Philosophy Final

QUIZ 4: The view that although determinism is true, our actions can still be free.

Compatibilism

QUIZ 4: ___________ hold that determinism is necessary for free will; an undetermined choice, they say, would be random and uncontrolled by the agent.

Compatibilists

MATCHING EXAM 1: Which objects or persons are most important?

axiology

QUIZ 12: The view that art is defined by its form is known as _____.

formalism

QUIZ 6: Locke rejected the notion of ____________.

innate ideas

QUIZ 4: According to d'Holbach, people always act according to ________.

necessary natural laws

QUIZ 4: Incompatibilists believe that compatibilist freedom is _________.

not real freedom

QUIZ 5: Incompatibilists believe that compatibilist freedom is ________.

not real freedom

QUIZ 6: Barkeley insists that heat and cold are ________.

only sensations existing in our mind

QUIZ 8: The view that although God and the world are distinct, the world is part of God.

panentheism

QUIZ 5: Libertarians contend that real freedom is not just the power to act if we will to act, but ______.

power over the will itself

QUIZ 11: According to Marx, the _________________ are many but own nothing, serving only as workers in the capitalist system.

proletariat

QUIZ 2: The view that mental properties are nonphysical properties arising from, but not reducible to, physical properties.

property dualism

QUIZ 4: According to d'Holbach, all the mental and moral attributes that people think are evidence for an immaterial soul are in fact ___________

purely physical and natural

QUIZ 9: Pascal believes that when it comes to the question of God's existence _____.

reason can decide nothing

QUIZ 11: Under _____, people are rewarded according to their needs, not by how well or how hard they work.

socialism

QUIZ 11: Communism usually implies:

socialism within a totalitarian system

QUIZ 7: An a priori statement is a statement...

that can be known independently of or prior to experience

QUIZ 7: Feminist postmodernists refuse to accept which basic tenet of feminist standpoint theory?

that there can be a single privileged perspective from which to acquire knowledge

QUIZ 3: Searle argues that the Chinese room thought experiment shows that _____.

the claims of strong AI are not plausible

QUIZ 2: The issue of what mental phenomena are and how they relate to the physical world.

the mind-body problem

MATCHING MIDTERM: "...I was persuaded that there was nothing in all the world, that there was no heaven, no earth, that there were no minds, nor any bodies: was I not then likewise persuaded that I did not exist? Not at all..."

Descartes

MATCHING EXAM 1: How do we know what we know?

Epistemology

QUIZ 3: Nagel believes that knowledge of what it is like to be a bat can be acquired through scientific investigation.

False

QUIZ 5: Taylor believes that simple determinism allows us to have a plausible form of free will.

False

QUIZ 8: Paley's argument, if cogent, proves the existence of a Christian God.

False

QUIZ 11: Which of the following was not recommended (in our text) by Marx as a means to enable socialism where capitalism already exists?

Free healthcare for every citizen

QUIZ 8: Aquinas says that the first efficient cause of everything is ____________.

God

QUIZ 1: The renowned philosopher who lived and worked in the Greek city of Alexandria in the fifth century was _____.

Hypatia

QUIZ 4: The view that not every event is determined by preceding events and the laws of nature.

Indeterminism

QUIZ 1: The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.

Socrates

QUIZ 2: What is 'the causal closure of the physical'?

The principle that the world is a closed system of physical processes and effects.

QUIZ 4: The Challenge of reconciling determinism with our intuitions or ideas about personal freedom is known as _____.

The problem of free will

QUIZ 11: Feminists intend to point out, not that the relationships between men and women are inherently political, but that politics has failed to address the nature of these relationships.

True

QUIZ 11: In a socialist system wealth is controlled by the state, which allocates it for the good of the people generally.

True

QUIZ 3: Chalmers's zombie is not like the zombies found in Hollywood movies.

True

QUIZ 5: Taylor rejects soft determinism.

True

QUIZ 5: Van Inwagen rejects compatibilism.

True

QUIZ 10: According to Hobbes, whenever and wherever men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, there is _____.

War

MATCHING EXAM 1: What is real?

Metaphysics

QUIZ 11: "I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is: I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentimentsthat differentiate me from a doormat." Who said this?

Rebecca West

QUIZ 11: In ________________, wealth goes to anyone who can acquire it in the marketplace.

capitalism

QUIZ 2: The view that mind and body are completely independent of one another and interact causally.

cartesian dualism

QUIZ 12: The purging of the emotions of pity and fear by experiencing them vicariously in a theatrical context is known as. _____.

catharsis

QUIZ 12: An important formal characteristic of art is_____.

coherence

QUIZ 3: Chalmers argues that his zombie is _____.

conceivable

QUIZ 12: Traditionally art has been defined as _____.

representation

QUIZ 12: Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is_____.

representational

QUIZ 9: Which of the following is not one of the three fundamental aspects of Buddhist life?

right speech

QUIZ 8: According to Paley, we must conclude that a watch had an intelligent designer if the watch _____________.

shows purposefullness

QUIZ 12: The view that the aesthetic properties of an art object are solely in the eye of the beholder is known as _____.

subjectivism

QUIZ 7: What was Immanuel Kant's "Copernican Revolution?

that objects conform to the mind

QUIZ 1: The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true simply because many people believe it is known as _____.

the Appeal to Popularity

QUIZ 1: A question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth is known as _____.

the Socratic Method

QUIZ 5: According to Taylor, hard determinism conflicts with _________.

the fact of deliberation and our sense that some actions are up to us

QUIZ 10: According to Locke, every man, by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government, puts himself under an obligation to everyone of that society to submit to the determination of _____.

the majority

QUIZ 6: Locke's purpose is to enquire into ___________.

the origin and extent of human knowledge

QUIZ 10: According to Locke, the chief end of men's uniting into a commonwealth is _____.

the preservation of their property

QUIZ 6: The difficulty of justifying the assumption that the future will be like the past is known as _____________.

the problem induction

QUIZ 10: According to Rawls, behind the veil of ignorance, the principles of justice are _____.

the result of a fair agreement or bargain

QUIZ 8: Paley says that every indication of contrivance that exists in the watch exists in ____________.

the works of nature

QUIZ 7: According to Kant, noumena is...

the world, in itself, outside our experience

QUIZ 8: a belief in one God who created the world but left it unattended to run on its own.

deism

QUIZ 7: Kant wants us to believe that logical and mathematical concepts...

depend on the innate structure of our minds

QUIZ 4: The doctrine that every event is determined or necessitated by preceding events and the laws of nature is known as _________.

determinism

QUIZ 10: According to Hobbes, the definition of injustice is _____.

disobedience to a sovereign

QUIZ 6: Descartes says that, for all he knows, he may be ___________.

dreaming

QUIZ 2: The notion that mental properties do not cause anything, but merely accompany physical processes.

epiphenomenalism

QUIZ 1: Questions like "What is knowledge?" and "What is truth?" are mainstays in the branch of philosophy known as _____

epistemology

QUIZ 6: The philosophical study of knowledge is known as:

epistemology

QUIZ 11: The guiding principle of the socialist view is __________.

equality

QUIZ 10: According to Hobbes, in the condition of man in which there is a state of war of everyone against everyone, every man has a right to _____.

everything

QUIZ 9: The view that we are justified in believing something only if it is supported by sufficient evidence:

evidentialism

QUIZ 8: Anselm argues that a being which exists in reality is greater than a being that ____________.

exists only in the understanding

QUIZ 6: Locke asserts that all the components of reason and knowledge come from _____________.

experience

QUIZ 7: Hume had maintained that knowledge of the world comes entirely from _____________.

experience

QUIZ 12: Leo Tolstoy says that art is _____.

expression

QUIZ 5: Taylor thinks that soft determinism is true to our moral intuitions.

false

QUIZ 6: Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths he had learned as a youth were ___________.

false

QUIZ 9: James says that a genuine option is _____.

forced, live, and momentous

QUIZ 2: The view that the mind is the functions that the brain performs.

functionalism

QUIZ 3: Block's Chinese brain argument is meant to show that _____.

functionalism is false

QUIZ 3: Chalmers's zombie twin is identical to him _____.

functionally and psychologically

QUIZ 3: According to Fodor, in the functionalist view the psychology of a system depends not on the stuff it is made of but on _____.

how the stuff is put together

QUIZ 2: The view that mental states are identical to physical brain states.

identity theory

QUIZ 8: According to Aquinas, an infinite regress of causes is ___________.

impossible

QUIZ 10: According to Locke, a man in the state of nature will relinquish his absolute freedom to the state because _____.

in the state of nature the enjoyment of his freedom is very uncertain and vulnerable

QUIZ 5: The Consequence Argument is supposed to establish ________.

incompatibilism

QUIZ 9: The universal principle that our actions result in deserved pleasure or pain in this life or the next:

karma

QUIZ 1: For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.

knowledge

QUIZ 9: Which of the following is not one of the four Noble Truths?

life is impermanent

QUIZ 1: The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and _____.

logic

QUIZ 7: According to Eve Browning Cole, feminist empiricism maintains that philosophers and scientists need to be told to ___________.

look again

QUIZ 5: According to Sartre, there is at least one being in whom existence precedes essence, and that being is __________.

man

QUIZ 2: The doctrine that every object and event in the world is physical.

materialism

QUIZ 10: In The Republic, Plato argues that the only kind of society that can ensure people get their due is a _____.

meritocracy

QUIZ 1: The study of reality in the broadest sense, an inquiry into the elemental nature of the universe and the things in it, is known as _____.

metaphysics

QUIZ 9: The ultimate aim of all Buddhist practice and the final liberation to which all the Buddha's teachings point:

nirvana

QUIZ 12: Hume says that beauty is _____.

no quality in things themselves

QUIZ 3: Searle believes that understanding Chinese (or any other language) is _____.

not merely a matter of symbol manipulation

QUIZ 12: Plato's view is that true beauty is _____.

not of this world

QUIZ 8: The view that God and the universe are one and the same thing, a divine whole.

panentheism

QUIZ 4: The branch of science that provides a counterexample to the notion that every even has a cause is known as __________.

quantum physics

QUIZ 3: According to Smart, the report of an "after-image" or "ache" is a report of _____.

a brain process

QUIZ 6: Berkeley believes that sensible things cannot exist except in _____________.

a mind

QUIZ 9: According to James, a live option is _____.

a real possibility to someone

QUIZ 10: According to Rawls, each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with _____.

a similar liberty for others

QUIZ 7: A statement that is not analytic is ____________.

a synthetic statement

MATCHING EXAM 1: Dogs are more beautiful than cats

aesthetics

QUIZ 5: The view that a free action is caused by an agent (person) is called _________.

agent causation

QUIZ 7: The following is an example of an analytic statement:

all bodies are extended

QUIZ 12: For Plato, beauty is _____.

an Idea or Form

QUIZ 2: According to Descartes he is...

an immaterial, thinking thing.

QUIZ 1: _____ is arguing either that (1) a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false or (2) a claim is false because it hasn't been proven true.

appeal to ignorance

QUIZ 11: What does Marx call the group of people who own the means of production in a society?

bourgeoisie

QUIZ 9: James maintains that the desire for a certain kind of truth can _____.

bring about the special truth's existence

QUIZ 3: According to Nagel, an organism has conscious mental states if and only if _____.

there is something that it is like to be that organism

QUIZ 4: According to Stace, free acts must be ________.

those whose immediate causes are psychological states in the agent

QUIZ 10: According to Rawls, all social values (opportunity, liberty, income, wealth, etc.) are to be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution is _____.

to everyone's advantage

QUIZ 8: Paley says that if we found a watch and examined it closely, we would naturally infer that it had a maker - even if we had never seen a watch made.

true

QUIZ 7: Feminist standpoint theory says that different social groups have distinctive kinds of knowledge acquired through...

unique experiences

QUIZ 1: For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for _____.

what's true and real

QUIZ 9: Pascal says that if you bet that God exists, and he does in fact exist _____.

you win infinite happiness and lose nothing

MATCHING MIDTERM: "...an idea can be like nothing but an idea; a colour or ficure can be like nothing but another colour or figure. If we look but ever so little into our thoughts, we shall find it impossible for us to conceive a likeness except only between our ideas."

Berkley

QUIZ 6: Descartes believes that the very fact that he is thinking shows that __________.

He exists

QUIZ 2: What is Aristotles view of the possibility of immortality?

He rejects it

MATCHING MIDTERM: "When we look about us towards external objects, and consider the operation of causes, we are never able, in a single instance, to discover any power or necessary connection; and quality, which binds the effect to the cause, and reders the one an infallibe consequesnce of the other."

Hume

MATCHING MIDTERM: "Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind. It is, therefore, just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add to the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is, to bring them under concepts. These two power s or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise."

Kant

MATCHING MIDTERM: "...when our senses do actually convey into our understandings any idea, we cannot but be satisfied that there doth something at that time really exist without us. which doth affect our senses, and by them give notice of itselfto our apprehensive faculties, and actually produce that idea which we then perceive..."

Locke