Philosophy Midterm

The doctrine of The Golden Mean states that

A virtue lies between two vices.

Glaucon's story of Gyges' ring is meant to show that

All people believe in their hearts that injustice is more profitable than justice.

For Socrates the good of the soul is attained only through an uncompromising search for _____.

truth and understanding

Socrates is on trial for

Being impious and corrupting the youth.

A person who is "continent," according to Aristotle, is

Experiencing conflict between actions and feelings.

Glaucon thinks that a man's getting away with injustice makes him worse.

False

In the Republic, Plato argues that all the prisoners in the cave will eventually see daylight.

False

King accepts a "mythical concept of time" according to which time itself will right all wrongs.

False

King advocates the breaking of unjust laws by any means.

False

King advocates the overthrow of the U.S. government.

False

Plato argues that the prisoners in the cave can never be enlightened.

False

Plato maintains that personal freedom is more important than wisdom.

False

Plato thinks that only the rich and powerful can be enlightened.

False

Socrates believes that it pays for a man to be perfectly unjust if he appears to be just.

False

Nussbaum would promote colleges' and universities' in the United States embrace of the ideal of educating students

For citizenship and life generally.

Why doesn't Socrates try to gain sympathy from his jury?

He believes he should only be acquitted on the basis of justice and the law.

The second capacity Nussbaum discusses is for seeing oneself not as citizens of a local region, but instead as

Human beings first and foremost, who recognize their own culture as one among others.

What kind of good does Socrates agree justice is?

It's desirable both for its own sake AND for the results which flow from it.

The first capacity Nussbaum discusses is for "living the examined life." This means

Learning to think critically about one's own traditions.

According to Nussbaum, why does education need to be different in today's world?

Many pressing problems now require cross-cultural understanding.

At his trial, Socrates cross-examines _____.

Meletus

King sought "to create ... such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to... just as ______ felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind [to] help men rise."

Socrates

In the Apology, Meletus's self-contradiction is that

Socrates is guilty of not believing in the gods, but believing in the gods.

After being condemned to death, what is Socrates' prophecy?

That killing him will only bring more critics like him

Why does Socrates take himself to be wiser than the people he interviews?

They think they know things they don't actually know, and he doesn't.

Why doesn't Socrates try to avoid death at his trial?

Though he doesn't know whether death will be bad, he knows abandoning his stand for philosophy would be bad, and he would rather act justly.

According to Socrates, we should always consider in doing anything whether we are doing right or wrong.

True

King admits to being an extremist.

True

King believes that no group of people will remain oppressed forever.

True

King sees himself as walking a middle path between violence and complacency.

True

Plato distinguishes between appearance and reality.

True

Plato thinks that few people have insight into what's real.

True

Plato thinks that the prisoners are deluded.

True

Socrates believes that being good is good for you.

True

Socrates thought that our main duty is the perfection of our souls.

True

The Allegory of the Cave reminds us that people will often prefer comfortable commonplace assumptions to the deeper, sometimes unsettling understanding derived from philosophy.

True

The Allegory of the Cave suggests that there is a difference between knowledge and mere belief.

True

Why does Nussbaum say it's very useful to learn to inquire into much more depth into at least one unfamiliar culture?

We need to learn the kind of ignorance we have.

In the interview, Nussbaum's main idea is

What a good citizen needs to know in a multicultural world.

According to Socrates, the man who is worth anything considers what?

Whether he's acting rightly.

Does King advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?

Yes, and one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.

According to Aristotle, happiness is:

a life lived according to virtue.

Aristotle describes each virtue as

a mean or middle ground.

Socrates considers himself

a philosophical gadfly to the state

In Aristotle's view, the virtues are:

acquired through habit.

Which does King not identify as a concrete phenomenon in virtue of which it's difficult for the long-oppressed to accept that they should continue waiting for the political process to recognize their constitutional rights?

actually, King identifies each of these as making it difficult to continue waiting for the political process to recognize constitutional rights

Socrates tells us

all of these.

Who, in Plato's Allegory of the Cave, are the people sitting in the cave?

all of us

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.

an unhealthy soul

One of the official charges against Socrates is _____.

believing in new deities

Glaucon argues that the unjust life is

better than the just life.

King's definition of civil disobedience includes

both breaking unjust laws, and accepting the penalty.

Aristotle divides the virtues into:

character virtues and intellectual virtues.

One of the official charges against Socrates is _____.

corrupting the youth

According to King, "the very purpose of direct action" is to

create enough tension to force a return to negotiation.

Socrates employed _____ in his interactions.

cross-questioning / question and answer

Socrates hoped that death is a good thing because it is

either an opportunity to examine people, and like a deep sleep.

King holds that one who breaks the law and accepts the penalties in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice

expresses the highest respect for law.

Glaucon tries to show that compared with the seemingly unjust but actually just man, the seemingly just but actually unjust man is

happier.

Aristotle's concept of eudaimonia means

happiness

Socrates believes

he is the gift of the gods to Athens.

At his trial, Socrates declares that _____.

he will not stop philosophizing

Socrates says that the accusations against him arose from resentment over

his penetrating examination of people's beliefs.

Gyges did whatever he wanted because

his ring let him get away with what he did without danger of punishment.

Socrates professes _____.

ignorance

In the analogy of the Sun, the good is to the ______ world what the sun is to the_______ world:

intellectual/visible.

Socrates thinks

it is better for him to die; and it's really not that bad an outcome.

Socrates claimed that for the jury to sentence him to death would be to harm themselves more than him because

it would be unjust.

Socrates asks the Athenian jury to _____.

listen to his words and arguments

Socrates suggested that he be sentenced to

living expenses paid by the state.

When Socrates searched for a man who was wiser than he was, he found that

many who thought they were wise were not wise at all

Socrates claimed he did not accept _____ for teaching.

money

Aristotle states that if we ask what the highest good of human action is:

nearly everyone agrees that it is happiness.

According to Socrates, the Delphic oracle declared that

no one is wiser than Socrates.

The Oracle at Delphi declared _____.

no one was wiser than Socrates

The Allegory of the Cave suggests that the truth is

not always obvious.

Socrates accuses his judges of _____.

not attending to the health of their souls

For Socrates, an unexamined life is

not worth living.

In Aristotle's terminology, "incontinence" is when:

one knows that one's actions are wrong, but does them anyway.

What do the shadows on the cave wall represent?

ordinary people's ignorance-infused views of the world

In Plato's Republic, after viewing the Sun, the philosopher returns to the cave

reluctantly

A preoccupation with _____ is a clear indication, according to Socrates, that one's soul is unhealthy.

reputation

At the end of the Apology, Socrates asks those who condemned him for a favor, _____.

scold his sons for neglecting important things

Socrates claims that nothing is more important than caring for one's _____.

soul

According to Aristotle, we should begin ethical inquiry by specifying:

the aim of human life.

Plato's Allegory of the Cave can be seen as a metaphor for

the ascent of the soul into the intellectual world.

What does the sun outside the cave represent?

the idea of good

When an enlightened one returns to the cave, Plato says such a person will be

"blind and bewildered about cave life" and "yearning to return to the upper world"

For Socrates, an unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in harm to _____.

the soul

Socrates interprets the Oracle's message to mean that _____.

the wisest are those who know that they know nothing

In his Allegory of the Cave, Plato advances the notion that ___________.

there are two realms: one of change and becoming, the other of being and eternal truth

What do the objects observed outside the cave represent?

things as they really are, grasped in the light of reason

In the Allegory of the Cave, the reaction of the prisoners to the enlightened one is

to revile him as ridiculous.

Socrates claims that _____ is not to be feared.

death

Socrates claims to be a _____ for Athens' sake.

gadfly

Glaucon says that the perfectly unjust man is one who

seems just but is unjust.

Socrates admits

that the Oracle said he, Socrates, is wisest.

How does Plato characterize the "good"? It

All of these

Socrates thought that the primary occupation of a good citizen should be the pursuit of wealth and prestige.

False

Socrates wrote several classic dialogues.

False

The freed prisoner does not feel obligated to enlighten the others living in ignorance.

False

The third ability that Nussbaum discusses is that of "cultivating imagination." What does she mean by this?

Imagining yourself in the shoes of someone different from yourself.

According to Nussbaum, the capacity for seeing beyond our local region is important because

Many contemporary problems call on us to understand people who are different.

Socrates preferred banishment to death.

False

Socrates thinks that all people are corrupt.

False

Plato's allegory reminds us that widely accepted opinions can be

wrong.

Socrates tells the Athenians

all of these.

In the Apology, Socrates declares _____.

"the unexamined life is not worth living"

According to Socrates, why does he go around examining the people of Athens?

Because he is obeying the god.

King addresses himself to

Critical clergymen.

The examined life is important because

Democracy needs citizens who think for themselves.

According to Socrates, he has a

Divine sign that speaks to him.

In living the examined life, one must

Test traditional beliefs for consistent reasoning and correctness of fact.

King believes that

The civil rights activists should be protected.

Virtue ethics is based on

The development of a person's character.

In Plato's Republic, what does the sun outside the cave represent?

The good

Gyges uses the ring to escape the laws and morals of society and to serve his greed.

True

Socrates claims that the people chained in the cave are

like ourselves.