Photosynthesis, Glycolysis, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Each stage produces what for what use in the cell?

ATP, to provide energy for the cell.

What are the two types of fermentaion?

Alcoholic and lactic acid.

Explain lactic acid fermentation.

It converts glucose into lactic acid, occurs in the muscle cells. It regenerates NAD so that glycolysis can continue. The equation is: pyruvic acid+NADH (arrow) lactic acid+NAD

What is fermentation?

It happens in anaerobic conditions, no oxygen, follows gycolysis and replaces cellular respiration, it recylces NAD so gycloysis can continue to produce ATP. It converts NADH to NAD by passing high energy electron back to pyruvic acid.

Explain alcoholic fermentation.

Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use it. Has the waste products of ethyl and carbon dioxide. The equation is: pyruvic acid+NADH (arrow)alcohol+CO2+NADH.

What is carbon fixation and does photosynthesis use it?

Yes, and it is when a plant converts gaseous carbon into a solid and usable energy for the cell.

Cellular Respiration equation

6O2+C6H12O6 (arrow) 6CO2+6H2O+chemical energy (ATP) or oxygen+glucose (arrow)carbon dioxide+water+chemical energy

What are the steps of the ETC?

1. NADH (produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (CAC) and FADH2 (produced in the CAC) release their high energy electrons to protein carriers in the mitochondrial inner membrane. This recycles NAD+ and FAD to go back to the other stages of cellular respiration. 2. As high energy electrons are passed along the carrier proteins in the membrane, they go from a high energy state to a low energy state, releasing energy tha the cell can use 3. The ultimate electron acceptro is O2 which combines with H+ ions to make H2O. 4. The ion pumps use the energy released from the high energy electrons to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This is active transport. 5. THe H+ ions in the intermembrane space diffuse back into the matrix through ATP synthase. This is passive transport because it is facilitated diffusion. 6. As the H+ ions travel through the ATP synthase, it caused th eQTP synthase to spin, releasing energy (like a turbine). 7. The cell uses this energy to form ATP from ADP and a free phosphate group.

How much ATP does 1 FADH2 make?

2 ATP.

How much ATP does 1 NADH from glycolysis make?

2 ATP. It makes less than the CAC because it has to travel from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria.

How much ATP does the CAC make?

3 ATP.

Cellular respiration makes a total of how many ATP per glucose?

36 ATP.

What is the photosynthesis equation?

6CO2+6H2O+light enery or photons (arrow) C6H12O6+6O2

What organisms does photosynthesis take place in?

Autotrophs which are plants.

What is stage two of cellular respiration?

Citric Acid Cycle a.k.a the Krebs Cycle.

What is stage three of cellular respiration?

Electron Transport Chain.

Name the three stages of cellular respiration.

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain. Citric Acid Clycle and Electron Transport Chain only take place in oyxgen a.k.a aerobic.

Where does lactic acid fermentation take place?

In muscle cells.

Where does glycolysis take place?

In the cytoplasm of a cell.

Where does the light dependent reaction take place, what are the reactants and products?

It takes place in the chloroplast thyladoid membrane, the reactants are H2O (photons, ADP, and NADP+), the products are O2, ATP, and NADPH.

Where does the light independent reaction take place, what are the reactans and products?

It takes place in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane, the reactants are CO2, RuBP, the products are G3P (G3P+G3P (arrow) C6H12O6), more RuBP.

Where does cellular respiration take place?

It takes place in the mitochondria in both plants, animals and microogranisms. (CAC and ETC)

Where does the ETC (electron transport chain) take place and under what conditions?

It takes place in the mitochondrial inner membrane and requires oxygen.

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle take place and under what conditions, what are the reactants and products per pyruvic acid and glucose.

It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, it must have oxygen. The products per pyruvic acid are 3CO2, 1 ATP, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2. The products per glucose are 6CO2, 2 ATP, 8 NADH and 2 FADH2. CO2 is released as waste, ATP is used for cellular functions, and NADH and FADH2 are used to make ATP in the electron transoport chain. The reactants are pyruvic acid (produced in glycolysis-remember 2 pyruvic acids were made per glucose).

What are the two steps in photosynthesis?

Light dependent and independent reaction.

What is glycolysis limited by?

NAD+ levels in the cell.

In anaerobic conditions what well deplete quickly?

NAD+.

What is cellular respiration?

The process by which cells break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxyen that makes and releases energy that the cell can readily use it.

Define glycolysis and give all of its products and reactants.

The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half and can happen with or without oxygen. It produces two pyruvic acid that are used in fermentation if anerobic or Citric Acid Cycle if aerobic, two NADH which goes to the Electron Transport Chain if aerobic or fermentation if anerobic, and a net gain of two ATP which is just used anywhere the cell wants it to go, but for an enery molecule. The reactants are glucose coming from the Krebs Cycle and two ATP from anywhere.

Name advantages to glycolysis.

The process is very fast, (can produce thousands of ATP in a few milliseconds), doesn't require oxygen although lack of NAD will quickly limit the process.

What is the equation for glycolysis?

glucose+2ATP (arrow) 4 ATP(net gain of 2ATP)+2 pyruvic acid+2NADH+2ADP