Philosophy Final Exam Review!!!!!

Kant asserts, _____.

Ch.22 Though all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it all arises out of experience.

How does Kierkegaard describe individual human existence?

Ch.26&27 Concrete " my existence can't be simply thought, it must be lived."

Trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.

False Dilemma

Locke argues against _____.

innate ideas

Heraclitus' central idea is the _____.

logos

Berkeley insists that heat and cold are

only sensations existing in our minds

Anselm advances a version of the _____ argument.

ontological

Augustine argues for degrees of reality, which reflects the influence of _____ on his thought.

Plato

Material, Efficient, Formal, Final

Aristotle's 4 causes

was water

Ch. 2 Thales' universe

The most powerful trend in the Medieval period was _____.

Ch. 8,9, & 10 the rise of Christianity

our senses often deceive us.

Ch.15 Descartes on sensations

According to Hume, _____ alone renders our experience useful to us.

Custom

The _____ cause explains ("that for the sake of which") why something is the way it is by citing the structure.

Formal

T/F Socrates did not develop written forms of his teachings.

True

Maximize pleasure, happiness is the only intrinsic good.

Utilitarianism and hedonism

Thales' great contribution to philosophy and science is (are) his _____, whereby he sought natural and simple explanations for natural phenomena.

Method

Ethics

the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions

Berkeley asserts that existing and perceiving are _____.

one and the same thing

Socrates lead a ________ lifestyle

Simple

Plato argues that the soul is

Immortal

Socratic Method

It involves question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth.

Unethical

Kant on lying

Phenomena= what we know of the world. Noumena= beyond what we know

Kant's noumena and phenomena

Plato _____ Protagoras' position

Utterly rejects

Aristotle says that virtue is _____.

a mean lying between two vices.

Trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support. example: It is what it is.

begging the question

Parmenides argues that reality consists of _____

the One

In Plato's __________ , the prisoners did not believe plato that there was more other than shadows etc

Allegory of the cave

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.

An unhealthy soul

Descartes had been disillusioned by his discovery that many of the alleged truths learned in his youth were _____.

False

Matter, which refers to the common "stuff" that makes up the material universe

Aristotle on matter

Syllogism is the heart of _______________.

Aristotle's' Logical system

Confessions, on the trinity, the city of god

Augustine writings

The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and _____.

Ch. 1 logic

Plato's school was called the Academy, having been located outside the city walls in a grove.

Ch.3 Plato's school

Lyceum

Ch.5 Aristotle's school

prisoners will be set free, shadows sensory forms outside/intellectual

Characters, Meaning

The rule of logic stating , a mode of reasoning from a hypothetical proposition. Example: if A is true, therefore B is true: but B is false therefore A is false.

Define Modus Tollens

Knowledge gained independently of or before sense experience is called _____.

Define a priori knowledge

The study of the nature of reality

Define metaphysics

That which initiates or is the source of a change is called the _____ cause.

Efficient

That for which a thing is, is called the _____ cause.

Final

Plato calls the objectively real, eternal, and abstract entities that serve as models or universals of higher knowledge, _____.

Form

Socrates method shows a belief in a connection between virtue and ______.

Knowledge

Men have a right of nature to do whatever they want in order to survive, so they compete against each other all the time, and this creates conflict.

Man's rights in Hobbes' state of nature

That out of which something is, is called the _____ cause.

Material

_____ means creation out of nothing.

Ex nihilo

Aquinas developed what is now known as _____.

Natural law theory

God lost its creative force "god is dead"

Nietzsche on God

Kant proposes that _____ conforms to ____.

Objects conform to the mind

Neoplatonism is the philosophical view consisting of a blend of _____.

Plato's metaphysics and other nonmaterialist or religious ideas.

Dialogue platonic dialectic (conversation)

Plato's style of writing

"Man is the measure of all things".

Protagoras' motto

Plato reasons that, if truth is objective, it must also be about _____.

Real things

The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.

Socrates motto

The ______ is used to expose errors in ethical thinking.

Socratic method

Misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed.

Straw man fallacy

Hume divides propositions in those reflecting _____.

relations of ideas, and matters of fact

Locke claims that _____ are nothing in the objects themselves.

secondary qualities

Arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome.

slippery slope argument

Aristotle asserts that _____ consist(s) of form plus essence, and matter.

substance

Kant wants to know how _____ knowledge is possible in metaphysics.

synthetic a priori

The will to power is, according to Nietzsche, _____

the fundamental nature of existence as a drive to control and dominate.

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to _____.

the soul

Deontology

the study of the nature of duty and obligation.

Moral Relativism

The view that there is no absolute or universal moral law or truth, resulting in a morality determined by cultural factors or personal preference.

Kant says that when trying to decide whether an action is morally permissible, we must ask if we can consistently will that the maxim of our action should become _____.

Universal law

_____ holds that right actions are those that result in the most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved.

Utilitarianism

"a state of character." A morally good person is not simply one who performs morally right actions but one who has developed a habit or disposition to do what is right. Overall goal is happiness, living thru virtue, through practice, mature, reason. vs. vice... vice is anything excess

Virtue and vice's relationship

Anaximander contends that everything came from a formless, imperishable substance called _____.

aperiron

Plato's tripartite soul is constituted by _____, _____, and _____.

appetite; spirit; reason

Aquinas's "Five Ways" include the _____

argument from motion

Democritus' atomism theory includes the view that reality consists of _____ and the void.

atom

According to Aristotle substance is

being

Descartes declares that an evil demon _____.

deceiving him

According to Mill, to determine whether one pleasure is more valuable than another, we must _____.

determine which pleasure most experienced people prefer.

Anselm's argument associates perfection with _____.

divine existence.

Descartes says that, for all he knows, he may be _____

dreaming

Locke asserts that all the components of reason and knowledge come from _____.

experience

A teleological argument reasons _____.

from apparent signs of design or purposeful creation in the world to the existence of a supreme designer.

An ontological argument reasons _____.

from the concept of God to the existence of God.

A cosmological argument reasons _____.

from the existence of the universe or cosmos to the existence of God.

According to Augustine's hierarchy of being, _____.

goodness correlates to reality

Descartes reasons that the very fact that he is thinking shows that _____.

he exists

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by lack of _____.

knowledge

The study of correct reasoning

logic

A truth that could not have been false is a _____.

necessary truth.

Kierkegaard laments that society has replaced individuals with _____.

people who have "forgotten what it means to exist".

Locke says that a _____ is one that is utterly inseparable from a body.

primary

Augustine calls evil _____.

privation of good

Existence precedes essence Sartre claims that human beings are _____. radically free. Sartre asserts, _____. "We are condemned to be free".

radically free. We are condemned to be free".

Descartes argues against trusting the senses on the grounds that _____.

they sometimes deceive him

According to Hobbes, whenever and wherever men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, there is _____.

war

The study of knowledge.

Define epistomology

Descartes declares that he is _____.

A thing that thinks

"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short."

Hobbe's state of nature

Leviathan

Hobbe's writings

The breaking of a contract.

Hobbes' definition of injustice

Must get to the truth, we must go around the false certitudes of custom, tradition, and superstition and let reason be our guide.

How to have a good soul