philo

cosmophilia

(love of other living beings)

biophilia

(love of other living things

These are some of the functions of Fromm's envisioned society:

1. The willingness to give up all forms of having, in order to fully be. 2. Being fully present where one is. 3. Trying to reduce greed, hate, and illusions as much as one is capable functions of Fromm's envisioned society: 4. Making the full growth of oneself and one's fellow beings as the supreme goal of living. 5. Not deceiving others, but also not being deceived by others; one may be called innocent, but not naïve. 6. Freedom that is not arbitrariness but the possibility to be oneself, not as a bundle of greedy desires, but as a delicately balanced structure that at any moment is confronted with the alternatives of growth or decay, life or death. 7. Happiness in the process of ever-growing aliveness, whatever the furthest point is that fate permits one to reach, for living as fully as one can is so satisfactory that the concern for what one might or might not attain has little chance to develop. 8. Joy that comes from giving and sharing, not from hoarding and exploiting. 9. Developing one's capacity for love, together with one's capacity for critical, unsentimental thought. 10. Shedding one's narcissism and accepting that tragic limitations inherent in human existence

Pythagoras

Another ancient philosopher, _______ described the universe as living embodiment of nature's order, harmony, and beauty. He sees our relationship with the universe cosmophilia and biophilia. Perhaps, we could consider the early him as an ecologist.

the Milesians

Early Greek philosophers ________________ , regarded Nature as spatially without boundaries, that is, as infinite or indefinite in extent.

8 CATEGORIES OF CARBON

FOOTPRINT Construction Shelter Food Clothing Mobility Manufactured Goods Services Trade

DEEP ECOLOGY

For this theory, ecological crisis is an outcome of anthropocentrism. The controlling attitude of humankind is extended to nature, when in fact, humanity is part of nature. Deep ecologists encourage humanity to shift away from anthropocentrism to ecocentrism.

SOCIAL ECOLOGY

For this theory, ecological crisis results from authoritarian social structures. Destroying nature is a reflection wherein few people overpower others while exploiting the environment for profit or self-interest. Social ecologists call for small- scale societies, which recognize that humanity is linked with the well being of the natural world in which human life depends.

ANTHROPOCENTRIC MODEL:

HUMAN CULTURE INDIVIDUALISM MIND CALCULATIVE HUMAN OVER/AGAINST ENVIRONMENT GLOBAL/TECHNOLOGICAL

humanity

If _____ overworks the soil and substitute domesticated species of plants and animals for wild ones, human made changes threaten the health of nature

ECOCENTRIC MODEL:

NATURE WILD HOLISM NATURE/COSMOS BODY RELATIONAL EARTH/WISDOM ECOLOGY OVER/AGAINST HUMANS

ECOFEMINISM

This theory argues that ecological crisis is a consequence of male dominance. In this view, whatever is "superior" is entitled to whatever is "inferior". Male traits as in the anthropocentric model are superior as opposed to female traits as in the ecocentric model. Domination works by forcing the other conform to what is superior. For the adherents of this view, freeing nature and humanity means removing the superior vs. inferior in human relations

Erich Fromm, (2013) a German humanistic philosopher

believes that is about time that humanity ought to recognize not only itself but also the world around it. For Fromm, as human beings, our biological urge for survival turns into selfishness and laziness. Fromm argues that as humans, it is also inherent in us to escape the prison cells of selfishness.

Understanding our relationship with the environment

can also refer to the human beings with ecology and nature.

Ecologists

challenge us to adopt a lifestyle that involves simple living that honors the right of all life forms to live, flourish, and create a rich diversity of human and nonhuman life

According to Payne (2009)

classrooms cannot set aside the importance of aesthetics as well as the environment that suggests valuing that include: aesthetic appreciation: enjoyment, relaxation, satisfaction, calm, peace, social interaction, growth toward holism and self understanding

Critique of Judgement, Immanuel Kant

expresses that beauty is ultimately a symbol of morality. According to him, we must not ignore any practical motives or inclinations that we have and instead contemplate the object without being distracted by our desires (Goldbatt & Brown 2010). believes that the orderliness of nature and the harmony of nature with our faculties guide us toward a deeper religious perspective. This vision of the world is not limited to knowledge and freedom or even faith, in the ordinary sense of the term. It is a sense of cosmic harmony

United Nation's Declaration (Ramiscal 2013)

grants the indigenous people "the right to conservation, restoration, and protection of the total environment and the productive capacity of their lands, territories, and resources, as well as the assistance for this purpose from States and through international cooperation". The relationship of the indigenous people with the environment is, thus, spiritually and materially strengthened

Indigenous grandmothers, representing tribes from the Arctic Circle, Nepal and Tibet,

held a meeting to be able o preserve their community. Deeply concerned with the destruction of Mother Earth, including the contamination of air, water and soil, war, poverty, and destruction of the indigenous way of life, they have committed themselves to form an alliance that will embrace prayer, education, and healing for our Mother Earth, for all her inhabitants and for future generations

Based on the anthropocentric model,

human are superior and central to the universe.

The Chinese cosmic conception

is based on the assumption that all that happens in the universe is a continuous whole like a chain of natural consequences. All events in the universe follow a transitional process due to the primeval pair, the yang and the yin. The universe does not proceed onward but revolves without beginning or end. There is nothing new under the sun; the "new" is a repetition of the old (Quito 1991), Human being's happiness lies un his conformity with nature or tao; the wise, therefore, conforms with tao and is happy

The domination of the humanity

is linked to the domination of nature based on the anthropocentric model. An unfair or unjust utilization of the environment result to ecological crisis. From this view, it follows that human arrogance toward nature is justifiable in order to satisfy human interests. Sometimes, human adopts an exploitative attitude whenever nature is merely considered as an instrument for one's profit or gain. For example, quarrying or cutting down age old trees could justify our exploitative attitude toward nature

Nature

is not valued for the future survival of human species per se, but is invaluable in itself

The human desire to experience union with others

is one of the strongest motivators of human behavior and the other is the desire for survival

humanity

needs to develop an "ecological conscience" based on individual responsibility

Fromm (2013)

proposed a new society that should encourage the emergence of new human being that will foster prudence and moderation or frugality toward environment. These are some of the functions of Fromm's envisioned society

Ecocentric model, the ecological or relational integrity of the humans. (Payne 2009)

provides meaning of our morals and values. Ecological positioning occurs in the past, present, and future, and their environmental settings with regard to our identifications, relations and attachments in, about, with or for various natures

Creation and Destruction. According to Anaximander's sketch of the genesis of the world (cosmogony)

the evolution of the world begins with the generation of opposites in a certain region of Nature: a portion of the boundless first differentiates itself into a cold-moist mass surrounded by a roughly spherical shell of the warm-dry. Once the warm-dry has been separated out, surrounding the cold-moist, it begins to evaporate the moisture of the latter, and this process forms a vaporous atmosphere. Eventually, the expanding vapor or steam bursts the enclosing fiery shells into rings, and rushing outward, envelopes them. The opposite forces caused an imbalance that necessitated their ultimate destruction (Price 2000). What appear to us as heavenly bodies are in reality parts if the fiery rings that we glimpse through openings left in their steamy, vaporous envelopes. The revolution of the stars, sun and moon around the central earth is in reality, the rotation of the vapor-enveloped rings of fire

boundless (One ancient thinker, Anaximander, employed the term)

to convey the further thought that Nature is indeterminate - boundless in the sense that no boundaries between the warm and color or the moist and dry regions are originally present within it (Solomon & Higgins 2010).

Current researches by Zimmerman (1994), Elgi (2009), and Pettman (2012)

to name a few, exposed the environmental consequence of international politico-economic specialization for specific countries and global regions.