Philosophy Final Exam 2016
All fruits have seeds. Tomatoes are fruits. Tomatoes have seeds. What type of deductive reasoning does the following argument in standard form illustrate? P1: All fruits have seeds. P2: Tomatoes are fruits. C: Tomatoes have seeds. Select one: a. Categorical Syllogism b. Dilemma Argument c. Valid Disjunctive Syllogism d. Modus Tollens
A
Determine whether the following deductive argument is valid or invalid. Some actors are rich. Some rich people are very tall. Therefore some actors are very tall. Select one: a. Invalid b. Valid
A
Determine whether the following deductive argument is valid or invalid. All dolphins are friendly. All golden retrievers are friendly. All dolphins are golden retrievers. Select one: a. Invalid b. Valid
A
Determine whether the following deductive argument is valid or invalid. Either you pay your student loans or your wages will be garnished by the government. If you pay your student loans you won't have any money left to eat. If your wages are garnished then you won't have any money left to eat. The conclusion is obvious. Select one: a. Valid b. Invalid
A
Determine whether the following deductive argument is valid or invalid. I'm either going to be late for final exams or I'm going to get a speeding ticket. If I'm late for my final I'll fail the class. If I get a speeding ticket my car insurance will double. So I'm either going to fail or pay twice as much for car insurance. Select one: a. Valid b. Invalid
A
Determine whether the following deductive argument is valid or invalid. I'm either going to be late for final exams or I'm going to get a speeding ticket. If I'm late for my final I'll fail the class. If I get a speeding ticket my car insurance will double. So I'm either going to fail the class or pay twice as much for my car insurance. Select one: a. Valid b. Invalid
A
Determine whether the following inductive argument is strong or weak. I've been losing at Blackjack all night long. Now it's time to bet even more because I'm due to start winning. Select one: a. Weak b. Strong
A
Determine whether the following inductive argument is strong or weak. My father-in-law is an engineer. He said that climate change is a government myth. So all this climate talk must be just garbage. Select one: a. Weak b. Strong
A
If you work hard, you'll be a success. And you're successful. So you must be a hard worker. What type of deductive reasoning does the following argument illustrate? P1: If you work hard, then you will be a success. P2: You are successful. C: You are a hard worker. Select one: a. Affirming the Consequent b. Modus Ponens ( Affirming the Antecedent ) c. Modus Tollens ( Denying the Consequent) d. Denying the Antecedent
A
If you work hard, you'll be a success. You don't work hard. You're not going to be successful. What type of of deductive reasoning does the following argument in standard form illustrate? P1: If you work hard, you will be a success. P2: You do not work hard. C: You are not going to be successful. Select one: a. Denying the Antecedent b. Modus Ponens ( Affirming the Antecedent ) c. Modus Tollens ( Denying the Consequent ) d. Affirming the Consequent
A
Is the following argument deductive or inductive? Either you buy me a new car or I will fail all my courses. You don't want me to fail all my courses. So, I guess we can go shopping for a new car on my birthday. Select one: a. Deductive b. Inductive
A
Is the following argument deductive or inductive? Finding a new significant other is similar to finding a parking space at school. A parking spot is hard to find and the good ones are usually taken but if I persevere I know I will eventually get one that is okay. Similarly in looking for a significant other they are also hard to find, the good ones are usually taken but if I persevere I am likely to find a new significant other who is okay. Select one: a. Inductive b. Deductive
A
Is the following argument deductive or inductive? I want to own a car that gets good gas mileage. My friend owns a Honda Accord and he gets really good gas mileage. If I buy a Honda Accord I should get good gas mileage too. Select one: a. Inductive b. Deductive
A
Is the following argument deductive or inductive? My grandmother has told me that ghosts exist. My grandmother always tells the truth. It must be the case that ghosts do indeed exist. Select one: a. Inductive b. Deductive
A
Is the following argument deductive or inductive? The Encyclopedia Britannica states that there are two hundred and six bones in the body. Therefore, there are two hundred and six bones in the body. Select one: a. Inductive b. Deductive
A
The main criticism of the pragmatic theory of truth is that it confuses truth with what is useful. Select one: a. True b. False
A
The text says that whatever truth is it must be property of what important logical concept? Select one: a. Statements b. What is c. The whole truth d. What is not
A
What did the German existentialist philosopher Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) think was the most fundamental question of metaphysics? Select one: a. Why is there something rather than nothing? b. Is a sucker born every minute? c. Why is there a lack of proof for everything? d. What came first the chicken or the egg?
A
What is the conclusion in the following argument? It's warm in Hawaii in July. It's warm in Hawaii in December. It must be warm in Hawaii all year round. Select one: a. It must be warm in Hawaii all year round. b. It's warm in Hawaii in December c. It's warm in Hawaii in July. d. It must be warm in California all year round.
A
What is the conclusion of the following argument? John played poker on Monday and he was a winner. John played poker on Wednesday and he was a winner. I think it is safe to say that we can expect that John will be a winner in the poker tournament on Friday. Select one: a. John will be a winner in the poker tournament on Friday. b. John has a gambling problem. c. John played poker on Monday and he was a winner. d. John played poker on Wednesday and he was a winner.
A
What is the premise in the following argument? Today is Monday, therefore tomorrow is Tuesday. Select one: a. Today is Monday b. Today is Tuesday c. Tomorrow is Tuesday d. Tomorrow is Monday
A
What law has the general form of Not both A and not A ? Select one: a. Law of Noncontradiction b. Law of Excluded Middle c. Law of Identity d. Law of Propaganda
A
Which philosopher below claims that a wise person proportions his/her beliefs to the evidence? Select one: a. David Hume b. Aristotle c. Parmenides d. William of Ockham
A
Why did Aristotle say that it was impossible to prove the fundamental laws of thought? Select one: a. Any attempt to prove these foundational laws would lead to an infinite regress. b. Aristotle said that it is possible and he has proved them. c. An attempt would be too difficult for one person to succeed. d. Aristotle gave no reason for his claim.
A
Select all the Inductive type arguments below. Select one or more: a. Prediction b. Argument based on Authority c. Hypothetical Syllogism d. Argument based on Definition
A, B
What are the premises of the following argument? Football is an extremely violent game. Football players often experience head injuries and concussions. Head injuries in children can lead to developmental disabilities. Therefore, if you want your children to remain healthy, don't let them play football. Select one or more: a. Head injuries in children can lead to developmental disabilities. b. Football is an extremely violent game. c. If you want your children to remain healthy, don't let them play football. d. Football players often experience head injuries and concussions.
A, B, D
Select all the Inductive type arguments below. Select one or more: a. Causal arguments b. Categorical Syllogism c. Argument based on Analogy d. Argument based on Math
A, C
What are the premises of the following argument? The bigger the burger the better the burger. The burgers are bigger at Burger King. (Burger King commercial) Select one or more: a. The burgers are bigger at Burger King. b. The burgers are better at Burger King. c. The bigger the burger the better the burger. d. The burgers are bigger at Jack in the Box
A, C
What are the premises of the following argument? The Encyclopedia Britannica states that there are two hundred and six bones in the body. The Encyclopedia Britannica is a reliable source. Therefore, there are two hundred and six bones in the body. Select one or more: a. The Encyclopedia Britannica states that there are two hundred and six bones in the body. b. Nobody knows for sure how many bones are in the body. c. The Encyclopedia Britannica is a reliable source. d. There are two hundred and six bones in the body.
A, C
Select all of the statements that are true below for an argument based on Analogy. Select one or more: a. Analogies always compare two different things. b. Analogies are a deductive type of argument c. Analogies that have two things in common will share similarity of features. d. Analogies will lead to a certain conclusion. e. Analogies are inductive arguments.
A, C, E
Determine whether the following deductive argument is valid or invalid. If Jacques Cousteau became President of the United States then the U.S. would finally have a sound environmental policy. The U.S. has a sound environmental policy. Jacques Cousteau must have won the presidential election. Select one: a. Valid b. Invalid
B
Determine whether the following deductive argument is valid or invalid. If you work hard, you'll be a success. And you're successful. So you must be a hard worker. Select one: a. Valid b. Invalid
B
Determine whether the following deductive argument is valid or invalid. No dogs are felines. All felines like meat. Therefore, No dogs like meat. Select one: a. Invalid b. Valid
B
Determine whether the following deductive argument is valid or invalid. Either we go to Yosemite or Yellowstone National Park on our vacation. We went to Yosemite. Therefore, we didn't go to Yellowstone. Select one: a. Valid b. Invalid
B
Determine whether the following inductive argument is strong or weak. Only 17% of Californians smoke. Hannah was born and raised in San Diego. So she probably doesn't smoke. Select one: a. Weak b. Strong
B
Determine whether the following inductive argument is strong or weak. Studying philosophy is a lot like jogging in quicksand. It's hard to make rapid progress without extreme effort and you're quickly in over your head. Select one: a. Weak b. Strong
B
Determine whether the following inductive argument is strong or weak. There were a large number of SUV rollover accidents because of defective tires. Apparently, at high speeds the treads separated from the tires and the tire essentially exploded. Select one: a. Weak b. Strong
B
Determine whether the following inductive argument is strong or weak. When I got off the plane in Paris, the Air France flight attendant in the terminal was impatient and rude. Those French people are all so rude. Select one: a. Strong b. Weak
B
Determine whether the following inductive argument is strong or weak. You shouldn't buy a cat as a pet. Once you buy one you'll buy another. Soon you'll have so many cats that your house will be overrun with them and animal control will have to come to your house to confiscate them. So don't get a cat. Select one: a. Strong b. Weak
B
Either you're going to be a computer programmer or a poet. You just got a job as a computer programmer. Therefore you're not a poet. What type of of deductive reasoning does the following argument in standard form illustrate? P1: Either you're going to be a computer programmer or a poet. P2: You just got a job as a computer programmer. C: You are not a poet. Select one: a. Dilemma Reasoning b. Failed Disjunctive Syllogism c. Disjunctive Syllogism d. Affirming the Consequent
B
If you work hard, you'll be a success. And you're a hard worker. So you'll be a success What type of deductive reasoning does the following argument illustrate? P1: If you work hard, then you will be a success. P2: You are a hard worker. C: You will be a success. Select one: a. Affirming the Consequent b. Modus Ponens ( Affirming the Antecedent ) c. Modus Tollens ( Denying the Consequent ) d. Denying the Antecedent
B
In discussing George Washington in the text, what common myth was challenged by Reductio ad Absurdum? Select one: a. The myth that George Washington never told a lie b. The myth that George Washington had wooden false teeth. c. The myth that George Washington was the first president d. The myth that George Washington was assassinated.
B
In the Introduction of the Critical Thinking text, what does the text say is best thought of as a skill rather than an innate talent? Select one: a. Learning a language b. Critical Thinking c. Music d. Art
B
Is the following argument deductive or inductive? Either Mario does his share of the cleaning or I'm kicking him out of the house. Mario never cleans and never will. That's it! He's outta here! Select one: a. Inductive b. Deductive
B
Is the following argument deductive or inductive? Getting a diploma is a lot like getting a tattoo. Once you have it you'll never get rid of it. Select one: a. Deductive b. Inductive
B
Is the following argument deductive or inductive? No Charger fans are Raider fans and Dennis loves the Raiders. He's a Charger hater. Select one: a. Inductive b. Deductive
B
Is the following argument inductive or deductive? If you act badly, then you won't get any presents on your birthday. You didn't get any presents on your birthday. You must have misbehaved. Select one: a. Inductive b. Deductive
B
Is the following argument inductive or deductive? No vegetarians eat meat. Rich eats chicken. So Rich isn't a vegetarian. Select one: a. Inductive b. Deductive
B
Molly is either going to marry John or Martin. John just married Rosemary. So, I guess Molly is marrying Martin. What type of of deductive reasoning does the following argument in standard form illustrate? P1: Molly is either going to marry John or Martin. P2: Molly did not marry John ( John married Rosemary ). C: Molly is marrying Martin. Select one: a. Disjunctive Syllogism b. Dilemma Reasoning c. Affirming the Consequent d. Failed Disjunctive Syllogism
B
Select the answers below that describe the different ways that causal reasoning can proceed. Select one or more: a. A causal argument can proceed with the effect being the premise and the conclusion being the effect. b. A causal argument may proceed with a premise being the cause and the conclusion being the effect. c. A causal argument can proceed with the effect being the premise and the conclusion being the cause. d. A causal argument can proceed with the premise being the cause and the conclusion being the cause.
B
The Correspondence theory is associated and approved of by Aristotle Select one: a. False b. True
B
What do we know about an inconsistent set of statements? Select one: a. We know that all the statements are false b. We know that at least one statement is false. c. We know that all the statements are true. d. We know that the argument is valid
B
What philosopher mentioned in the text put forth the earliest version of the principle of Identity? Select one: a. Heraclitus b. Parmenides c. William of Ockham d. David Hume
B
What principle from the laws of thought chapter is important in premise five of the Reductio argument? Select one: a. Law of Identity b. Law of Non-contradiction c. Principle of Sufficient reason d. Hume's Law
B
What principle, according to the text, can be seen as the most basic principle of scientific investigation? Select one: a. The law of Propaganda b. The principle of Sufficient Reason c. Ockham's Razor d. Hume's Law
B
What term below connects premises and conclusion by a relationship? Select one: a. Premise indicator words. b. Inference c. Enthymemes d. Conclusion Indicator words
B
What are the premises of the following argument? I think that the Charger's new draft pick should really help the team. He was a star in high school and college and was selected as the best player in the country. Select one or more: a. I think that the Charger's new draft pick should really help the team. b. The Charger's new draft pick was a star in high school and college. c. The Charger's new draft pick was selected as the best player in the country. d. I think the Chargers are a bunch of losers.
B, C
Select all the deductive type arguments below. Select one or more: a. Argument from Authority Incorrect b. Argument based on Math c. Argument based on Signs d. Disjunctive syllogism
B, D
Select all the deductive type arguments below. Select one or more: a. Prediction b. Hypothetical syllogism c. Analogy d. Argument based on Definition
B, D
What are the premise of the following argument? Everybody needs milk. You are somebody. So, you should drink milk. Select one or more: a. If you don't like milk, then don't drink it. b. You are somebody. c. You should drink milk. d. Everybody needs milk.
B, D
Consider the following "Reductio" partial reasoning: What would be "P5" in the next step of the " Reductio" proof? P1: Suppose that Chris is a male P2: If Chris is a male, then he would have an X sex chromosome and a Y sex chromosome. P3: It is not the case that Chris has an X sex chromosome and a Y sex chromosome. P4: Chris is not a male Select one: a. P5: Chris is a male or Chris is not a male b. P5: Chris is obviously a lady c. P5: Chris is a male and Chris is not a male d. P5: Chris should be disqualified from the competition
C
Consider the following "Reductio" partial reasoning: What would be "P5" in the next step of the proof? P1: Suppose that Chris is a female P2: If Chris is a female, then she would have two X sex chromosomes. P3: Chris does not have two X sex chromosomes P4: Chris is not a female Select one: a. P5: Chris is a female or Chris is not a female b. P5: Chris is obviously a dude c. P5: Chris is a female and Chris is not a female d. P5: Chris should be disqualified from the competition
C
Either you like American Idol or you like X Factor. You like American Idol. It follows that you don't like X Factor. What type of of deductive reasoning does the following argument in standard form illustrate? P1: Either you like American Idol or you like X Factor. P2: You like American Idol. C: You do not like X Factor. Select one: a. Affirming the Consequent b. Dilemma Reasoning c. Failed Disjunctive Syllogism d. Disjunctive Syllogism
C
If you work hard, you'll be a success. You're not a success. You don't work hard. What type of of deductive reasoning does the following argument in standard form illustrate? P1: If you work hard, then you will be a success. P2: You are not a success. C: You did not work hard. Select one: a. Denying the Antecedent b. Modus Ponens ( Affirming the Antecedent ) c. Modus Tollens ( Denying the Consequent ) d. Affirming the Consequent
C
No dogs are felines. Binky is a dog, so she's not a feline. What type of deductive reasoning does the following argument illustrate? P1: No dogs are felines. P2: Binky is a dog, so C: Binky is not a feline. Select one: a. Invalid Categorical Syllogism Reasoning b. Invalid Disjunctive Reasoning c. Valid Categorical Syllogism Reasoning d. Valid Hypothetical Reasoning
C
Some actors are rich. Some rich people are very tall. Therefore some actors are very tall. What type of of deductive reasoning does the following argument in standard form illustrate? P1: Some actors are rich. P2: Some rich people are very tall. C: Some actors are very tall. Select one: a. Hypothetical Reasoning b. Dilemma Reasoning c. Categorical Syllogism Reasoning d. Disjunctive Reasoning
C
The text says that Critical Thinking is analogous to other types of skills that needs refinement. What are the two occupations that are used in the analogy? Select one: a. A baseball or basketball player b. A race car driver and a clown c. A Film or Food critic d. The text says that Critical Thinking is unique unlike other activities
C
What american philosopher was an advocate of the pragmatic theory of truth? Select one: a. John Usefulness b. Mary Truthful c. William James d. Robert Pragmatism
C
What is the conclusion of the following argument? If I studied really hard, then I would have passed this class. I failed. Therefore, I didn't study really hard. Select one: a. I will have to take the class next semester. b. If I studied really hard, then I would have passed this class. c. I didn't study really hard. d. I failed the class.
C
What is the conclusion of the following argument? We are driving on the freeway and the sign says that Las Posas Road is in two miles. Consequently Las Posas road is in two miles. Select one: a. We are driving on the freeway and the sign says that Twin Oaks Road is in two miles. b. We are driving on the freeway and the sign says that Las Posas Road is in two miles. c. Las Posas road is in two miles. d. Las Posas Road has been closed for repairs.
C
What is the conclusion of the following argument? The Encyclopedia Britannica states that there are two hundred and six bones in the body. Therefore, there are two hundred and six bones in the body. Select one: a. Wikipedia states that there are two hundred and six bones in the body. b. The Encyclopedia Britannica states that there are two hundred and six bones in the body. c. There are two hundred and six bones in the body. d. No one knows for sure how many bones are in the body.
C
What is the rule of logic that allows you to form a new statement in a Reductio proof combining two previous statements with the word "and." Select one: a. Modus Ponens b. Disjunction c. Conjunction d. Modus Tollens
C
What is the second Step in a Reductio Ad Absurdum Reasoning? Select one: a. You assume the opposite of what you are trying to prove. b. You draw a Modus Tollens inference from a conditional premise and another premise in the Reductio argument. c. You construct a conditional statement using the hypothetical statement as your antecedent. d. You form a contradiction from your hypothetical assumption and your inference from Modus Tollens. e. You deny the consequent of the conditional statement premise.
C
What are the different names of the word "or" that were discussed in section two of chapter one? Select one or more: a. Outstanding sense of "or" b. Flexible sense of "or" c. Inclusive sense of "or" d. Exclusive sense of "or"
C, D
Select all the correct statements that apply to disjunctive syllogisms below. Select one or more: a. A disjunctive syllogism will include at least one premise that is an if- then type statement. b. A disjunctive syllogism is an inductive argument. c. A disjunctive syllogism will have two premises and one conclusion. d. A disjunctive syllogism is a deductive type argument. e. A disjunctive statement will include at least one statement that is an either - or type statement.
C, D, E
Consider the following Inductive arguments in terms of both strength and cogency. You shouldn't put Coca Cola in your car's radiator to cool it down because all of the sugar in it will corrode your engine. Select one: a. Strong and Uncogent b. Weak and Cogent c. Strong but unable to determine Cogency given the information d. Strong and Cogent e. Weak and Uncogent
D
Determine what kind of Inductive reasoning is illustrated below. The last time the moon was full I got into an auto accident. So I'm never going to drive when the moon is full ever again. Select one: a. Argument based on Signs b. Argument from Authority c. Inductive Generalization d. Causal Reasoning e. Prediction f. Argument from Analogy
D
If Jacques Cousteau became President of the United States then the U.S. would finally have a sound environmental policy. The U.S. has a sound environmental policy. Jacques Cousteau must have won the presidential election. What type of deductive reasoning does the following argument in standard form illustrate? P1: If Jacques Cousteau became President of the United States then the U.S. would finally have a sound environmental policy. P2: The U.S. has a sound environmental policy. C: Jacques Cousteau must have won the presidential election. Select one: a. Modus Ponens ( Affirming the Antecedent ) b. Modus Tollens ( Denying the Consequent) c. Denying the Antecedent d. Affirming the Consequent
D
If there is no evidence or there is conflicting evidence, what would David Hume's Law suggest in regards to judgment? Select one: a. Hume's Law would suggest one should accept the one he or she likes best. b. Hume's Law would not suggest anything in this situation. c. Hume's Law would suggest one should reject any judgment. d. Hume's Law would suggest one should withhold judgment
D
What argument below is not an Inductive argument? Select one: a. Inductive Generalization b. Argument based on signs c. Prediction d. Categorical Syllogism
D
What is a criticism of the Correspondence theory of truth? Select one: a. A criticism of this theory of truth is that it appears to abandon the idea of truth altogether and substitute in its place the idea of being useful. b. This theory does not generate any criticisms. c. Multiple coherent belief systems are possible and that often two or more hypotheses will account for the facts. d. One criticism is that there is no clear way to match up statements to reality.
D
What philosopher is famous for giving the definition of man as: " Man is a rational animal." Select one: a. Rene Descartes b. Socrates c. David Hume d. Aristotle
D
What statement below would be a self-contradiction? Select one: a. Pigs can fly on airplanes b. Pigs can fly c. Pigs cannot fly on airplanes d. Pigs can fly and pigs cannot fly
D
What theory of truth maintains that a belief or statement is true when it coheres (that is, is consistent with) a larger body of beliefs? Select one: a. Pragmatic Theory b. Correspondence Theory c. Rational Theory d. Coherence Theory
D
What type of deductive reasoning does the following argument in standard form illustrate? P1: We either go to Yosemite National Park or we go to Yellowstone National Park. P2: We didn't go to Yosemite National Park. C: We went to Yellowstone National Park. Select one: a. Failed Disjunctive Syllogism b. Dilemma Reasoning c. Affirming the Consequent d. Valid Disjunctive Syllogism
D
Determine what kind of Inductive reasoning is illustrated below. The sign says, "Over one billion served." So let's not eat there because the chef is probably really tired. Select one: a. Argument from Analogy b. Argument from Authority c. Inductive Generalization d. Prediction e. Causal Reasoning f. Argument based on Signs
F
A conclusion is a statement that provides evidence or reasons for the premise or premises.
False
Heraclitus was the first philosopher to state the principle of identity. Select one: True False
False
If we know that an inductive argument is strong, then we know also that it is cogent. Select one: True False
False
A self contradiction is an important part of a Reductio ad Absurdum type argument Select one: True False
True
According to the Critical Thinking text Introduction, critical thinking will help you become a better student and will have a positive influence on your academic success. (True or False)
True
All cogent arguments have true premises. Select one: True False
True
An inconsistent set of statement has at least one false statement in the set. Select one: True False
True
Euclid using the Reductio Ad Absurdum argument proved that the square root of two is an Irrational number. Select one: True False
True
Every argument has at least one premise and one conclusion.
True
If an inductive argument is strong and we know that the premises are true, then the argument must be cogent. Select one: True False
True
The Critical Thinking text claims that it is an important skill to be able to control one's emotions, especially when arguing about controversial topics. (True or False)
True
The practice of putting an argument in standard form helps in making the argument easier to understand. (True or False)
True
The principle of sufficient reason implies that nothing is without a reason for its being as it is. Select one: True False
True
Determine whether the following deductive argument is valid or invalid. If you work hard, you'll be a success. You don't work hard. You're not going to be successful. Select one: a. Invalid b. Valid
a