the following statements is not true of the vasodilator hydralazine (Apresoline)?

The main adverse effects are GI disturbances such as dyspepsia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.

Which of the following statements is true of mineralocorticoids?

The main function of the mineralocorticoid hormones is to regulate blood levels of sodium and potassium.

Which of the following statements is true about cephalosporins and penicillins?

The mechanism of action of the cephalosporins is the same as that of the penicillins

Identify a difference between nondepolarizing blockers and depolarizing blockers.

The nondepolarizing blockers inhibit cholinergic activity by occupying the nicotinic-muscle sites so that acetylcholine (ACH) cannot bind with the receptors, whereas depolarizing blockers inhibit cholinergic activity by altering the Nm receptors so that they cannot respond to ACH stimulation.

Select the most appropriate reason why a patient with cirrhosis of the liver may not get the therapeutic response expected from the medication that she is taking.

The patients ability to metabolize drugs is impaired

A patient presents with symptoms of malaria and the physician prescribes a basic drug to treat the patient. The patient skips a dose of the drug and tries to compensate the next time by consuming more than the recommended dosage. This leads to drug overdose. How should this drug toxicity be treated?

The patients urine must be acidified

Which of the following statements is true about griseofulvin?

The presence of food increases the absorption of griseofulvin

Pharmacokinetics is the area of pharmacology that deals with the study of:

The processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Which of the following statements is true of iron intake by the body?

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for iron should be between 10 and 18 mg.

A patient with a tapeworm infestation has been admitted to the hospital. The patient also has a low blood count. Which of the following is most likely to be suspected by the health-care professional?

The tapeworm may be causing hemorrhage by perforating the intestines.

Which of the following statements is true of toxicity?

The toxic effects of a drug can be life-threatening

Why are local anesthetic preparations that contain epinephrine contraindicated for use in the areas of the fingers, toes, ears, nose, or penis?

The use of epinephrine in these areas may lead to ischemia and gangrene

Identify a true statement about the fluoroquinolones.

They are well absorbed after oral administration

Which of the following statements is true of anticholinergic drugs?

They bind to muscarinic receptors

Which of the following statements is true about the oral antidiabetic drugs that are approved for the treatment of type 2 DM?

They can be used concurrently with other antidiabetic drugs, including insulin.

What is the primary reason for the use of alpha-blockers in treating Raynaud's disease?

They cause vasodilation, which increases blood flow to the skin and extremities

Which of the following is true of Class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs?

They decrease heart rate, atrioventricular (AV) conduction, and automaticity of the sinoatrial (SA) and AV nodes.

Identify an accurate statement about the effects of amphetamines on the human body.

They increase endurance and reduce feelings of fatigue.

Which of the following statements is true of centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants?

They inhibit or interrupt painful intermittent muscle contractions

Explain the mechanism of action of emollients that are used as laxatives.

They penetrate the fecal mass and ease the passage of the stool through the rectum due to their oily nature.

Which of the following statements is true of the hormones in the posterior pituitary lobe?

They travel from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe down nerve axons.

Which of the following statements is true of the adverse-effects of thiazide and loop diuretics?

Thiazide and loop diuretics interfere with the renal excretion of uric acid.

Identify a true statement about the mechanism of action of the preferred diuretics used in the treatment of hypertension.

Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics cause an increase in the excretion of sodium and water, which reduces the blood volume and cardiac output.

Why should a patient currently experiencing thromboembolisms be given warfarin?

To prevent secondary thromboembolic complications

Identify the primary function of tocolytic drugs.

Tocolytic drugs inhibit uterine contractions, thereby preventing premature births.

Which type of diuretic would be recommended for a patient who was very sensitive to electrolyte imbalances and needs to self-administer the diuretic?

Tolvaptan

Which of the following routes of drug administration has the slowest onset of action?

Transdermal

Select the primary clinical use of the alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs alfuzosin, tamsulosin, terazosin, and doxazosin.

Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Identify an accurate statement about triglycerides.

Triglycerides are the main form of fat from diet

Which of the following is a difference between ACEIs and ARBs?

Unlike the ACEIs, the ARBs bind to the AT1 receptor and competitively antagonize the actions of angiotensin II

Li has been administered Pitocin by IV infusion in order to induce labor. Which of the following is a major adverse effect when this drug is administrated excessively?

Uterine tetany

Which of the following adverse effects is generally associated with venodilators but not with arterial dilators?

Vasomotor flushing

Which of the following is an example of a life-threatening arrhythmia caused by electrical conduction disturbances?

Ventricular fibrillation

Which of the following drugs is preferred for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia?

Verapamil

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

Vitamin C

In the context of electrolytes, which of the following statements is true about calcium in the body?

When given intravenously, calcium is usually administered in the form of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate.

Is a radical cure for malaria necessary for someone who is asymptomatic?

Yes, the patient could still have the parasite in the liver.

Select the correct indication of use for zaleplon (Sonata).

Zaleplon is used in individuals who have difficulty falling asleep, but it does not increase total sleep time.

Ectopic foci are often caused due to:

a delay or blockage in the conduction of electrical impulses.

To avoid interference with the intestinal absorption of the thyroid hormones:

a patient should not take cholestyramine within 4 to 5 hours of taking the thyroid hormones.

Maria comes in with a complaint of having frequent seizures that do not last for more than a few seconds. Maria says that she would often stare into space or rapidly blink for a few seconds in office and then continue with her regular work as if nothing had happened. Maria is presenting symptoms of _____.

absence seizures

A patient has been taking amitriptyline for 5 to 6 days, but she is still experiencing the feelings of depression. She wants the doctor to change her medication because she feels that the drug is not working. After doing research on amitriptyline, you tell the patient that:

amitriptyline is working, but the full antidepressant effect can take as long as 2 to 4 weeks to develop

Somatostatin is:

an inhibitory hormone produced by the hypothalamus.

A difference between fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins is that fat-soluble vitamins:

are less easily depleted through renal excretion than water-soluble vitamins.

Patients with _____ should be careful when using opioid analgesics because of the effect histamine may have on the bronchioles of the lungs.

asthma

Carla is affected by generalized seizures. Recently, she had a seizure during which she fell and hurt her head. This was the third occurrence of her falling and hurting herself during a seizure. From this evidence, the most likely conclusion is that Carla is prone to _____.

atonic seizures

The unique property of the heart that allows it to initiate its own electrical stimulation is known as _____.

autorhythmicity

In the context of cardiac nerve supply, the sympathetic nervous system:

becomes active when the body needs to expend energy during the "fight or flight" reaction.

The best time to administer cromolyn sodium is _____.

before an allergic reaction has begun

One of the main characteristics of phenothiazine antipsychotics is their ability to:

block dopamine D2 receptors to a greater degree than serotonin 5HT2A receptors.

Patients taking acyclovir (Zovirax) may develop adverse effects such as:

blurred vision or tinnitus.

Stalevo is a triple combination medication containing all of the following except:

bromocriptine.

Oral H2-receptor antagonists _____.

can be taken with food

Daily co-administration of both aspirin and ibuprofen can _____ the overall antiplatelet effects of aspirin because _____.

cancel; ibuprofen is a COX-1 inhibitor and can occupy the same enzymatic site in the platelets but does not have the ability to alter the active site on COX or inhibit thromboxane production

The use of antihistamines is contraindicated for _____.

dehydrated children

Mark is administered an anesthesia for a surgical procedure. After the surgery, he experiences lethargy, fever, and nausea. His doctor tests for antibodies to trifluoroacetate bound to hepatocyte protein. If the doctor discovers the antibodies, the anesthetic used during the surgical procedure is _____.

desflurane

When patients do not have estrogen-dependent cancer or an active thromboembolic disorder, the drug use in inoperable prostate cancer is _____.

diethylstilbestrol

A patient is diagnosed with erectile dysfunction and is prescribed the drug vardenafil. The drug is most likely to work when the reason for impotence is _____.

diminished blood flow

A desirable feature of metronidazole is its ability to:

distribute over a wide range of tissues systemically.

Tricyclics interfere with antihistamine and anticholinergic drug agents resulting in _____.

dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, and blurred vision

The common adverse effects of using of psychomotor stimulants are:

dry mouth, tachycardia, hypertension, and insomnia.

Antihistaminics are used in cold remedies because of their anticholinergic properties responsible for _____.

drying nasal secretions

Acidosis results when the pH of the blood:

falls below a pH value of 7.35.

Ralf, a 14-year-old, suffers from dwarfism. He consults Dr. Martin, who prescribes recombinant growth hormone for Ralf. In this scenario, Dr. Martin should monitor Ralf's _____.

glycosylated hemoglobin levels

One common problem with long-term use of antacids is _____.

high sodium content

A patient with atherosclerosis will also have:

hypercholesterolemia

One way to suppress the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia is to:

increase the dose of the antipsychotic drug.

The advantages of newer antihistamines over first-generation antihistamines include:

increased selectivity for peripheral H1-receptors.

Hydrochlorothiazide and _____ produce the same pharmacological action in the renal tubules, even though they are not chemically related.

indapamide

Omeprazole works by _____.

inhibiting a hydrogen-potassium pump in parietal cells

Ketorolac is contraindicated in patients with a history of GI bleeding because it:

inhibits platelet function

A decrease in myocardial function will immediately result in:

ischemia

Olivia has been suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) for time now. She has undergone conventional therapy previously and has not responded well to it. Her doctor has prescribed alosetron to treat her. The drug should be discontinued if Olivia displays symptoms of _____.

ischemic colitis

Rhabdomyolysis is considered to be a serious side effect of statin medications because:

myoglobin molecules can disrupt blood flow to kidneys and cause renal failure.

A therapeutic use of quinine, other than for treating malaria, is for treating:

nocturnal leg cramps.

The mechanism of action of sucralfate has it classified as _____.

none of the above

Due to the ability of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics to remove sodium and water from the body, patients taking these diuretics may experience:

orthostatic hypotension

Pablo underwent a major surgery a few months ago where certain portions of his stomach were surgically removed. Following the surgery, Pablo developed a form of anemia and started experiencing weakness and a "pins and needles" sensation in certain parts of his body. His doctor advised him to take monthly injections of cobalamin for the rest of his life. Based on the information provided in this scenario, Pablo was most likely diagnosed with _____.

pernicious anemia

Toxicity from oral anticoagulants and other medications can often occur because of:

plasma protein binding displacement.

Gomez is prescribed two topical antiseptics to treat a skin infection. The first antiseptic is benzalkonium chloride. He is told to wait for a few hours after applying the first antiseptic, wash the affected area, and then apply the second antiseptic. The second antiseptic is most likely to be _____.

povidone-iodine

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are:

produced in the hypothalamus and are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.

If hemorrhage occurs in a patient after receiving heparin, he or she should be given:

protamine sulfate.

Heavy marijuana use can cause _____, which could be an indication of a latent psychiatric disorder.

psychosis

A patient complains of hoarseness and changes in his voice after using anti-inflammatory steroids. You advise the patient that the best way to avoid these adverse effects is to:

rinse his mouth with water after inhaling the medication to reduce the amount of steroid that remains in his mouth and throat.

The side effects associated with antihistaminics are _____.

sedation and xerostomia

The cholesterol absorption inhibitor drug, ezetimibe, is unique compared to other hypolipidemic drugs because the drug primarily:

stays within the entero-hepatic circulation

A patient with tachycardia, an abnormally rapid heartbeat, is experiencing:

sympathetic activation

Krista is suffering from GERD. After various medications fail to improve her condition, Krista is prescribed metoclopramide as a short-term treatment option. However, the success of the treatment prompts Krista to continue using the medication for over three times the prescribed duration. Krista is at a risk for _____.

tardive dyskinesia

High doses or long-term treatment with hydrocortisone generally results in:

the abnormal deposition of fat in the face and along the shoulders.

The hallucinogenic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are thought to result from:

the activation of serotonin receptors in the brain.

A unique property of osmotic diuretics is that:

they can be filtered by the glomerulus but not be reabsorbed by the renal tubules

The adverse effects of anthelmintic drugs include _____.

tinnitus

An example of a sexually transmitted disease caused by a protozoan is:

trichomoniasis.

In the context of the treatment of peptic ulcer caused by H. pylori, triple therapy refers to using _____.

two antibiotics and a bismuth compound

The parasympathetic nervous system has _____ effect on myocardial contraction.

very little

Opioid antagonists should not be given to an opioid addict because:

withdrawal symptoms will occur.