Philosophy Midterm
Explain supervenience physicalism.
-Comes from the author daniel stoljar. If you want to understand physicalism is you have to understand superconvience. You most understand dot matrix. If you had a dot for dot identical image, then you would have the same image. Our physical universe is the same structure but with atoms. Everything in the universe is the byproduct of the atoms in the world.
Explain Parfit's view about what makes a human life go best.
-Desire-fulfillment theory: the best life is the one where you get all of your desires over the course of your life, getting more and more of your desires means a better life. -The Objective List theory: There are certain things that are just good for people, or bad for them and it's an objective fact what are the good things or bad things. So, you should just try to get the objectively good things, even if you don't desire them. -Parfit merges these two things into one: The right view is make yourself desire the things on the objective list and then to fulfill those. That's what you do. You will both check off the things on that list but you'll also fulfill your desires because now we are making your desires coincide with the list.
31. Discuss Singer's response to 2 of the differences between killing and failing to assist.
-Difference in motivation: people who kill want to cause harm -It's not hard to avoid killing, but it is very hard to save all the lives you can -Difference of certainty of the outcome (drunk driver vs malicious intent driver) -Identifiability of the victim -You can always say it's not my fault that they are poor
What does Sartre mean when he says each individual man is responsible for creating all of humanity?
"Each man by creating their own essence creates all of mankind": You think of yourself as a model for all of humanity. Every decision you make must be something you believe is the best and what everyone else should do. For example, you deciding to dye your hair purple or eat pasta for lunch must mean, since you believe whatever you do is the best thing to do because you want to obviously be and do the best, that you believe everyone else should dye their hair purple and eat pasta for lunch. You think of yourself as a model of good life).
Explain Sartre's statement that 'we are condemned to be free'.
"Optimistic Toughness' This is an ironic phrase. You create your own essence. But according to this view, there is no objective fact of how your essence should go because you choose (subjectively) the way you live. There's no reason for the right or wrong choice - it's just a matter of your preference. We are forced to make choices without any guidance, therefore we have forced free will even if we do not necessarily want it. We can be anything except for not be free of responsibility, with freedom of life.
Explain the idea that death is a misfortune but not prenatal non-existence.
"Why would it be such a bad thing to not exist in the future if nobody cares they didn't exist in the past? No one has fear, dread, or anxiety thinking they didn't exist in the past, but when you look ahead you feel a sense of dread that you won't exist then." The past of nonexistence is fine, but the future of death is scary. This is because life is in the middle. Pre-natal non-existent you didn't know what life entailed and had never experienced the goods of life because you didn't exist. After living life, losing all of that is terrifying. If a person has not yet been sexually conceived, then theres no person yet to pity or think badly about not existing. So, there's nothing that's lost or deprived of an individual that has never existed yet. But there of course is, if you have existence.
20. how is the actual world not appropriate an expression of God's intentions according to Everitt?
****Because there is evil in the world that we live in today. *****
2. Explain the method of argument known as 'reductio ad absurdum'.
-assume the opposites of the statement that is true, and then show that it leads to something absurd ie. someone thinks its not monday — okay lets assume it isn't Monday. Used by Anselm's Ontological Argument, when he says lets assume that the god does not exist in the body. Well god is the greatest concieveable being so it has to be true.
23.Explain a basic criticism of utilitarianism other than "theory fit for swine"
-its too demanding -there isn't enough time -sometimes subordinate principles must be broken in circumstances (don't lie, don't cheat, don't steal)
30.explain the two possible differences between killing and failing to assist.
1, MOTIVATION of the person I not aiming at the desire to kill INTENT 2, CERTAINTY of the outcome. 3, IDENTIFYABILITY OF THE VICTUM. We cannot trace people back to you. Just because you did not donate, doesn't mean you were the killing 4, it is not my fault that people are poor in this world. Killing people is definitely on me, but starving people are not the result of my wrongdoing. Difference of motive — drunk driver vs homosuicdal driver, one persons motive is to hit people, other person's goal is to get home without using a Lyft. Certainty of the outcome, more certain to hit people is the homosucidal driver. The drunk driver may hit a person because of their state, but does not mean to
28.Explain Singer's argument that we have a moral obligation to assist the global poor
1, a bad things should be prevented when you can, without having to make a big sacrifice 2, a bad thing in this world is ABSOLUTE POVERTY, We can help absolute poverty with some sacrifice (a little larger sacrifice) so we should do it. 3, in case a person sees a drowning child out of a body of water. Even if you are wearing your favorite pants, for example, and you have to ruin them then you must still do it. there is enough money in the world to help everyone
1. Describe Anselms Ontological Argument
1. God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived. (Definition) 2. God exists in the mind, but not in reality. (Premise to be reduced to absurdity) 3. Existence in reality is greater than existence in the understanding alone. (Premise) 4. It is conceivable that God exists in reality. (Premise) 5. It is conceivable that there is a being greater than God. (Follows from 2, 3, and 4)
13.Explain Nagel's 'problem of evil'
1. IF GOD EXISTED THERE WOUL DBE NO EVIL 2. BUT THERE IS EVIL IN THE WORLD Therefore, god exists.
3. Explain Gaunilo's example of the 'lost island'
1. The Lost Island is that than which no greater island can be conceived. (Definition) 2. The Lost Island exists in the mind, but not in reality. (Premise to be reduced to absurdity) 3. Existence in reality is greater than existence in the understanding alone. (Premise) 4. it is conceivable that the Lost Island exists in reality. (Premise) 5. It is conceivable that there is an island greater than the Lost Island. (Follows from 2, 3, and 4)
18. Provide three reasons that god's hiddenness is a disadvantage according to Mckim.
1. makes it harder for people to believe in god 2. makes it harder for people to have a close personal relationship to god 3. makes it harder for people to devote themselves to god. 4. creates social conflict and disagreement 5. allows con artists and frauds to operate
Explain Turing's views on whether machines can think.
1950" 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence' Turing believes that in 100 years, machines may have consciousness. Imitation Game Example: A person behind a wall is trying to figure out which of the two responders on the other side of the wall, a man and a woman, is the woman. The male responder tries to fool the guesser. NOW, switch is up so a person behind a wall trying to figure out which of the two responders, a person and a computer, is the person. The computer tries to fool the guesser. Turing believes that when machines reach a point where the guessor/interrogator misidentifies about 50% of the time, at that point, machines are thinking things. He believes we are subject to similar limitations as a computer when it comes to being unable to answer certain questions. Discrete State Machines: Machine is in one definite state at a given time with each new state being a function of the previous state plus an input signal
Explain Plato's metaphor of the many-headed creature.
3 headed creature. -The lion (spirited): likes to win, wants respect and honor -The human (rational): not emotional, makes logical decisions -The snapping gargoyles (appetitive): Wants what you can't have -To everyone else, you have 1 human head. When facing decisions, within yourself the lion and gargoyles are attacking the middle human head. ----The soul is at war with itself.
Describe the 'imitation game'.
A game that is used to evaluate whether a machine can have consciousness and be a thinking thing. This game involves a person and a computer on one side of the wall, A and B, and another person on the other side, C. It's C's job to decide whether A or B is a computer by interrogating them. The answers are given through writing. Turing said that when machines reach a point where the interrogator misidentifies about 50% of the time then machines will be thinking things.
What makes a human life go as well as possible according to Plato?
ANSWERS TO 63, 64, AND 65: Plato thought that the best human life possible is where one's soul imitates the structure of "The Republic." The Republic included: Merchants: 'Temperance', they need self-control from corruption which protects the society. Warriors: 'Courage', they protect the society, are loyal Kings: 'Wisdom', they lead the society wisely and rationally, idiots appointed positions of power will lead the republic to ruin. There are two tests in this republic. They test for what everyone's virtues are. A virtue is the quality that a thing has when it is able to perform its function excellently well. The first test decides if you will be a warrior or merchant. If you pass, you can be a merchant and take the next test. The next test is even harder and decides if you will stay a merchant or become a king. If you pass the test you become a king. All three of these positions need to do their jobs in order to maintain a functioning society. In your life, you need to operate like The Republic. Someone who cuts corners and cheats in the Republic, disrupts the Republic. Someone who cuts corners and cheats in life and doesn't get caught only tarnishes his/her own soul. Example: When faced with a decision of sacrificing the life of a loved one for $1 million.
25.Explain both versions of the categorical imperative
Act only in accordance with that maxim that you wish to become universal law. do to others what you want them to do to you.
Explain why beliefs derived from sense perception are not certain, and why even beliefs about mathematics are not certain according to Descartes.
All beliefs that are based on sense experience can be doubted. To know anything from sense experience, I must know that I'm not dreaming. But there is no way to know that I'm not dreaming. Therefore, I don't know anything from the 5 senses. Even beliefs about math, logic, geometry, etc., can be doubted because of the possibility of an evil demon manipulating these beliefs.
6. Explain Taylor's Cosmological Argument
An argument for the existence of god which states that everything in nature depends on something else (contingent truths)--god as the necessary being.
Explain the argument from causal closure.
An average person can easily talk about their sensations but knows nothing about their brain processes so the two things must not be the same. If they were the same then one would be able to talk about both of them easily.
Explain the objection to physicalism which involves the idea that 'a man may know nothing about brain processes'.
An average person can easily talk about their sensations but knows nothing about their brain processes so the two things must not be the same. If they were the same then one would be able to talk about both of them easily.
Explain Nagel's example of the infant and the brain-injured man.
An example of the historical account of misfortune: Being deprived of the goods of life is a misfortune. If a healthy adult suffers from a brain injury, they will have the same mental capacity as the infant. The difference is the adult was healthy, had however many years of experiencing the goods of life, while the baby has only lived a few weeks, and is on its way to be an adult and experience the goods of life. The infant did not have the goods of life deprived from him//her, but the adult did, regardless if the adult can remember they did.
Explain Descarte's method of doubt. What is known for certain even when the method is being applied and why?
Assume to be false any belief that has even the slightest possibility of being doubted. Despite the method of doubt, one knows of their own existence as a thinking mind (not as a body) simply because one is thinking.
15. Explain an objection to Pascal's wager
Clifford says do not believe in something without good evidence. Therefore to believe in god is not the way to go.
17. Explain two reasons that Clifford gives why it is wrong to maintain a 'credulous character'.
Credulous character ; someone who believes in something without using evidence to make their point. Regardless of evidence. It could cause harm because It makes that person a poor judge. Says here is a fire and the homeowner does not want to believe there is one — they believe the opposite despite the evidence. perhaps an uncomfortable truth.
Why does Nagel say that death is bad at any age?
Death= permanent annihilation of consciousness. - Despite having lived a full life, losing life at an elderly age is just as tragic as a newborn losing its life. A human will never feel like they have lived a long enough life. Death deprives one of the goods of life. -The goods of life: -Perception/thought -Activity -Relationships -Desires
Explain how it is that Descartes comes to accept the existence of material bodies.
Descartes concludes that he has a body. I can control the movement of my body with my will but not others. Sensations arise in my body when a stimulus is applied to it but not other bodies. I can't remove myself from my body unlike all other bodies.
Explain the difference between desire fulfillment theories and objective list theories.
Desire fulfillment - what would be best for someone's life is something that would fulfill as many, if not all, their goals and desires. Objective list theory - the best way to live life is to choose to fulfill what is objectively good. (Family, wisdom, health etc) Desire fulfillment theories are those that say what would be best is what would best fill one's desires. The objective list theories, on the other hand, say that some things are either good or bad for us whether or not we want the good things or to avoid the bad things. Basically, unlike the desire fulfillment theory, the objective list theories states that there are some things that are defined as best for you, whereas the fulfillment theory says it is based on the person.
Explain the difference between monism and dualism.
Dualism is the idea that everything in the universe is comprised of 2 kinds of substances: matter and mind. Matter is anything that is extended in space. Mind is anything that is not extended in space and is thinking. Monism is the idea that everything in the universe is made out of only one kind of substance. Physicalism, a sub-idea of monism, says that everything is made out of physical matter including us and our consciousness. Idealism says that everything is made out of ideas.
Explain Stoljar's distinction between the 'completeness' and the 'condition' question.
Every event which has a cause has a physical cause. Mental events can cause physical events. If an event A causes event B, then there is no other event C that is different from A and which also causes B. Therefore, mental events are physical events.
4. Explain Moore's argument that existence is not a predicate
Existence is not an attribute TIGER EXAMPLE: some tigers do not exist ---this does not make sense. Therefore existence is not a feature. REJECTION TO ANSELM.
Explain how Gettier shows that justified true belief is NOT sufficient for knowledge
Gettier explains that it's possible to have a justified false belief. For example, if Smith is told by the boss that Jones will be getting the job and Jones happens to have 10 coins in his pocket, then Smith would be justified in thinking that the man who gets the job has 10 coins in his pocket. However, the boss was lying and gives Smith the job, who also happens to have 10 coins in his pocket. Smith's belief ends up being true, but it was derived from a false statement.
14. Explain Pascal's wager
God either exists or does not exists. Not possible for both. WHY NOT BELIEVE IN GOD, HIGHEST POSSIBLE GAIN, LEAST POSSIBLE LOSS.
29.Explain two objections to Singer's argument that we have a moral obligation to assist the absolute poor
Hardin's lifeboat metaphor. We should help our own prosperity my own private property
Explain what it means for one proposition to entail another.
If A entails B, then if A is true, B must also be true. "If I was born in the 80s, I must be older than 20." If C is justified in believing A, and A entail B, and C deduces D from A, then C is justified in believing B. For example, Smith is told by the b1oss that Jones will get the jobs and that Jones has 10 coins in his pocket. Therefore, the man who gets the job has 10 coins in his pocket.
8. Explain Payley's argument from design.
If a thing has a function or a purpose it had to have an intelligent designer. Suppose you come upon a watch in the forest. eventhough you do not know where it came from there is no doubt that there was a maker, you do not need to see it to know it.
Explain Einstein's example of the moving train.
In order for two things to be simultaneous, they must be tested to see whether this is a theory or reality. If there is not a method to test whether the events are simultaneous, the concept of simultaneity may in fact be meaningless. Einstein used two lightning bolts that strike at the same time as an example. An observer is standing at the midpoint of bolt A and bolt B and is able to see both lightning bolts in the same field of vision. The strikes appear to be moving at the same velocity and seem to be simultaneous. Because light always moves at the same speed, this observer received the light rays from both bolts at the same time since the rays had the same amount of distance to travel. However, suppose there is a second observer that is moving in a train along train tracks in front of the two lightning bolts at the same time that the first observer is standing motionless. When this observer passes through the midpoint of the two bolts in the train, the bolts strike. The lightning bolts would not appear simultaneous to the man on the train because he is moving towards bolt B. The light from bolt B reached his eyes sooner than the light from bolt A, making it appear that the bolts were not simultaneous. So are the lightning bolts simultaneous? The answer is relative to the conditions of the observer and their state of motion. To the first observer, the lightning bolts are simultaneous because they are motionless, meaning the light from both bolts will reach them at the same time. To the second observer, the lightning bolts are not simultaneous because they are moving towards bolt B, making the distance that the light from the two bolts have to travel different.
Explain two similarities between time and space according to Ted Sider
In terms of reality, no matter how far away an object is in space, it is still real. This statement also applies to time. For example, although other planets and stars are very far away in space, they are real. Likewise, although dinosaurs are in the past and perhaps humans living on Mars are in the future, they are real. Second, in terms of parts, objects take up space by having spatial parts and objects take up time by having temporal parts. A table takes up a region of space. Part of that space is taken up by the legs and the surface of the table, making these spatial parts. Comparably, a table that lasts over time has temporal parts, like one version of the table existing in 2004 versus in 2008. Third, in terms of the words 'here' and 'now,' both are relative terms whose meaning depends on the context of the speaker. My here is California while my mother's here is Nevada. Which is the real here? There is no real here, because the words here refers to whatever place the person saying it is located. The same goes for now. My now is 2019. My now in a couple years will be 2021. Both are correct because the answer is relative to the time that I am saying 'now.'In terms of reality, no matter how far away an object is in space, it is still real. This statement also applies to time. For example, although other planets and stars are very far away in space, they are real. Likewise, although dinosaurs are in the past and perhaps humans living on Mars are in the future, they are real. Second, in terms of parts, objects take up space by having spatial parts and objects take up time by having temporal parts. A table takes up a region of space. Part of that space is taken up by the legs and the surface of the table, making these spatial parts. Comparably, a table that lasts over time has temporal parts, like one version of the table existing in 2004 versus in 2008. Third, in terms of the words 'here' and 'now,' both are relative terms whose meaning depends on the context of the speaker. My here is California while my mother's here is Nevada. Which is the real here? There is no real here, because the words here refers to whatever place the person saying it is located. The same goes for now. My now is 2019. My now in a couple years will be 2021. Both are correct because the answer is relative to the time that I am saying 'now.'pre
36. Explain Thomson's solutions to the Trolley problem
It is morally permissible to divert a threat from a bigger to a smaller group of people as long as it is the same threat and as long as the action which diverts the threat does not violate any important rights.
Explain the argument from methodological naturalism with respect to physicalism.
It is reasonable to believe what is believed by the methods of natural science. Physicalism is believed by natural science. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe physicalism.
What is existentialism?
Jean Paul Sarte- 'Existentialism' (1945) The belief that existence precedes essence. Essence is the necessary traits/attributes of a thing. A person comes in this world as a blank slate. You choose/create your own essence using your own free will and choice. You, a human, has greater dignity than an inanimate objects or lower animals.
27.Describe an action that is morally obligatory according to one ethical theory and morally impermissible according to another
Killing one healthy man to save 5 dying people would be morally obligatory according to utilitarians because you are creating more overall happiness by save 5 people over 1. However, Kant would disagree because you would be using people as a means and not an end, morally impermissible.
Explain what distinguishes knowledge from right opinion according to Socrates
Knowledge: justified true belief, guessing is not knowledge even if the guess is right; having good reason to support your belief + when what a proposition says matches the fact of reality + when a subject thinks that a proposition is true
33. Explain Hardin's metaphor of the lifeboat.
Lifeboat substitutes wealthy countries. People on the lifeboat are the citizens of those nations, there are poor people in the water trying to stay above—not drowning. There are more people in the water than the boat can hold, do we bring everyone up—it would sink and capsize. We cannot possibly help all of them. Bring as many people as you can hold aboard? There wouldn't be enough space. WE SHOULD ONLY HELP OUR OWN PROSPERITY.
Explain the difference between local and global desires.
Parfit: Global desires are the desires for the major things that drive your life and are a huge part of it, like the desire to be intelligent, to be healthy, nothing that can be checked off or satisfied in the short run, but rather, throughout life. Local desires are more specific to an immediate desire to fulfill, such as a food craving, or certain possession, or whatever you can buy. He thinks that global desires are prioritized above them, and he gives an example of a drug-addiction. If the person did, it would compromise their desire to maintain good health and never to be an addict, so although it would sacrifice a global desire, maybe it would provide a bunch of local desires if you had a never ending supply of these drugs. But he thinks if this case, although the more quantity of desires will be fulfilled, it's not a better quality of life overall because of how important global desires are.
Explain a reply to the objection to physicalism that 'a man may know nothing about brain processes'.
Smart replies to this objection by saying that just because a person does not have an understanding that two words refer to the same thing does not prevent them from being 2 words for only 1 thing. Example, the morning star and the evening star. They are the same star but had two different names. One that people who woke up early used, and one that people who stayed up late used.
Explain Nagel's 'historical' account of misfortune.
Some misfortunes can only be seen by comparing a person's previous condition to their current condition. Comparing one's current state of contentment to their past shows you the misfortune/loss.
22.Explain Mill's response to the claim that "Utilitarianism is a theory fit for swine."
Someone might object to the theory of utilitarianism by saying it's only fit for swine because it maximizes happiness and pleasure. A farm animal is unsophisticated and only seeks basic pleasures in life. In response, Mill introduces higher and lower pleasures. Higher pleasures are described as only being enjoyed by humans because they require a high intelligence, like art, technology, etc. Lower pleasures are experienced by everyone including animals like food, comfort, sleep, sex, etc. Mill explains that his theory is for everyone and promotes all the pleasures.
Explain the concept of a nomological dangler.
Something that remains unexplained by physical science. For example, sensations that are not able to be explained by the scientific theory of brain processes.This is used to analyze the concept of consciousness.
37. Explain Thomson's example of the 'looping track'.
Suppose there is a looped track. The trolley could either hit 1 large man first or the group of 5 people first. There is a bystander by the switch who can make the decision. Hitting either the large man or the group of 5 will stop the train from continuing and save the other. Switching the track to hit the 1 man is permissible because the threat is being diverted from a larger to a smaller group and either group getting hit would have been by the same threat, the trolley.
35. Explain Thomson's discussion of the fat man on the bridge
Suppose there is a trolley headed for 5 people. Above the track, in between the trolley and the group, is a bridge with a large man standing on it. Pushing this man off would save the 5 people. Majority don't think that is morally okay because pushing the man violates his rights.
16.Explain Clifford's example of the ship owner.
Suppose there was a ship owner with a ship that is badly damaged. He should definitely not attempt to sail the ship. 2 options if he tried to sail, it could sink or it could survive the length of the voyage. In either circumstance it would be wrong to sail the ship, even though he did or did not make it.
Explain the idea that people have 'temporal parts'.
Temporal parts are a part of an object at a single moment in time. They have no duration, and are each as small as the moment is in time. For example, a space-time diagram could show a person getting older and expanding horizontally across t, while each temporal part appears larger on the graph as the person is growing and occupying more space in x and y.
12.Explain Nagel's critique of the 'mystical experience' as a source of evidence for God's existence
The basis for believe that god exists, is the experience of mysticality, a powerful circumstance which sparked a beleif in god. There could be a cause for this mystical experience dehydration, schizo. There is NO WAY an experience like this could be inspected by the people, it is personal and individual. THIS IS TOO INDIVIDUAL
Explain the objection from consciousness to Turing's argument.
The objection from consciousness: Even if the machine stimulates human behavior, it has no feelings, thoughts, or experiences unlike us. The machine is not feeling or experiencing anything, even if it's behavior simulates human behavior. Reply: The way to determine whether any being has consciousness is based on the observable behavior.
7. What is the principle of sufficient reason and how does it relate to a proof of god's existence?
The principle of sufficient reason relates to Taylor's argument for God's existence. There is always a cause for something. Sphere in the woods. The universe exists, there must be a cause for it. NOT CONTINGENT other infinite regress.
11.Explain Nagel's critique of the argument from design.
The real reason the watch has a maker is because WE make the watches.
19.Explain the test that Everett suggests for gaining evidence that a certain type of being does NOT exist.
Theism and modern science: If there is a being with the nature (N) and intentions (I) Then the being will produce change (C) in the world. But if the being does not display (C) -- therefore the evidence does not support the beings existence
21. Explain the theory of Utilitarianism.
Theory of acting always to promote the greatest overall happiness for the greatest number of people. (consequentialist moral theory) [ALL actions have consequences]
Explain Turing's response to the idea that a machine unlike a human can only do what it has been programmed to do.
This Lady Lovelace's objection. Turing believes we are the same, we learn to do things which is how we do them. A machine has to be given the information, just like us, in order to do it. -Turing believes that in the future, at the time that he wrote about this in 1950, machines will be able to do what humans can do. Computers were very new at this point. He thought that with enough programming power and storage it would be possible.
Explain the 'grandfather paradox'.
Tim hates his grandpa. The grandpa dies, but Tim wants to go back in time and murder him. He goes back to before his grandpa had kids. If Tim killed his grandpa, Tim himself would cease to exist. Tim ends up missing or not being able to kill him, because if he did, he would have never existed to even go back in time and attempt to murder him.
Explain the meaning of the expression "soon he will be in the past" according to Lewis.
Time Travel. This means that at a subsequent moment in personal time, the individual will be in the past in external time.
Explain Descartes argument that the mind and body are really distinct.
Using the method of doubt I am able to doubt everything perceived by the senses, and even math/logic. Despite this, I know for certain that I exist as an immaterial mind because I am thinking. In my mind I have ideas, one of them is the idea of God. The idea of God is unique and different from all others because it is the idea of an infinite being. So the cause of this idea must be something with infinite reality, thus God exists. Since God exists and is known to be omnibenevolent he can not be a deceiver. Since God is not a deceiver we can trust that our clear and distinct perception are true. If God is omnibenevolent, he would make our senses true. Otherwise, he would be tricking us. Among my clear and distinct perceptions is the idea that if 2 things can be clearly conceived in the ind, then they can also be separated in reality. For example, a watch can be on and off a wrist. It doesn't have to be on a wrist for you to believe that a watch exists. I can clearly conceive of my mind and body existing separately. Therefore, the mind and the body are really two separate things.
32.Explain Hardin's idea of "the tragedy of the commons'.
Wealthy nations double much slower than those of poorer nations. public resources inevitably fail OVERUSE
Explain the concept of 'bad faith'.
When one tries to place responsibility for their essence on factors they could not control. For example, if someone is very violent, aggressive, tends to bully people, and they said their parents were like that so they were grown up like that, this would be bad faith because they technically had a choice- they could either turn out mean like their parents, or decide they don't want anyone else to go through what they did and be nice.
10. Explain Nagel's critique of the Cosmological argument
Why does everything have to have a cause? If everything have a cause doesn't god have to have a cause as well? If there can be things with no cause, why cant the universe be a cause too?
5. Explain Rowe's example about the 'magician' an the 'magico'.
William Rowe uses this to argue against the Ontlogical. You cannot prove something exists by simply defining it exists. Magican - existing magician Magico - not existing magician (Dumbledore) Just because you have defined an existing magician doesn't PROVE that it exists
26.Explain O'Neill's account of what it is to treat someone as a mere means
You treat someone as a means when you do something to them they would not consent to.
9. Describe three factors that Payley thinks WOULD NOT undermine the judgement that a watch sitting in the forest must have been made by a watch maker
eventhough; 1.you've never seen a watch being made 2. the watch has a flaw 3. don't understanding how the watch works 4. nobody would think that the watch comes from chance
24.Why does Kant say that only a good will is good in itself
if you don't have good will then other goodness will be tainted. knowledge could be used in bad ways, money could be used in bad ways. etc.
34. Explain the Trolley problem by explaining 'bystander at the switch', and 'transplant'.
there is a trolley and the driver is incapacitated, the other person could change the track. When people are asked about the car most people say that it would be wrong Transplant- there is one way to save all the people by taking the organs or a healthy person and using them to save the others. Why re there different results to the different actions
