PHIL Midterm
According to the "Divine Command Theory: Crash Course" video, select select ALL OF THE ANSWERS below that are problems with Divine Command Theory.
-How do we know which commands are binding, and which ones God retracted somewhere along the way? -How do we know what God commands?
Use the "Aristotle and Virtue Theory: Crash Course" video and select ALL OF THE ANSWERS below that are true in Aristotle's definition of morality/virtue.
-If we focus on being good people, the right actions will follow, effortlessly. -Be the best person you can be by honing your strengths while working on your weaknesses.
According to the "Ethics Defined: Moral Relativism" video, select ALL OF THE ANSWERS below that are problems with moral relativism.
-Just because a behavior is okay in some cultures doesn't mean that other cultures cannot rightfully condemn it. -People tend to believe that the "right" moral values are the values that exist in their own culture.
Use the "Utilitarianism: Crash Course" video to match the characteristics of the theory with Utilitarianism or Kantianism (also called Duty Theory, or Deontology).
Absolute, no exceptions Kant/Duty/Deontology Focuses on intent of actions Kant/Duty/Deontology Focuses on consequences of actions Utilitarianism Actions should produce pleasure Utilitarianism Intention of actions is irrelevant- Utila
Use the "Utilitarianism: Crash Course" video to correctly match the following terms and definitions.
Act Utilitarianism- In any given situation, you should choose the action that produces the greatest good for the greatest number. Rule Utilitarianism- We ought to live
According to the "Divine Command Theory: Crash Course" video, what is the dilemma introduced in the Euthyphro problem?
Are right actions right because God commands them? Or are right actions commanded by God because they are right?
According to the "Metaethics Crash Course" video, ethical theories are moral foundations that give you consistent answers about right and wrong conduct; these theories are based moral principles that cannot be shared by more than one theory.
False
According to the "Moral Philosophy" video, moral philosophy can provide the tools we need to tell other people how to live.
False
According to the "Divine Command Theory: Crash Course" video, select ALL OF THE ANSWERS below that must be true if you accept the second horn of Socrates' dilemma.
God isn't omnipotent. God is bound by a standard outside of himself.
According to the "What is Existentialism? Crash Course" video, which answer is a positive aspect of existentialism?
If the world, and your life, are inherently devoid of purpose, you can choose to imbue it with whatever purpose you want.
According to the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video, select ALL THE ANSWERS below that are reasons Kant would say Elvira was wrong to lie to the killer.
It is never ok to lie, even for a good reason, because you are making yourself an exception to the categorical imperative that lying is bad. Because she broke a moral rule, she shares responsibility for Tony's death. She disregarded the autonomy of another person (even though he had bad intentions).
Select ALL OF THE ANSWERS below that are flaws of normative cultural relativism, according to the "Metaethics Crash Course" video
No culture can be wrong. No moral progress can be made.
Select ALL OF THE ANSWERS below that are flaws of normative cultural relativism, according to the "Metaethics Crash Course" video.
No moral progress can be made. No culture can be wrong.
According to the "Utilitarianism: Crash Course" video, which type of utilitarianism allows us to refrain from acts that might maximize utility in the short run, and instead follow rules that will maximize utility for the majority of the time?
Rule utilitarianism
According to the "Utilitarianism: Crash Course" video, select ALL THE ANSWERS that are problems with utilitarianism.
Sometimes doing what provides the most pleasure to the most people can mean sacrificing your pleasure, in order to produce more good overall. Where morality is concerned, your interests count, but no more than anyone else's. No moral theory ought to demand doing an immoral thing.
According to the "Divine Command Theory: Crash Course" video, select ALL OF THE ANSWERS below that must be true if you accept the first horn of Socrates' dilemma.
The idea of what's "good" doesn't really mean anything anymore. God's command alone is simply what makes something right. Right acts are right because God commands them.
According to the "Contractarianism: Crash Course" video, select ALL THE ANSWERS that are requirements to make contractarianism successful.
There must be a heavy social cost for those who break their contracts. You must be able to trust your fellow contractors to keep their agreements. In order for a contract to be valid the contractors must be free. The system, overall, must make your life better than if you were on your own.
According to the "Metaethics Crash Course" video, most people use more than one ethical theory to make moral decisions in their lives.
True
According to the "Contractarianism: Crash Course" video, how does contractarianism solve the grounding problem of ethics?
We are the source of morals: anytime you get a group of free, self-interested, rational individuals living together, morality will just emerge.
According to the "Contractarianism: Crash Course" video, select ALL THE ANSWERS that are qualities of contractarianism.
We trade in some freedom for the benefits that come out of cooperative living. Right acts are those that do not violate the free, rational agreements that we've made. Rights imply obligations, so when you take from the common pot - by enjoying the goods that the system provides - you are also expected to pay in.
Use the "Contractarianism: Crash Course" video to define the following term: state of nature.
a hypothetical time, with no rules to govern our behavior
Use the "Aristotle and Virtue Theory: Crash Course" video to define the following term: eudaimonia.
a life of striving, of pushing yourself to your limits, and finding success
Use the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video to define the following term: maxim.
a rule or principle of action
According to the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video, select ALL OF THE ANSWERS below that are part of how Kant believes we can determine what's right (moral).
a sense of consideration for other people reason or rational thinking
Using the "Divine Command Theory: Crash Course" video, define the following term: dilemma.
a situation in which you're forced to choose between two options, both of which lead to unpleasant results
Use the "Ethics Defined: Altruism" video to define the following: altruism.
a theory based on acting in the best interest of others rather than in one's own self-interest
Use the "Utilitarianism: Crash Course" video to define the following term: a hedonistic moral theory.
a theory that claims the good is equal to the pleasant, and we ought, morally, to pursue pleasure and happiness, and work to avoid pain
Use the "Ethical Egoism" video to define the following term: teleological
a theory that focuses on consequences and the outcomes of a decision
Use the "Ethical Egoism" video to define the following term: normative.
a theory that focuses on how people SHOULD or OUGHT to behave
Use the "Ethical Egoism" video to define the following term: deontological.
a theory that focuses on the intention of an action
Use the "Ethical Egoism" video to define the following term: enlightened self-interest.
a theory that means that means that we are well aware of and informed about our actions and decisions that would result in present or future self-interest
Use the "Utilitarianism: Crash Course" video to define the following term: egoism.
a theory that says that everyone ought, morally, to pursue their own good
Use the "Ethical Egoism" video to define the following term: ethical egoism.
a theory that says that the pursuit of self-interest is considered 'ethically correct'
According to the "Moral Philosophy" video, applied ethics is the branch of ethics that
addresses specific, practical issues of moral importance.
According to the "Ethics Defined: Moral Relativism" video, normative moral relativism says that
all societies should accept each other's differing moral values, given that there are no universal moral principles.
Use the "What is Existentialism? Crash Course" video to define the following term: bad faith.
choosing to follow a path that someone else has set, a refusal to accept the absurd
Use the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video to define the following term: categorical imperative.
commands you must follow, regardless of your desires because they are moral obligations, derived from pure reason
According to the "Moral Philosophy" video, select ALL OF THE ANSWERS below that are the common frameworks for studying normative ethics.
deontology virtue ethics utilitarianism
Use the "Aristotle and Virtue Theory: Crash Course" video to define the following term: virtue.
doing the right thing, at the right time, in the right way, in the right amount, toward the right people
According to the "Metaethics Crash Course" video, the search for a foundation for our moral beliefs that is true, objective, and unmoving is known as the ______________ problem of ethics.
grounding
According to the "Aristotle and Virtue Theory: Crash Course" video, Aristotle believes that character is developed through ...
habituation -- doing a virtuous thing over and over until it becomes part of your character.
Use the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video to define the following term: autonomous.
humans exist for themselves
Use the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video to define the following term: hypothetical imperative.
if-then statements you should follow if you want something, and they are based on prudence, not morality
According to the "Ethics Defined: Altruism" video, select ALL OF THE ANSWERS below that are benefits of altruistic behavior.
increased social connection it feels good health benefits and longer life
According to the "Moral Philosophy" video, metaethics is the branch of ethics that
investigates big picture questions.
According to the "Moral Philosophy" video, normative ethics is the branch of ethics that
investigates questions about what we ought to do.
Use the "What is Existentialism? Crash Course" video to define the following term: dialectic.
like a conversation (dialogue): Someone puts forth an idea and then someone else responds to it
According to the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video, the first step in the universalizability principle is to
make a general rule (maxim) that stands behind the particular action you're considering
According to the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video, the third (and trickiest) step in the universalizability principle is to
make sure that you haven't made the general rule (maxim) so specific it only applies to you (only PHIL teachers with dyed hair who like Crash Course videos should get to ...), which would create a contradiction
According to the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video, the second step in the universalizability principle is to
make the general rule (maxim) into something that everyone in the same situation should always do
Use the "Metaethics Crash Course" video to match the correct definition for this term: normative cultural relativism.
moral facts themselves differ from culture to culture
Use the "Metaethics Crash Course" video to match the correct definition for this term: moral antirealism.
moral propositions don't refer to objective features of the world at all - that there are no moral facts
According to the "Ethics Defined: Moral Relativism" video, descriptive moral relativism or cultural relativism says that
moral standards are culturally defined.
Capital Punishment is morally right in states that use it; capital punishment is morally wrong in states that have banned it. According to the "Metaethics Crash Course" video, this statement is an example of
normative cultural relativism
According to the "Metaethics Crash Course" video, moral subjectivism means that there are no moral facts, just .
opinions, preferences, and attitudes.
According to the "Metaethics Crash Course" video, moral subjectivism means that there are no moral facts, just ...
opinions, preferences, and attitudes.
Use the "Aristotle and Virtue Theory: Crash Course" video to define the following term: moral exemplar.
people who already possess virtue
Use the "What is Existentialism? Crash Course" video to define the following term: teleology.
purpose
According to the "Metaethics Crash Course" video, ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies
right and wrong behavior.
Use the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video to define the following term: universal law.
something that must always be done in similar situations
Use the "What is Existentialism? Crash Course" video to define the following term: nihilism.
the belief in the ultimate meaninglessness of life
Use the "What is Existentialism? Crash Course" video to define the following term: existentialism.
the belief that existence precedes essence
Use the "What is Existentialism? Crash Course" video to define the following term: the absurd.
the belief that we are each born into a universe in which we and our world and our actions lack any real inherent importance
Using the "Divine Command Theory: Crash Course" video, define the following term: divine command theory.
the belief that what's moral and what's immoral is commanded by the divine
Use the "What is Existentialism? Crash Course" video to define the following term: live authentically.
the belief that you have to accept the full weight of your freedom in light of the absurd and recognize that any meaning your life has, is given to it by you
Use the "What is Existentialism? Crash Course" video to define the following term: essentialism.
the belief that your essence gives you a purpose because you were born to be a certain thing
Using the "Divine Command Theory: Crash Course" video, define the following term: grounding problem.
the idea that every ethical system needs some kind of foundation
According to the "Ethics Defined: Moral Relativism" video, moral relativism is
the idea that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles.
Use the "Ethical Egoism" video to define the following term: selfishness.
the lack of concern for the values of others, someone who does not care about others and does not care about fairness
Use the "Aristotle and Virtue Theory: Crash Course" video to define the following term: golden mean.
the midpoint between two extremes, which Aristotle called vices
According to the "Moral Philosophy" video, moral philosophy (or ethics) explores
the nature of morality and examines how people should live their lives in relation to others.
Use the "Metaethics Crash Course" video to match the correct definition for this term: moral realism.
there are moral facts, in the same way that there are scientific facts; any moral proposition can only be true or false
Use the "Utilitarianism: Crash Course" video to define the following term: absolute.
there are never any exceptions, or any excuses, for violating moral rules
According to the "Ethics Defined: Moral Relativism" video, metaethic moral relativism says that
there are no objective grounds for preferring the moral values of one culture over another.
Use the "Metaethics Crash Course" video to match the correct definition for this term: moral absolutism.
there are some moral facts that don't change
According to the "Ethics Defined: Moral Relativism" video, moral absolutism says that
there is always one right answer to any ethical question.
Use the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video to define the following term: to treat someone as an end-in-themselves.
to recognize that a person has goals, values, and interests of his/her own, and therefore has absolute moral worth
Use the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video to define the following term: to use something as a "mere means."
to use something only for your own benefit, with no thought to the interests or benefit of the thing you're using
According to the "Aristotle and Virtue Theory: Crash Course" video, which of the functions listed below is specific to our function as humans, beyond the functions we share with animals?
using reason
According to the "Ethics Defined: Altruism" video, select ALL OF THE ANSWERS below that inspire altruistic behavior.
valuing kindness in others making decisions based on emotions/empathy elevation -- inspired by the altruistic acts of others
Use the "Utilitarianism: Crash Course" video to define the following term: principle of utility.
we should act always so as to produce the greatest good for the greatest number
Use the "Contractarianism: Crash Course" video to define the following term: contract or social contract.
when people trade in some of their natural freedoms in exchange for the security offered by civil society
Use the "Contractarianism: Crash Course" video to define the following term: defection.
you break the contract you're in
According to the "Kant and Categorical Imperatives: Crash Course" video, Kant believes (in the second formulation of the categorical imperative) that it is okay to use someone as long as
you still recognize their humanity when we use them and they agree to being used.
