pharmacology Chapter 61 Vitamins and Minerals

3) The nurse is discussing vitamins with a group of pregnant women at a community center when one of the participants asks, "What vitamin deficiency during pregnancy is a frequent cause of spina bifida in newborn infants?" What would be the correct response? 1. Folic acid (vitamin B9) 2. Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) 3. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 4. Manganese

Answer: 1 Explanation: Studies indicate that birth defects such as spina bifida can be prevented with folic acid supplementation during pregnancy.

15) The school health nurse is discussing vitamin supplements with a group of parents at the monthly PTO meeting. What concept would the nurse include in the teaching about vitamin C? 1. Vitamin C increases the absorption of iron when the two are taken together. 2. Vitamin C will prevent the symptoms of the common cold. 3. Vitamin C is synthesized in all mammals and not required as a supplement. 4. Vitamin C should be taken in large doses to reach therapeutic level rapidly.

Answer: 1 Explanation: Vitamin C increases the absorption of iron when the two are taken concurrently.

19) The nurse is teaching a client about the importance of the macromineral calcium in the diet. Which responses by the client indicate understanding of the information presented by the nurse? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. "Calcium is important for bone construction." 2. "Calcium is important for muscle contractions." 3. "Calcium is important for nerve conduction." 4. "Calcium is important for fluid balance." 5. "Calcium is important for a healthy immune system."

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: A consistent level of calcium is needed for vital body processes and functions, such as bone matrix construction. A consistent level of calcium is needed for vital body processes and functions, such as muscle contraction. A consistent level of calcium is needed for vital body processes and functions, such as nerve conduction.

9) The nurse is educating a client regarding the FDA regulations of dietary supplements. The nurse correctly states that which products are included in these regulations? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Vitamins 2. Minerals 3. Herbal products 4. Cough suppressants 5. Acetaminophen

Answer: 1, 2, 3 Explanation: The FDA regulates vitamin products as dietary supplements. The FDA regulates mineral products as dietary supplements. The FDA regulates herbal products as dietary supplements.

22) The nurse knows that the pharmacologic uses for magnesium include multiple pathologic conditions, including: Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. diabetes. 2. rheumatoid arthritis. 3. bowel evacuation. 4. anticonvulsant. 5. psychosis.

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4 Explanation: Magnesium supplementation has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity. Some individuals with rheumatoid arthritis achieve pain relief with magnesium compounds. The pharmacologic uses for magnesium include bowel evacuation. One example is milk of magnesia, which is a common laxative. Magnesium sulfate is used to prevent or stop seizures (eclampsia) during pregnancy.

10) The client is a fitness enthusiast who adheres to a regimen of high vitamin supplement intake. Which vitamins would the nurse assess for hypervitaminosis? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Vitamin A (Aquasol A) 2. Vitamin E (Aquasol E) 3. Vitamin D (Rocaltrol) 4. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 5. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4 Explanation: Vitamin A (Aquasol A) is a fat-soluble vitamin and can cause hypervitaminosis when taken in large doses. Large doses of fat-soluble vitamin E (Aquasol E) can cause hypervitaminosis. Hypervitaminosis can be caused by the fat-soluble vitamin D (Rocaltrol). Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) has been associated with hypervitaminosis.

14) The nurse has just completed education to a client regarding the differences between fat- and water-soluble vitamins. The client shows understanding of the teaching by listing which vitamins as fat soluble? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. Vitamin A 2. Vitamin D 3. Vitamin E 4. Vitamin K 5. Vitamin C

Answer: 1, 2, 3, 4 Explanation: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin found in fatty foods and oils. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin found in fatty foods and oils. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin found in fatty foods and oils. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin found in fatty foods and oils.

12) The school nurse has presented a learning activity for a high school health promotion course. Which student statement indicates an understanding of water-soluble vitamins? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply. 1. "Vitamins C and B complex are the primary water-soluble vitamins." 2. "Water-soluble vitamins have the higher potential for toxicity and overdosing." 3. "Water-soluble vitamins can accumulate in the body for weeks before excretion." 4. "All water-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver." 5. "Daily intake of water-soluble vitamins is necessary."

Answer: 1, 5 Explanation: The primary water-soluble vitamins are vitamin C and B complex. A daily intake of water-soluble vitamins is necessary to replenish the amount excreted.

20) The nurse is preparing to administer Lugol's solution for the treatment of thyrotoxic crisis. The nurse explains to the client that this medication contains ________% potassium iodine, which will suppress the thyroid and relieve symptoms. Record your answer rounding to the nearest whole number.

Answer: 10 Explanation: At high concentrations iodine suppresses thyroid function. Lugol's solution, a mixture containing 5% elemental iodine and 10% potassium iodide, is given to hyperthyroid clients prior to thyroidectomy or during a thyrotoxic crisis.

8) The nurse is educating a group of consumers regarding the governmental regulations of vitamins. The nurse correctly states that which standards mandated manufacturers to evaluate supplements for purity, strength, and composition? 1. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 2. Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations 3. The FDA's Office of Dietary Supplement Programs 4. The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences

Answer: 2 Explanation: In 2007, the FDA passed the current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations, which mandated manufacturers to evaluate supplements for purity, strength, and composition.

21) The nurse would expect to administer injections of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) to a client with: 1. iron deficiency anemia. 2. pernicious anemia. 3. sickle cell disease. 4. aplastic anemia.

Answer: 2 Explanation: Injections of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) are administered to clients with pernicious anemia.

4) The nurse caring for a client receiving cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) for pernicious anemia would monitor which laboratory values during therapy? 1. Blood urea nitrogen, urine creatinine, and urinalysis 2. Reticulocyte count, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit 3. Liver function studies, including bilirubin, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase 4. Serum sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride levels

Answer: 2 Explanation: Vitamin B12 is essential for maturation of blood cells, which can be assessed by monitoring the client's reticulocyte counts, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit.

13) To promote a well-balanced diet, what information should the nurse who is helping the client select foods from the hospital menu take into account? 1. Vitamin supplementation can substitute for good nutrition. 2. Clients who cannot consume fat-soluble vitamins daily should be given a supplement. 3. Daily intake of water-soluble vitamins is essential to maintain and improve health. 4. All vitamins must be taken into the body by eating enriched foods.

Answer: 3 Explanation: Daily intake of water-soluble vitamins is essential to promote a well-balanced diet and maintain and improve health.

2) What education should the nurse provide to the client who is prescribed riboflavin (vitamin B2)? 1. "Avoid driving or operating heavy machinery until the effects of the drug are known." 2. "Expect tingling in the extremities when first taking the drug, but this will decrease." 3. "Recognize that large doses of riboflavin can cause an intense yellow discoloration of urine, which is harmless." 4. "Take the vitamin supplement at the same time every day."

Answer: 3 Explanation: One harmless side effect of large doses of riboflavin is yellow discoloration of the urine.

6) The client with parkinsonism asks the nurse why vitamin B6 should be avoided. Which response would be most appropriate for the nurse? 1. "The vitamin is excreted in the feces and bile." 2. "The vitamin causes mental confusion and hallucinations in people with Parkinson's disease." 3. "The vitamin reverses or antagonizes the therapeutic effects of some antiparkinsonism drugs" 4. "The vitamin increases the amount of dopamine entering the brain and promotes levodopa production."

Answer: 3 Explanation: Vitamin B6 reverses the therapeutic effects of the antiparkinsonism drug levodopa.

1) The client who is prescribed vitamin K (phytonadione) asks the nurse, "How does the body normally receive this vitamin?" The most appropriate response by the nurse is "Vitamin K is: 1. obtained only by dietary consumption of dark green, leafy vegetables." 2. abundant in dairy products, such as such as milk, cheese, and yogurt." 3. synthesized during fetal development, and not a replaceable substance." 4. produced through bacterial action in the gastrointestinal tract."

Answer: 4 Explanation: Approximately 80% of an individual's vitamin K is produced by E. coli in the GI system.

11) The nurse who is caring for a group of older residents in a long-term care facility understands that the aging process influences the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) needs in this population. What statement by the nurse is most accurate concerning older adults? 1. "Normal aging causes a decline in skin turgor, producing an increase in metabolism of vitamins." 2. "Normal aging causes an increase in renal excretion of fat-soluble vitamins in the urine." 3. "Normal aging causes a stagnation of liver enzymes that aid in the dissection of water-soluble vitamins." 4. "Normal aging causes a reduction of gastric absorption, producing vitamin deficiencies."

Answer: 4 Explanation: As part of the normal aging process, gastric absorption is reduced, causing decreased absorption of vitamins.

5) The nurse states that due to its abundance in food, thiamine deficiency in the United States is not common except in: 1. older adults with heart failure. 2. pregnant women and children. 3. African American women. 4. individuals with alcoholism and chronic liver disease.

Answer: 4 Explanation: Individuals with alcoholism and chronic liver disease have the highest incident of thiamine deficiency in the United States.

16) Which client would the nurse encourage to increase intake of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)? 1. A client with insomnia due to work-related tension 2. A client with thinning hair and baldness 3. A postmenopausal older female client 4. A client with wounds from a motorcycle crash

Answer: 4 Explanation: Vitamin C helps maintain the functions of the immune system for improved wound healing.

17) The nurse is caring for a pregnant client who asks whether it is safe to continue vitamin A supplements during pregnancy. The nurse educates the client that safety during pregnancy has not been established for vitamin A in amounts exceeding ________ international units. Record your answer rounding to the nearest whole number.

Answer: 6,000 Explanation: The safe use of vitamin A in amounts exceeding 6,000 international units during pregnancy is not established.

7) The nurse plans to provide clients with education regarding vitamins because, according to a 2016 survey by the Council for Responsible Nutrition, ________% of adults in America take vitamin supplements. Record your answer rounding to the nearest whole number.

Answer: 71 Explanation: A 2016 survey by the Council for Responsible Nutrition, a Washington-based trade association representing ingredient suppliers and manufacturers in the dietary supplement industry, reported that 71% of adults in America take vitamin supplements.

18) The nurse is administering vitamin K for a client who is hemorrhaging following a liver laceration. The nurse anticipates that the hemorrhage will be controlled in 3 to ________ hours following administration. Record your answer rounding to the nearest whole number.

Answer: 8 Explanation: Vitamin K is essential for the hepatic biosynthesis of blood clotting Factors II, VII, IX, and X. Hemorrhage is usually controlled within 3 to 8 hours, with normal PT obtained in 12 to 14 hours after vitamin K administration.