Phil 20 Final: Chapter Quizzes

Rats, mice, and birds accounted for what percent of all laboratory experimental animals? a. 95% b. 45% c. 50% d. 20%

a. 95%

In which of the following situations would the principle of double effect apply and those harmed be considered collateral damage? a. A drone strike intended for the leader of a terrorist group kills that leader at his home but also kills his two young children, who were not known to be on the premises. b. A drone strike targets a school, where a terrorist leader is known to be in hiding, during school hours and kills the terrorist leader and 168 children. c. A drone strike intended for the leader of a terrorist group and his associates at their secluded hideout succeeds in killing all 16 targets. d. A drone strike intended for the leader of a terrorist group and his associates at their secluded hideout hits an unused and vacant military installation by mistake.

a. A drone strike intended for the leader of a terrorist group kills that leader at his home but also kills his two young children, who were not known to be on the premises.

What philosopher thought animals were machines devoid of an inner sense or consciousness? a. Descartes b. Plato c. Peter Singer d. Aldo Leopold

a. Descartes

Of the following, which environmental movement locates the source of environmental problems not in metaphysics, or worldviews, but in social practices? a. Ecofeminism b. Ecomarxism c. Deep ecology d. Naessian ecology

a. Ecofeminism

What are the two senses of equivalency in retributive punishment? a. Egalitarian and proportional b. Inegalitarian and disproportional c. Mathematical and economic d. Moral and legal

a. Egalitarian and proportional

Which of the following is a reason that William Baxter might oppose the emission of greenhouse gasses that contribute to global warming? a. Global warming will cause the extinction of many species that many humans enjoy. b. Global warming will change or destroy ecosystems that have existed for thousands of years. c. Global warming will cause devastating tsunamis. d. Global warming will destroy the integrity, beauty, and stability of the biotic community.

a. Global warming will cause the extinction of many species that many humans enjoy.

How does Peter Singer address the objection that infants have a potential moral autonomy that animals do not, and thus must be treated differently? a. He alters the medical experiment scenario to involve a permanently brain-damaged infant. b. He alters the medical experiment to focus on sentient chimpanzees, rather than orphaned infants. c. He points out that this objection will require the condemnation of abortion, in addition to experiments on human infants. d. He points out that human infants are much less self-sufficient and self-aware than adult animals.

a. He alters the medical experiment scenario to involve a permanently brain-damaged infant.

Which of the following is probably not a future consequence of global warming or a result of the global climate change? a. Human overpopulation and patterns of overconsumption, overproduction, and waste. b. More intense storms and thus hurricanes or typhoons of devastating size like Rita and Katrina. c. Millions or even hundreds of millions of human climate refugees. d. Rising coastal water levels and massive flooding in regions where floods were never a problem in recorded history.

a. Human overpopulation and patterns of overconsumption, overproduction, and waste.

Which is true of just war theory? a. It holds that, for a war or military intervention to be justified, certain conditions for going to war must be met and the conduct in the war must follow certain principles and moral guidelines. b. It holds that, for a war or military intervention to be justified, it must get the backing of the United Nations Security Committee. c. It holds that, for a war or military intervention to be justified, no sovereign state can take action against another without first addressing an international tribunal. d. It holds that, for a war or military intervention to be justified, there must be a reasonable cooling off period to allow for non-military options to be weighed and have the backing of a majority in the Congress.

a. It holds that, for a war or military intervention to be justified, certain conditions for going to war must be met and the conduct in the war must follow certain principles and moral guidelines.

The ozone layer is important for which of the following reasons? a. It protects humans from harmful UV radiation. b. It powers photocopy machines and other technological devices. c. It allows the earth to cool when it gets too warm. d. It protects us from meteorites.

a. It protects humans from harmful UV radiation

What does the proportionality principle in the jus ad bellum part of the just war theory require? a. It requires that, before engaging in war or the use of force, we consider the likely costs and benefits of doing so, as opposed to choosing alternative courses of action (or no action). b. It requires that, before considering nonviolence, we consider the likelihood of international repercussions. c. It requires that, before we call a war "just" we commence a values-assessment and consult political and religious leaders. d. It requires that, before employing biochemical weapons, we weigh the relative advantages of conventional weapons as a viable alternative.

a. It requires that, before engaging in war or the use of force, we consider the likely costs and benefits of doing so, as opposed to choosing alternative courses of action (or no action).

Something has instrumental value if it is valued solely for which of the following? a. Its usefulness for something or someone else b. Its existence in and of itself c. Its monetary value or worth to societal majorities d. Its instrumental role in a moral hierarchy

a. Its usefulness for something or someone else

Which of the following is a way in which legal punishment is distinct from other forms of punishment? a. Legal punishment must follow a set of pre-established rules about who is to be punished, how, and how much. b. Legal punishment must involve corporal punishment or the infliction of other punitive damages. c. Legal punishment cannot be inflicted for purely retributive purposes. d. Legal punishment cannot apply to children or adolescents in state custody.

a. Legal punishment must follow a set of pre-established rules about who is to be punished, how, and how much.

Which of the following is not a criterion or test of whether a war is just or acceptable, in the jus ad bellum phase of just War theory? a. That it seeks good consequences or is a war for conquest of specific valuable resources b. That it is going to be fought in self-defense or for that sort of just cause c. That it is a last resort, after all possible other diplomatic channels have been used d. That it is proportional to the harm that motivates it, and not an extreme response.

a. That it seeks good consequences or is a war for conquest of specific valuable resources

What treaty prohibits the production, stockpiling, and use of biological agents as weapons? a. The Biological Weapons Convention b. The Geneva Convention c. The UN Convention Against Torture d. The Chemical Weapons Convention

a. The Biological Weapons Convention

What important historical event established the category of crime known as "war crimes"? a. The Nuremberg trials b. The Gettysburg Address c. The Helsinki Declaration d. The Geneva Conventions

a. The Nuremberg trials

What are two principles to the jus in bello part of the just war theory? a. The principle of proportionality and the principle of discrimination b. The principle of enlightenment and the principle of retribution c. The principle of retaliation and the principle of compensatory justice d. The principle of non-proliferation and the principle of nonengagement

a. The principle of proportionality and the principle of discrimination

Having a right seems to entail that someone has a. a duty to protect that right. b. the "subject of a life." c. a particular psychological capacity. d. moral status.

a. a duty to protect that right.

According to Tom Regan, the view that animals have less inherent value than humans cannot be justified because a. all who have inherent value have it equally, whether they are animals or not. b. animals are just as intelligent as humans. c. animals are actually more valuable, because they provide humans with food. d. value cannot be inherent.

a. all who have inherent value have it equally, whether they are animals or not.

Most modern terrorists are people who a. are well educated. b. have never attended school. c. are illiterate. d. have renounced all religious faith.

a. are well educated.

Because capacities and abilities are not equally distributed, Singer argues that we a. cannot base our argument opposing racism and sexism on a claim of actual factual equality. b. must institute a justice system that evens things out. c. have a duty to invent new gifts and talents as compensation to those less gifted. d. must replace capabilities and abilities we value with those valuable to other species.

a. cannot base our argument opposing racism and sexism on a claim of actual factual equality.

Reasoning that supports terrorism tends to be a. consequentialist. b. deontological. c. Aristotelian. d. monotheistic.

a. consequentialist.

According to the text, realists tend to be a. consequentialists b. utilitarians c. deontologists d. egoists

a. consequentialists

For the principle of discrimination, noncombatants must never be the subjects of a. direct attack. b. indirect attack. c. interrogation. d. All of these choices

a. direct attack.

Each of the following is true of animal experimentation in history except a. the fact that animals were used in ancient Greece to create penicillin. b. the fact that Galen, a Roman physician, did animal research to show that veins carry blood, not air. c. the fact that animals were used in 1846 to shows the effects of anesthesia. d. the fact that in 1622 Harvey used animals to exhibit the circulation of the blood.

a. the fact that animals were used in ancient Greece to create penicillin.

When was the first Animal Welfare Act passed in the United States? a. 1932 b. 1966 c. 1876 d. 1976

b. 1966

Equality, for Peter Singer, is which of the following? a. A factual reality that obtains among human and non-human lifeforms b. A moral ideal, not an assertion of fact c. An equitable distribution of intelligence and moral capacities d. A sentimental fantasy that should be relegated to philosophical history

b. A moral ideal, not an assertion of fact

Which of the following is not mentioned as a reason for the high rate of incarceration in the United States? a. Easy availability of guns b. Increasing crime rate c. "Truth in sentencing" laws d. Mandatory sentences for drug crime

b. Increasing crime rate

What are "loose nukes"? a. Nuclear weapons that are old and need to be upgraded. b. Nuclear weapons that are not carefully guarded and can be sold on the black market to terrorists. c. Nuclear weapons that are not owned by any one government. d. Nuclear weapons that can be legally sold by American companies to rogue states.

b. Nuclear weapons that are not carefully guarded and can be sold on the black market to terrorists.

How, in Aldo Leopold's ethics, are right actions to be distinguished from wrong ones? a. Right actions preserve nature as a productive resource for valuable ends; wrong actions destroy it. b. Right actions tend to preserve the stability and beauty of nature; wrong actions tend to do otherwise. c. Right actions ensure the continuity of the natural world for future generations; wrong actions rob them of that inheritance. d. Right actions act in such a way that all members of the biotic community could will them simultaneously; wrong actions use some members as means.

b. Right actions tend to preserve the stability and beauty of nature; wrong actions tend to do otherwise

Which of the following are norms or intuitions that Devall and Sessions see as central to deep ecology? a. Belief in ample resource reserves b. Self-realization into organic wholeness c. Biocentric inequality d. An ontological divide in the field of existence

b. Self-realization into organic wholeness

Amy admits having physically done the crime she is accused of, but her lawyer claims she is not actually responsible for it. Which of the following would not be a possible defense for her? a. Insanity b. Strict liability c. Duress d. Reduced capacity

b. Strict liability

What is one characteristic of a prima facie value? a. That it is an absolute; it is the kind of value that cannot be overcome by other interests or values. b. That it is not an absolute; it is the kind of value that can be overcome by other interests or values. c. That it acts as a primal force in shaping an ethical value system. d. That it is stronger than appears at first glance.

b. That it is not an absolute; it is the kind of value that can be overcome by other interests or values.

Which of the following represent aspects of the "dominant" worldview that deep ecologists believe we must overcome? a. The belief that the earth revolves around the sun b. The belief that we have ample resource reserves for human development c. The belief that all reality is complex and difficult to understand d. The belief that we are all interrelated parts of a whole

b. The belief that we have ample resource reserves for human development

What did the Supreme Court rule in Gregg v. Georgia? a. The death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment. b. The death penalty did not violate the Eighth Amendment. c. The death penalty violated the Thirteenth Amendment. d. The insanity defense did not prevent the execution of a convicted felon.

b. The death penalty did not violate the Eighth Amendment.

What two mechanisms make up the deterrence argument? a. The purpose of legal punishment is to seek justice, deter people from breaking the law, or both. b. The purpose of legal punishment is to prevent people from breaking the law, deter them from doing so, or both. c. The purpose of legal punishment is retribution for harms done, to seek justice, or both. d. The purpose of legal punishment is retribution for harms done, to deter people from breaking the law, or both.

b. The purpose of legal punishment is to prevent people from breaking the law, deter them from doing so, or both.

What is an example of a characteristic human capacity that accords them different moral status than nonhuman animals, according to Steinbock? NEW a. They can make plans. b. They are normally held to be responsible for what they do. c. They put their own species first. d. They are capable of being benefited by education.

b. They are normally held to be responsible for what they do.

Which of the following is not an advantage of unmanned drones? a. They are cheaper than manned aircraft. b. They have a 100 percent accuracy rate and as a result when they are used there are never noncombatant casualties. c. They are more precise than the use of other sorts of bombing, allowing for more discriminate and proportional killing. d. They do not put pilots at risk.

b. They have a 100 percent accuracy rate and as a result when they are used there are never noncombatant casualties.

Which of the following is an ethical problem for deterrence arguments, raised by the external relationship they assume between punishment and law breaking? a. They suggest that certain kinds of punishment should be outside the sphere of the law. b. They suggest that if punishments work, it doesn't matter if they are out of proportion to the crime. c. They seek to deter criminals by going outside the sphere of legally sanctioned punishments. d. They imply that punishment can never work to deter law breaking.

b. They suggest that if punishments work, it doesn't matter if they are out of proportion to the crime.

In hunting ethics, which standard is intended to require skill and luck on behalf of the hunter, and give the animal a chance to escape? a. Rigged hunting b. Trophy bagging c. Fair chase d. Trapping program

b. Trophy bagging

Peter Singer explains that Thomas Taylor tried to refute Mary Wollstonecraft's views about the rights of women by showing that if her arguments were sound, this would mean that a. men were inferior to women. b. animals had rights as well. c. there are no such things as rights. d. animals had more rights than men.

b. animals had rights as well.

In the last two decades, crime in the United States has a. increased. b. decreased. c. remained the same. d. been too difficult to measure accurately.

b. decreased.

According to an anthropocentric perspective, the health of a particular river might be considered important because a. fish and other aquatic life are inherently important. b. it is a valuable source of water and food for a community of people settled nearby. c. the river is a part of the natural world. d. the river floods yearly.

b. it is a valuable source of water and food for a community of people settled nearby.

Ecocentrists are distinguished by their rejection of the anthropocentric idea that a. the environment does not matter. b. only humans have intrinsic value. c. endangered species are of no concern. d. All of these choices

b. only humans have intrinsic value.

Jus in bello covers the methods or conduct of the war, which is justifiable only if a. the methods are not unconscionably cruel and discriminate innocents from the guilty. b. the methods used are proportional to the goals and discriminate combatants from noncombatants. c. the United Nations Security Council approves the methods used. d. the methods don't discriminate unfairly, or are egalitarian, and are civilized.

b. the methods used are proportional to the goals and discriminate combatants from noncombatants

What does a biocentrist believe? a. A biocentrist believes that only biology can supply answers to fundamental problems facing the environment. b. A biocentrist believes that biological organisms may have a higher moral status than cyborgs, but they are not as physiologically advanced. c. A biocentrist believes that intrinsic value is not limited to humans. d. A biocentrist believes that biology, not nurture, is the major determining factor in human development.

c. A biocentrist believes that intrinsic value is not limited to humans.

Which of the following, according to Peter Singer, is a prerequisite for having interests, and thus equal to consideration of those interests? a. A concern for others and a readiness to consider their interests. b. A capacity for moral reasoning or species ethics. c. A capacity for enjoyment or suffering. d. A capacity for autonomy as a member of a community.

c. A capacity for enjoyment or suffering.

Which of the following represent potential problems when assigning rights or moral standing to animal species?

c. A species is an abstract concept used to group and compare organisms.

Happiness, often a topic in ethics, is gained in deep ecology by what means? a. By doing Tai Chi Gong each day or similar relaxation techniques b. Through meditation, and not through being subjected to judgmental negativism from traditional helping professions. c. By being quiet, doing real work, and not controlling others or non-human nature. d. Being free of suffering due to the real work of chopping wood, carrying water, or planting and gardening.

c. By being quiet, doing real work, and not controlling others or non-human nature

In the view of Arne Naess and other members of the movement, how does deep ecology differ from establishment environmentalism? a. Deep ecologists take a holistic view of nature that sees human impact on the environment as no less "natural" than other changes to ecosystems over time. b. Deep ecologists see themselves as the saviors or guardians of nature and focus on the need to establish a hierarchy of values. c. Deep ecologists take a holistic view of nature and think we should seek the root psychological and cultural causes of environmental degradation. d. Deep ecologists are more concerned with environmental degradation on the global level than on the state or individual level.

c. Deep ecologists take a holistic view of nature and think we should seek the root psychological and cultural causes of environmental degradation.

Which of the following does not represent a basic principle of deep ecology, as expressed by George Sessions and Arne Naess? a. Both human and nonhuman forms of life have intrinsic value. b. Our ideology should change to emphasize quality of life over standard of living. c. Environmentalists should focus on local action first and foremost. d. Humans can legitimately reduce the richness and diversity of life forms to satisfy vital needs.

c. Environmentalists should focus on local action first and foremost.

What would be a deontological justification for pacificism? a. Killing leads to pain and suffering. b. Killing is economically costly. c. Killing is wrong in itself. d. Killing only leads to more killing.

c. Killing is wrong in itself.

Check My Work If Johnny thinks that a certain punishment for Roberta will provide him revenge, which justification for punishment is he seeking? a. Prevention b. Deterrence c. Retribution d. Education

c. Retribution

Who is associated with the origins of Just War Theory? a. Rawls b. St. Anselm c. St. Augustine d. Pope John Paul

c. St. Augustine

Why do some people in poor nations view the environmental movement as an example of Western elitism? a. They believe that people in the West only seek to preserve their own environmental resources at the expense of those in the developing world. b. They believe that the West is using environmentalism as a new form of colonial expansion. c. They believe that only the wealthy West can afford not to change and use the environment. d. They believe that the West is only interested in environmentalism as a fashion statement.

c. They believe that only the wealthy West can afford not to change and use the environment.

What logical inconsistency do animal rights activists point out in the position of those who approve of animal experimentation? a. They allow animals to undergo experiments that they would not want to undergo themselves. b. They allow for animals moral rights without ensuring comparable legal rights on a federal, state, or local level. c. They use our similarity to animals in scientific contexts while denying that similarity in moral contexts. d. They use sentience to distinguish humans from animals but rely on it to perform experiments.

c. They use our similarity to animals in scientific contexts while denying that similarity in moral contexts.

What is meant by intrinsic value? a. Things have intrinsic value or worth when they have no discernable value. b. Things have intrinsic value or worth when they have been assessed by an outside agency. c. Things have intrinsic value or worth when they have value or worth in themselves for some reason. d. Things have intrinsic value or worth when they have explicit economic status or marketability.

c. Things have intrinsic value or worth when they have value or worth in themselves for some reason.

What did utilitarian Jeremy Bentham think we need to know to assess the moral status of animals? a. Whether or not they can think. b. Whether or not they form social attachments. c. Whether or not they can suffer. d. Whether or not they have a sense of personal identity.

c. Whether or not they can suffer.

Baxter takes the position of a(n) a. ecocentrist. b. biocentrist. c. anthropomorphist. d. penguin.

c. anthropomorphist.

Sentience requires the capacity to a. exhibit higher emotions. b. engage in abstract thought. c. feel pleasure and pain. d. be able to sense danger.

c. feel pleasure and pain

Mill says that it is not only human life that is sacred, but human a. religion b. rights c. feelings d. attachments

c. feelings

Mill thinks that the death penalty is justified because it ____________, which is the purpose of penal justice. a. prevents people from committing murder b. encourages people to think about the consequences of their actions c. it is an "eye for an eye" d. attachments

c. it is an "eye for an eye

Originally terrorism described violence a. against a state. b. for economic gain. c. on behalf of a state. d. None of these choices

c. on behalf of a state.

On what grounds did Kant defend the death penalty? a. consequentialist b. humanitarian c. retributivist d. restorative

c. retributivist

In selective nonviolence, the "good" is a. nonviolence itself. b. eudaimonia c. some political goal. d. satyagraha

c. some political goal.

Guha says that deep ecologists invoke Eastern philosophies as important influences on their thinking. He says this romantic view is an example of viewing the East as constituting a. the Truth. b. Enlightenment. c. the Other. d. the Teacher.

c. the Other.

What is meant by "lex talionis"? a. "God's grace does not come to the wicked." b. "Three strikes and you're out." c. "Justice demands a swift response." d. "An eye for an eye"

d. "An eye for an eye"

What is the true cost of a death sentence to a state, according to the Death Penalty Information Center? a. $10,000 b. $100,000 c. $300,000 d. $3 million

d. $3 million

What does the M'Naghten Rule establish? a. According to this rule, people are responsible for their actions so long as their guilt could be determined with accuracy, not seeing one ethnic group as guiltier. b. According to this rule, the punishment must fit the crime so that justice is more important than equality or systematic racial or class bias in general. c. According to this rule, equality is more important than justice because rehabilitation takes precedence over retribution. d. According to this rule, people are not responsible for their actions if they did not know what they were doing or did not know it was wrong.

d. According to this rule, people are not responsible for their actions if they did not know what they were doing or did not know it was wrong.

What is the point of Singer's hypothetical question to animal experimenters about whether they would be willing to perform their experiments on a human orphan under six months? a. Lab animals are usually as or more self-aware, self-directing, and pain sensitive as human infants. b. Human infants possess no more morally relevant characteristics than nonhuman animals. c. Our current level of animal experimentation stems from arbitrary prejudice based on species. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Guha argues that deep ecology is uniquely a. Western b. universal c. anthropocentric d. American

d. American

Most likely it will always be difficult to deter which of the following? a. Insurance scams b. Tax fraud c. Contract killings d. Crimes of passion

d. Crimes of passion

MacKinnon claims which of the following concerning a population of deer that is too large for its enclosure or has exceeded the carrying capacity of its habitat? a. All animal rights advocates would be horrified at hunting to reduce population, since all the deer should be saved. b. All animal rights advocates think hunters should cull the overpopulated herd to prevent painful starvation deaths. c. It makes sense to conclude that some deer should be allowed to starve to death to prevent further population explosion. d. Defenders of animal species would allow some means of population thinning, if this is likely to preserve the species.

d. Defenders of animal species would allow some means of population thinning, if this is likely to preserve the species

What does it mean for ecocentrists to regard a tree or a fish as a moral patient? a. It means that we must care for these life forms as a medical doctor cares for patients. b. It means that we can have indirect, rather than direct, duties to these life forms. c. It means that we must, like physicians, "do no harm" when it comes to these life forms. d. It means that we must care for these life forms for their own sake, and not just for the sake of how it might ultimately impact us.

d. It means that we must care for these life forms for their own sake, and not just for the sake of how it might ultimately impact us.

Which of the following is an example of an opportunity cost within a decision? a. Diverting money toward preserving a watershed that could have been used to build a school b. Spending more money on creating economic opportunities for young people c. Losing the chance to preserve an ecosystem because sufficient funds were not available d. Losing the chance to preserve an ecosystem because the funds were used to build a senior center

d. Losing the chance to preserve an ecosystem because the funds were used to build a senior center

A perspective is anthropocentric if it holds which of the following views? a. Only humans have instrumental value. b. Only primates have intrinsic value. c. Only human beings can solve the environmental crisis. d. Only human beings have intrinsic value

d. Only human beings have intrinsic value

Which term suggests a rejection of violence under any circumstance? a. Realism b. Pragmatism c. Terrorism d. Pacifism

d. Pacifism

According to Joel Feinberg, what is it about nonhuman animals that makes them capable of rights? a. The fact that humans bestow moral value upon animals b. The fact that animals have a myriad of uses for human beings c. The fact that animals have the ability to reason impartially d. The fact that animals have an inner life, conscious wishes, desires, and hopes

d. The fact that animals have an inner life, conscious wishes, desires, and hopes

Which of the following is a requirement for an egalitarian retributivist? a. The punishment allows for leniency in special circumstances. b. The punishment should be determined with fairness and equality. c. The punishment shows no evidence of racial or gender bias. d. The punishment should equal the crime.

d. The punishment should equal the crime.

There are two aspects to a cost-benefit analysis, namely, a. assessment of risks and establishing relative gains. b. integration of theories and organizing constituents. c. augmenting benefits and rectifying costs. d. assessment of facts and establishing relative values.

d. assessment of facts and establishing relative values.

Dick Cheney's justification of torture is a. based on natural law theory. b. religious. c. deontological. d. consequentialist.

d. consequentialist.

A rancher who holds an anthropocentric theory of animal welfare would argue that it is better to treat one's livestock better well because a. cows have a rich psychological life. b. it is wrong to allow any life form to suffer. c. when cows are mistreated they can become depressed. d. happy and healthier cows are more profitable.

d. happy and healthier cows are more profitable.

Defenders of animal experimentation argue that a. it is cruel and unnecessary to use animals in scientific research but not in industrial research. b. animals are not important. c. animals don't feel significant pain when they are subject to such experiments. d. most of the gains we have made in terms of modern medicine are the results of experiments performed on animals.

d. most of the gains we have made in terms of modern medicine are the results of experiments performed on animals.

What country has the largest prison population? a. China b. Mexico c. Russia d. the United States

d. the United States

What war prompted the "language of just war" to become widely used in political and academic circles? a. World War I b. World War II c. the Korean War d. the Vietnam War

d. the Vietnam War

Tom Regan argues that the basic similarity between human beings, and the basic similarity between humans and the animals they eat and trap is that a. we all have differences from others in our own species. b. we are all flesh and bone. c. we are all finite creatures. d. we are each of us the experiencing subject of a life.

d. we are each of us the experiencing subject of a life