Philosophy test 1 and 2

What are the two ways in which philosophy can be possessed?

1. Know the road. 2. go down the road until you get to the end.

What are the five main types of knowledge?What does Aristotle mean by memory?by art? by science?

5 senses, Memory, Experience, Art and science. Remembering what you sensed. By experience? collection of many memories of the same sort thing. By art? Art comes to be whenever one universal understanding about like things comes to be from the many things kept in mind by experience By science? Science and art come to men through experience.

Why is philosophy "a knowledge that follows a road"?

A knowledge that follows a order. A before and after.

What is a road?

A knowledge that follows a road. a before and after.

How do we distinguish acts?

ACts are known through their objects

What are the three aspects pertaining to the anatomy of the question?

An authentic question involves three fundamental conditions: Knowledge of something, an awareness of ignorance, an awareness that there is more to be known.

The internal senses fall under what category of powers or abilities: vegetative, animal, or rational?

Animal

What other names does the coordinating sense go by?What do these names tell us about the function of the coordinating sense?

Common sense, central sense or unifying sense.

What are the four internal senses?

Common sense, coordinating sense, unifying sense, central sense.

Who is the Father of modern philosophy?

Descartes

What is the starting point of Descartes's philosophy?

Doubt

What is the modern division of philosophy?

Epistemology, metaphysics, ethics.

What is the difference between experience and art?Which is more wisdom?

Experience is knowledge of singulars while art is of universals. Art because Knowing and understanding belong more to art than experience, and we hold that the artists are wiser than the experienced, so that wisdom follows knowledge in all. This is because they know the cause while the others do not. (artists are wiser, not by doing, but by having a reason and knowing the causes.)

How should a true philosopher love wisdom?

For its own sake, more than anything else for its own sake, As the purpose, goals of your life, loves a common good both of reason and mankind. (NOT AS A PRIVATE GOOD)

What is the difference between the formal object and the material object?

Formal object is the aspect under which the sense power groups its object. Material object The total thing being sensed.

What does Reichmann mean when he says that there is an answer to every question? What does he not mean? Give an example.

He does not mean the answer is known to us or will be known to us.

How does Aristotle show that wisdom is a knowledge of causes?

He shows this by comparing the universal and singulars with the 5 ways of knowledge.

What connection is there between the human's highly unspecialized body and the human mind?

Human body shares after its fashion in the universality of the human mind.

How is the object of the human intellect different from the object of the sense of sight, for instance?

Human intellect is immaterial (unchanging)/ The object sense of site material (changing)

What do we learn about philosophy? what is the life of a philosopher which Socrates claims to have lived?

Human nature and ethical. The ethical

Which of the modern philosophers rejects the principle of causality, eventually resulting in a universal skepticism toward the whole of human experience?

Hume and KAnt

How does the memorative act relate us to the "real"?

I remember visitng costa rica

Why can't the external senses alone account for the sheep's running away from the wolf?

IT cannot judge. External senses will only tell the animal is black, certain shape. outside of the formal object of any of the formal objects.

What is the difference between the imagination and the coordinating sense?

Imagination unobvious (diminish of the human experience) Because the image detached( separate) from any connection time and change

Explain the distinction Plato makes between intellect and sense. How are they distinct, or why?

Intellect: Intellect is connected to the universal (unchanging immaterial). The concepts come from the theory of recollection. The world of forms. Senses: is connected to the singulars and not connected to the universal. (It is sensible material and changing things) We can see the concepts of for example bricks.

In the Apology, what did Socrates say about the "unexamined life"?

Is not worth living.

What is the material object of the human intellect?

Is whatever is

What is the origin of the term philosopher?What does it mean?

It is Greek. A lover of Wisdom

What is the role of the sensory image in sensation?

It is not that which is sensed by the power but rather by which the material object itself is sensed. Formal not material sign.

Which of the modern philosophers developed the notion of synthetic a priori judgments?

Kant

So what is knowing for Plato?

Knowing is recollecting or remembering in the world of forms.

What is the difference between a singular and a universal?

Knowledge of singulars leans more to the facts that something is so, while Universal is common to many and is said of many causes. For example everyone knows what a triangle is a 3 sided plane figure that is Universal.

What is the material and formal object of the imagination?

Material object: All the impressions received through the external senses and brought together through the coordinating sense. Formal Object: as detached or independent of its origin, time, change. It is the images in itself even if they have been derived from external senses they have been free from all attachment of the world of concrete things.

What is the material object and formal object of the evaluative sense?

Material object: all the sensory impressions of the other senses. Formal object: some impressions viewed as either benefied,harmful, indifferent.

What is the difference between a formal and a material sign?

Material sign you recognize the shape and color and then your mind goes to something else. Formal sign inner knowledge

What is the material and formal object of the coordinating sense?

Material: impressions of all of the special senses. Formal: That unique perspective according to which total, or material, objects viewed. Materia obeject:- eye- sensibil thing (color) Formal object:- the sense impression in sofar as they are related coorinated, distinguishs

List the six major kinds of philosophy according to the traditional division.

Mathematics, natural philosophy , Metaphysics, Ethics, domestics, politics

Can I remember what never actually occurred?

NO

What is the relation between natural philosophy and the modern day sciences of biology, chemistry, and physics?

Natural philosophy and modern day science are related because natural philosophy is the the study of nature and physical universe.

Can we sense or imagine a universal or a general notion or concept or idea?

No because there are different types of squares.

What is Robert Augros's main conclusion or thesis in his article, "Does science say that human existence is pointless?" What are the three ways in which William Provine's denials might be thought to be scientific according to Augros?

No purposefulness in nature. What are the five denials? Immortality,Freedom,Purpose, God, Ethics. not scientific in being proven, background assumption, to be scientific there has to be scientific evidence.

Are all animals equally dependent on instinctual knowledge?

Not all of them. Dogs, Apes, etc are not dependent. Higher animals are able to be taught things.

What is the formal object of the human intellect?

One aspect all sensible. The being of what ever is

What do we learn about wisdom from the Apology?

Philosophers should not fear death. For what they do is neither right or wrong.

What is philosophy?

Philosophy can be understood as a methodos. A knowledge over a road. a knowledge that follows a road. A search. An Inquiry. A reasoned out knowledge.

What is the difference between an intentional union and a physical union?

Physical union (digestion) one thing loses its identity when united to the other. Intentional union is to know. Neither thing loses its identity when united.

What is the difference between the proper/private sensibles and the common sensibles?

Proper/ private sensible: Known to one sense. Common sensible the size shape, motion, color, smell, number. To know more than one sense.

Who was the first person to coin the term?

Pythagoras

What happens when someone comes to the end of that road?What is the Greek word for that state of the mind?

Reasoned out knowledge. You stop or Episteme (come to a halt) What is the Greek word for that state of the mind? Episteme (a reason out knowledge)

What is the difference between "said of all" and "cause of all"?

Said of is Universal and cause of all is singular.

How are the five external senses distinguished?

Seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, taste.

Is the sensory image that which is sensed? Explain

Stimulates from the object. Activates them.

What are some things we can learn from the Apology concerning Socrates' understanding of the human person?

Summary of Socrates' view of the human person based on the apology. The end of human life is in the goods of the soul (life virtue, goodness, wisdom, truth), not the goods of the body or in exterior goods. That is why they are more important and should be pursued even at the cost of one's "life", for human life is more than just the life of the body, it is the life of the soul. Human life is found mainly in the life of the soul, the goods of the soul. Human life is not bodily life, eating, drinking, sleeping, and acquiring material goods. That is why death is not the worst thing that can happen to a man. The two worst things that can happen to a man are ignorance and injustice, which only he can do to himself, the first by thinking one knows what one does not know, the second by doing unjust actions. Socrates is also telling us what it means to be a "man."

Who was the first philosopher?

Thales of Miletus

What does Augros point to as the real source of the five denials?

That it comes from a materialism.

What is wisdom according to the Proemium to Wisdom? In other words, what is the main conclusion to this reading on wisdom?

That wisdom is about beginnings and causes.

What characteristic of the human mind does the human's highly unspecialized body share in?

The ability to reach full maturity. It takes years of care and instruction.

Are these two methods necessarily opposed? Why or why not?

The are opposed because one concentrates in another dimension of the human which can neither be measured or observed. Science needs to be measured and observed for it to work or to be called a fact. On the other hand they can be the same because both require questioning and solving questions.

How does Aristotle show that wisdom is a knowledge of first causes?

The example of the wise man. Characteristics of the wise man will turn the characteristics into wisdom

What does Reichmann mean when he says that experience is "social" by nature?

The facts that our experience always entails an "other" that is, something beyond ourselves. Ex: We never just see or hear or understand, but we see or hear or understand something, and so it is with all other acts of experiencing.

What role or function does the material world play in "knowing"?

The material world brings back memory.

According to Plato, what is the object of the intellect or the understanding?

The object of the intellect for Plato is the universal, the unchanging, the immaterial, the forms, or simply being.

What is the difference between the philosophical method of investigating these activities and the "scientific" method?

The philosopher however, employing a different methodology, makes use of the principles of the human understanding and being itself as the chief tool for carrying out investigation of human phenomena, thereby seeking their ultimate ground and cause. It is for this reason that quality of the questions the philosophers will raise differs markedly from the questions raised by the social or life scientist. (hidden inner dimension of the human which cannot be either observed or measured according to the restricted scientific norms)

Sensation, memory, and experience are a knowledge of what? Knowledge of singulars. Art and science are a knowledge of what? In other words, what are the two main divisions of human knowledge?

The universal. Knowledge of the singular and universal

What is it that the wise man knows that allows him to know all things in some way?

The wise man knows all things so far as possible the wise man knows things difficult to know. He knows the universal.

What are the six attributes of the wise man?

The wise man knows all things so far as possible, The wise man knows things difficult to know, The wise man is more certain (sure), The wise man is more able to teach, The wise man has knowledge that is more for its own sake, the wise man rules/directs others. Page 3

Why does Aristotle place them in the order that he does?

They are in this order because they are in the order of which is wiser.

Why is it important to understand the formal object of the imagination?

To differentiate memory and imagining

We read Aristotle's "Proemium to Wisdom". Why did we look into what wisdom is?

To have an quality and experience of good judgement and to become more wise

What is the function of memory?

Tracing the impression or image stored in the imagination to the actual point of origin.

What is it that the coordinating sense allows us to do? Why can we not do this with just the external senses alone?

We can see and able to be aware that we are seeing. Why can we not do this with just the external senses alone? The external sense can not see itself seeing.

What did Anaxagoras say regarding the connection between the human hand and human reason?What did Aristotle say?hat is the difference?

We have reason or intellect because we have hands. What did Aristotle say? We have hands because we have reason or intellect. What is the difference? Aristotle's The reason we developed hands was for the sake of reason. Anaxagoras: We have reason and intellect because our hands.

How do we know that we have some ability or power? By means of knowing what? What you do through the ability.

We see what people do through the ability.

Give an example of the sort of thing that the coordinating sense does?

When we see a bird chirp, we only know it is. when we hear it we know it is a certain bird is chirping. But when we see it and hear it chirping that is the coordinating sense.

What does it mean that in sensation we receive the form of the thing sensed without the matter?

When we sense we don't turn red, but the physical object does.

What is the problem that Plato ran into after seeing the distinction between what we know through the intellect and what we know through the senses?

Where does it knowledge come from. What is the problem regarding human knowing.

How does Aristotle reason from the six attributes of the wise man to wisdom being a knowledge of what is said of all and a knowledge of what is a cause of all?

Wisdom is a knowledge of what is most universal and Wisdom is knowledge of what is a cause of all. (a first cause)

How does Plato eventually explain the origin of intellectual knowledge?

With the soul: Plato thought he existed or any soul existed in the world of forms.

Does the sense of sight only know the color of the orange or of any material thing?

Yes

How do we know that seeing is not hearing?

because seeing is seeing colors and hearing has to do with sounds.

Why is it that the imagination can perform its second function?

because the image is detached from the past, time, change, timelessness.

Can the common sensibles be used to distinguish one external sense from another? Why or why not?

doesnt distinguish sense.

What is the function of the evaluative sense? forms a judgment. What other names does this internal sense have?

estimative or particular reason.

Can the memorative act itself be fanciful or imaginary?

imaginary (memorative act is connected to the past.)

Why talk about human knowing in philosophy of the human person class?Why is it so central to understanding the human person?

in relation to human knowing we are different from other animals. Why is it so central to understanding the human person? it is a need to know.

Does Plato think that we can acquire "knowledge" through the senses? No. What does he reserve the term "knowledge" for?

intellect

What is the difference between "intussusception" and sense knowing?

intussusception takes something external into oneself. (External thing loses its identity or form.) Sense knowing takes something external into yourself. How are they similar? intussusception -Take something external into one self e.x when we eat dounut it is gone, and it comes out something different (the external thing lost it's identity). Sense knowing - take something external into yourself

Why did Aristotle consider the imaginative power to be the source of error in human knowing?

it is not connected.

What are some of the characteristics of that which is known by the senses? What are some of the characteristics of that which is known by the intellect?

it is sensible, material and changing. What are some of the characteristics of that which is known by the intellect? It is immaterial and unchanging.

What is the material and formal object of memory?

material : all past events. Formal: as past.

Is the imagination the same as memory?no. What is the difference?

memory is something in the past.

What does each kind of philosophy study?

metaphysics

Can one forget what one never knew in the first place?

no

How does Reichmann define experience? Direct awareness of a thing. What are the two kinds of experience?

primary and Derivative experience How are they different? Primary experience in the more proper sense is always directly of things and Derivative experience extend to an awareness of primary experiences. How are they connected? They are connected because to reach this second level of awareness you have to have experienced something at the primary level. Example: I can be aware of my awareness of the table which i am writing or the bush in my backyard

What are the two main functions of the imagination?Which of these is the more basic one?Which of these is not found in nonhuman animals?

retention and fictionalizing. Which of these is the more basic one? retention. Which of these is not found in nonhuman animals? fictionalizing.

What is the difference between them?

sake of knowing, doing what is good

What do human beings and animals have in common? Do we have anything in common with plants?

same senses both digest in a sort of way, eukaryotic.

What is the name of this internal sense as it is found in human beings?

the cogitative power. Particular reason

What are the three parts or kinds of philosophy?

theoretical,practical, logic

Are human beings animals?If so, what does that mean?

yes. If so, what does that mean? To be an animal means to be able to sense and react to the world beyond us. We are able to feel and eat and live and grow.