Phy Psych

d (the nucleotide sequence of DNA in the cell.)

A genetic mutation is caused by a change in: a. the structure and function of a cell nucleus. b. the ability of a cell to package and release proteins. c. energy production in a cell. d. the nucleotide sequence of DNA in the cell.

d (the sodium/potassium pump)

A major factor responsible for the unequal distribution of sodium ions across the membrane during the resting potential is: a. diffusion. b. the attraction of sodium ions to the negative charge outside the cell. c. the sodium/chloride pump. d. the sodium/potassium pump.

a (pineal body)

According to Descartes, the area in the brain most responsible for regulating behavior was the: a. pineal body. b. pituitary gland. c. parietal lobe. d. spinal cord.

a (a change in blood flow, allowing for an increase in the rate of cooling of the brain)

According to the authors, an important contribution to the evolution of large brain size in humans was: a. a change in blood flow, allowing for an increase in the rate of cooling of the brain. b. the evolutionary relationship between humans and dolphins. c. the need for human communication and complex reasoning. d. the eating of meat, leading to better nutrition and increased brain growth.

a (Psychologists like Pavlov and Skinner were greatly concerned with the interplay between brain and behavior, and their work has greatly influenced the direction that psychology has taken.)

According to the authors, which of the following is not a compelling reason to study the relationship between brain and behavior? a, Psychologists like Pavlov and Skinner were greatly concerned with the interplay between brain and behavior, and their work has greatly influenced the direction that psychology has taken. b. It is now clear that many behavioral disorders can be explained and cured by focusing on areas of the brain that control those behaviors. c. The brain is the most complex living organ and many different groups of animals have one. d. We still do not know if the brain produces behavior and human consciousness.

c (somatic)

According to the functional conceptualization of the nervous system, the cranial and spinal nerves are part of this subunit of the nervous system. a. autonomic b. central c. somatic d. peripheral

b (dolphins)

After humans, this animal has the largest encephalization quotient. a. monkeys b. dolphins c. elephants d. crows

a (Psyche)

Aristotle is responsible for creating which of the following terms in his attempts to explain the functioning of the mind? a. psyche b. id c. libido d. thanatos

c (via channels, gates, and pumps embedded in the cell membrane.)

Chemical substances enter cells: a. very freely because the cell membrane is permeable to most chemicals. b. never, as chemical substances cannot enter cells. c. via channels, gates, and pumps embedded in the cell membrane. d. via a process known as exocytosis.

b (opening of potassium channels.)

During the action potential, the membrane is returned its resting state at -70mV through the: a. closing of sodium channels. b. opening of potassium channels. c. closing of potassium channels. d. opening of chloride channels.

a (increase in heart rate and inhibition digestion)

Effects associated with activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system would be: a. increase in heart rate and inhibition digestion b. decrease in heart rate and stimulation of digestion. c. penile erection and stimulation of digestion. d. penile erection and increase in heart rate.

a (is the ratio of actual brain size to the expected brain size for an animal.)

Encephalization quotient: a. is the ratio of actual brain size to the expected brain size for an animal. b. is the ratio of the weight of the cerebral cortex to the size of the skull of an animal. c. indicates that people with large brains are more intelligent than those with smaller brains. d. illustrates that individuals with larger brains are more prone to disease.

b (electroencephalogram)

Epilepsy is typically diagnosed with an electrical recording technique known as: a. electrocardiogram. b. electroencephalogram. c. single cell recording. d. patch clamp.

b (DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, and mRNA is translated into protein in the endoplasmic reticulum.)

Genetic information is expressed in a cell by which of the following processes? a. Protein is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, and mRNA is translated into DNA in the Golgi apparatus. b. DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, and mRNA is translated into protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. c. mRNA is transcribed into DNA in the nucleus, and DNA is translated into protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. d. DNA is translated into mRNA in the nucleolus, and mRNA is transcribed into protein in the endoplasmic reticulum.

c (Schwann cells and oligodendroglia.)

Glial cells responsible for producing the myelin sheath are: a. astrocytes and microglia. b. Schwann cells and ependymal cells. c. Schwann cells and oligodendroglia. d. oligodendroglia and ependymal cells.

c (Animals displaying more complex behavior patterns have need for larger brains)

Harry Jerison uses his principle of proper mass to support which of the following ideas? a. More recently developing hominids are larger than earlier hominids because of the necessity of greater size for survival in colder climates. b. Male humans are, on average, larger than female humans because of the necessity for physical aggression among males competing for mates. c. Animals displaying more complex behavior patterns have need for larger brains. d. Children do not develop the ability to understand certain cognitive tasks, like those used by Piaget, until their brains develop the necessary size and complexity.

c (record voltage changes in the axon of the giant squid.)

Hodgkin and Huxley used the oscilloscope to: a. measure the length of the axon of the giant squid. b. stimulate the axon of the giant squid. c. record voltage changes in the axon of the giant squid. d. measure the temperature of the axon of the giant squid.

b (temporal, occipital, patietal, frontal)

Hold your right hand in a fist and look at it from the side as a model of the human brain. Beginning with the thumb and proceeding counter-clockwise, the order of the cerebral lobes is: a. frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal. b. temporal, occipital, parietal, frontal. c. occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal. d. parietal, occipital, frontal, temporal.

a (a genetic mutation, leading to degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia and cortex.)

Huntington's chorea is caused by: a. a genetic mutation, leading to degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia and cortex. b. an extra chromosome, leading to alterations in brain development. c. loss of the myelin sheath surrounding neurons in the brain and spinal cord. d. loss of blood flow to the substantia nigra, leading to degeneration of neurons.

a (less hyperpolarization)

If potassium channels are blocked, the influence on graded potentials will be: a. less hyperpolarization. b. more hyperpolarization. c. less depolarization. d. no effect.

b (lack of depolarization)

If sodium channels are blocked, the influence on the graded potentials will be: a. lack of hyperpolarization. b. lack of depolarization. c. increased depolarization. d. no effect.

b (Gray matter is cell bodies, and white matter is fibers.)

In examining a brain slice, which of the following is true? a. White matter is cell bodies, and gray matter is cavities containing cerebrospinal fluid. b. Gray matter is cell bodies, and white matter is fibers. c. White matter is cortex, and gray matter is subcortical nuclei. d. Gray matter is cerebellum, and white matter is cerebrum.

d (Signals are received at the dendrites, processed in the cell body, and passed to other neurons via the axon.)

In general, flow of information in a neuron occurs in the following manner. a. Signals are received in the nucleus, processed in the cell body, and passed to other neurons via the dendrites. b. Signals are received in the cell body, processed in the axons, and passed to other neurons via the dendrites. c. Signals are received at the golgi body, processed in the nucleus, and passed to other neurons via the axon. d. Signals are received at the dendrites, processed in the cell body, and passed to other neurons via the axon.

b (Darwin)

In his book On the Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, this scholar stated that the reason emotional expressions are similar in humans and other animals is that these expressions were inherited from a common ancestor. a. Wundt b. Darwin c. Goodall d. Lorenz

d (-50 millivolts)

In order for an action potential to be initiated, the neuronal membrane must reach the threshold, which is roughly: a. 0 millivolts b. +30 millivolts c. -70 millivolts d. -50 millivolts

a (mesencephalon)

In primitive life-forms such as fish, reptiles, and amphibians, this part of the brain is responsible for processing visual and auditory information. a. mesencephalon b. prosencephalon c. rhombencephalon d. spinal cord

d (nerve net, segmented nerve trunk, ganglia, brain)

In terms of nervous system development, which of the following sequences properly describes how the gradual increase in complexity of nervous structures manifested itself over the millennia? a. nerve net, ganglia, segmented nerve trunk, brain b. ganglia, segmented nerve trunk, brain, nerve net c. ganglia, nerve net, segmented nerve trunk, brain d. nerve net, segmented nerve trunk, ganglia, brain

a (Class)

In the Linnaean biological classification scheme, which of the following ranks is found just below the Phylum designation and just above the Order designation? a. class b. genus c. family d. species

d (Sensory nerves and motor nerves)

Key component(s) of the peripheral nervous system are: a. the four cerebral lobes. b. the brain and spinal cord. c. the spinal cord, but not the brain. d. sensory nerves and motor nerves.

c (sensory and motor functions for the head, neck, and internal organs.)

Key functions of cranial nerves include: a. growth of hair on the face and head. b. sensory input from the cerebral cortex responsible for headaches. c. sensory and motor functions for the head, neck, and internal organs. d. motor output for the trunk, legs, and feet.

c (a type of genetic engineering whereby a specific gene is inactivated.)

Knockout technology refers to: a. the use drugs, such as anesthetics, to cause animals to lose consciousness. b. a type of genetic engineering whereby a new gene is inserted into an animal's genome. c. a type of genetic engineering whereby a specific gene is inactivated. d. the use of drugs to block gene transcription in cells.

d (decreased sensitivity of muscle receptors to motor-neuron)

Myasthenia gravis is a movement disorder that is characterized by: a. destruction of sodium channels in motor neurons. b. loss of the myelin sheath on motor neurons. c. loss of serotonin receptors on muscle cells. d. decreased sensitivity of muscle receptors to motor-neuron messages.

a (nodes of Ranvier)

Myelinated axons can conduct action potentials more quickly than unmyelinated axons. An electrical signal will travel more quickly along a myelinated axon by "dancing" between the voltage-sensitive gaps in the sheath called: a. nodes of Ranvier. b. saltation gaps. c. gap junctions. d. galvani poles.

b (Homo erectus)

Of the following, the closest known extinct ancestor for humans is: a. Homo sapiens b. Homo erectus c. Australopithecus africanus d. Australopithecus robustus

b (to cushion the brain and serve as a shock absorber.)

One of the key functions of the cerebrospinal fluid is thought to be: a. to protect the eyes in the form moisture and tears. b. to cushion the brain and serve as a shock absorber. c. to provide fluid pressure to move muscles. d. to create saliva to keep the mouth moist.

b (sodium influx and depolarization.)

Opening a stretch-sensitive channel in the dendrite of a tactile sensory neuron will lead to: a. sodium influx and hyperpolarization. b. sodium influx and depolarization. c. chloride efflux and hyperpolarization. d. chloride efflux and depolarization.

a (emotional behavior)

Removal of the amygdala in an experimental animal would lead to disruption of: a. emotional behavior. b. initiation of movement. c. smooth and coordinated movements. d. taste and hearing.

a (tend to have larger brains)

Research has shown that monkeys who eat fruit: a. tend to have larger brains. b. tend to live longer. c. tend to be larger in size. d. tend to be less intelligent.

a (Most neurons are never replaced if lost or damaged, but glial cells are continually replaced.)

Select the statement that is most correct about growth and replacement of brain cells in humans. a. Most neurons are never replaced if lost or damaged, but glial cells are continually replaced. b. Neurons and glial cells are never replaced if lost or damaged. c. Glial cells are rarely replaced if lost or damaged, but neurons are continually replaced. d. Glial cells are never replaced if lost or damaged.

d (numbness in certain areas of the body.)

Severing the dorsal root of a spinal nerve would lead to: a. the inability to move certain muscles. b. involuntary movements of certain muscles. c. extreme pain in certain areas of the body. d. numbness in certain areas of the body.

b (interneurons)

Stellate cells and pyramidal cells are examples of different types of: a. sensory neurons. b. interneurons. c. motor neurons. d. spinal neurons.

a (axon hillock)

Summation of postsynaptic potentials, leading to generation of an action potential, occurs in a part of the neuron known as the: a. axon hillock. b. axon terminal. c. dendrite. d. nucleus.

d (recessive allele)

Tay-Sachs disease, in which an infant inherits a dysfunctional protein that fails to break down a class of lipids in the brain, is caused by which of the following genetic variables? a. chromosomal abnormality b. mitochondrial abnormality c. dominant allele d. recessive allele

d (summation of postsynaptic potentials on a neuron occurring closely together in time.)

Temporal summation refers to: a. summation of action potentials in the temporal cortex. b. summation of postsynaptic potentials in the temporal cortex. c. summation of postsynaptic potentials at different places on a neuron at the same time. d. summation of postsynaptic potentials on a neuron occurring closely together in time.

c (interneuron)

The Purkinje cell is an example of this type of neuron. a. sensory neuron b. bipolar cell c. interneuron d. pyramidal cell

a (central sulcus)

The _____ divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. a. central sulcus b. lateral sulcus c. Sylvian fissure d. longitudinal fissure

d (golgi body)

The _____ is a structure within a neuron that packages protein molecules for transport. a. mitochondrion b. endoplasmic reticulum c. nucleus d. Golgi body

b (is formed by the tight junctions of astrocytes surrounding capillaries.)

The blood-brain barrier: a. consists of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid. b. is formed by the tight junctions of astrocytes surrounding capillaries. c. is formed by ependymal cells, which line the walls of the ventricles. d. is a layer of tissue located at the base of the brain, which separates the brain from the circulatory system.

c (from the third ventricle into the fourth ventricle.)

The cerebral aqueduct allows cerebral spinal fluid to drain: a. from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle. b. from the left lateral ventricle into the right lateral ventricle. c. from the third ventricle into the fourth ventricle. d. from the fourth ventricle into the spinal cord.

c (6)

The cerebral cortex has _____ layers. a. 3 b. 5 c. 6 d. 8

c (peripheral nervous system)

The connections between body muscles and sensory connections with receptors in the skin are controlled by the: a. central nervous system. b. lateral nervous system. c. peripheral nervous system. d. medial nervous system.

d (guiding movements.)

The dorsal stream of visual processing is important for: a. object recognition. b. long-term memory. c. reading. d. guiding movements.

c (innate)

The feeding behavior of the bird species known as the crossbill is an example of a(n) _____ behavior. a. learned b. ethological c. innate d. vestigial

b (potassium, which is positively charged; sodium, which is positively charged; and chloride, which is negatively charged.)

The ions most critical to the electrical properties of neurons include: a. potassium, which is positively charged; sodium, which is negatively charged; and chloride, which is negatively charged. b. potassium, which is positively charged; sodium, which is positively charged; and chloride, which is negatively charged. c. calcium, which is negatively charged; potassium, which is positively charged; and sodium, which is positively charged. d. chloride, which is positively charged; sodium, which is negatively charged; and anions, which are positively charged.

d (axon hillock)

The junction of the cell body and the axon where the action potential begins is called the: a. node of Ranvier. b. soma. c. dendrite. d. axon hillock.

b (pia mater)

The layer of the meninges that is closest to the surface of the brain is the: a. dura mater. b. pia mater. c. arachnoid membrane. d. subarachnoid space.

b (Rene Descartes)

The major historical figure associated with dualism is: a. Aristotle. b. Rene Descartes. c. Charles Darwin. d. Francois Gerard.

b (a concentration gradient)

The notion that molecules will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly distributed throughout a solution is referred to as: a. homeostasis. b. a concentration gradient. c. a voltage gradient. d. a chemical gradient.

b (wild-type; mutation)

The nucleotide sequence that is most common in a population is called the _____ allele, whereas a less frequently occurring sequence is called a(n) _____. a. base rate; outlier b. wild-type; mutation c. central tendency; variation d. homozygous; heterozygous

b (mitochondria)

The organelles that can be considered the "power plants" of a cell because of their involvement in the storage and release of energy are: a. nuclei. b. mitochondria. c. nucleoli. d. lysosomes.

c (Materialism)

The philosophy that suggests that rational behavior can be fully explained by the working of the brain is called: a. dualism. b. mentalism. c. materialism. d. literalism.

c (is irrelevant for individuals within a species)

The relationship between brain size and intelligence: a. is reinforced by studies on Albert Einstein's brain. b. is reinforced by studies on differences between men and women. c. is irrelevant for individuals within a species. d. is improved with higher education.

c (open potassium channels)

The relative refractory period seen during an action potential is the result of: a. open chloride channels. b. open sodium channels. c. open potassium channels. d. open calcium channels.

c (Epigenetics)

The study of how differences in gene expression are related to the environment and experience is called: a. genetics. b. phenotyping. c. epigenetics. d. genotyping.

d (basal ganglia)

The subcortical system involved in control and coordination of movement and disordered in Parkinson's disease is the: a. limbic system. b. reticular formation. c. cerebellum. d. basal ganglia.

c (autonomic nervous system)

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are part of the: a. central nervous system. b. somatic nervous system. c. autonomic nervous system. d. cranial nervous system.

d (midbrain)

The tectum (roof) and tegmentum (floor) are both found in this part of the brain, which also houses the superior and inferior colliculi. a. rhombencephalon b. diencephalon c. metencephalon d. midbrain

a (thalamus and hypothalamus)

The two principal structures of the diencephalon are the: a. thalamus and hypothalamus. b. basal ganglia and limbic system. c. tectum and tegmentum. d. reticular formation and cerebellum.

b (reticular formation)

This brain structure is found in the brainstem and is responsible, among other things, for stimulation of the forebrain. pons reticular formation medulla superior colliculus

c (caton)

This individual was the first to attempt to measure the electrical currents of the brain with the sensitive voltmeter that was a precursor to the electroencephalogram. a. Penfield b. von Helmholtz c. Caton d. Huxley

b (saltatory conduction)

This is the name given to the form of signaling done by action potentials in myelinated axons. a. myelinated propagation b. saltatory conduction c. white matter ionization d. none of the answers are correct

c (Cerebellum)

This major nervous system structure is specialized for learning and coordinating movements. a. cerebrum b. brainstem c. cerebellum d. spinal cord

b (diencephalon)

This portion of the brainstem is sometimes referred to as the 'between brain' because it borders upper and lower parts of the brain. a. myencephalon b. diencephalon c. metencephalon d. telencephalon

d (Homo erectus)

This was the first species of humans to make and use tools. a. Australopithecus b. Homo habilis c. Homo neanderthalensis d. Homo erectus

b (Primate species that eat fruit have larger brains than primate species than eat vegetation)

What does Katherine Milton's 1993 study of squirrel monkeys and howler monkeys tell us about the brain? a. Brain size is larger in new world monkeys than in old world monkeys. b. Primate species that eat fruit have larger brains than primate species than eat vegetation. c. Monkeys that are smaller are better able to survive in traumatic environmental conditions like those taking place in the rainforests of Central and South America. d. Squirrel monkeys share more DNA with humans than do howler monkeys despite the fact that they have smaller brains than the howlers.

d (A part of the body that is serviced by one of the divisions of the spinal nerves (e.g., cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral).)

What is a dermatome? a. A very small area of the body that is sensitive to one of the somatosensory stimuli (e.g., pressure, temperature, pain). b. An area of the body with sensory and motor signals controlled by one particular spinal nerve. c. A part of the somatosensory cortex that is devoted to one part of the body. d. A part of the body that is serviced by one of the divisions of the spinal nerves (e.g., cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral).

a (tract)

What is the name given to a group of axons that form a functional unit and are found in the central nervous system? a. tract b. ganglion c. nerve d. nucleus

b (ion)

What is the name given to an atom that takes on an electrical charge either because it has an extra electron or is missing one electron? a. isotope b. ion c. molecule d. bonded element

d (relatively refractory)

What is the term used to describe the state of an axon in the later phase of an action potential during which an increased electrical current is required to produce another action potential? a. partially inhibited b. relatively disinhibited c. disequilibriated d. relatively refractory

c (-70 mV)

What is the voltage reading from inside a neuron while it's at rest (or, in other words, what is its resting potential)? a. 70 mV b. 110 mV c. -70 mV d. -40 mV

d (Aristotle)

What scholar is credited with being the first to posit the causal relationship between mind and behavior known as mentalism? a. Descartes b. Hume c. Bacon d. Aristotle

b (potassium ions and large protein molecules inside, sodium and chloride ions outside)

When a neuron is resting, which of the following is the correct distribution of ions inside and outside of its membrane? a. large protein molecules and chloride ions outside, potassium and sodium ions inside b. potassium ions and large protein molecules inside, sodium and chloride ions outside c. potassium and chloride ions inside, large protein molecules and sodium ions outside d. sodium and chloride ions inside, potassium ions and large protein molecules outside

a (homozygous)

When an organism has two identical alleles for a particular trait it is referred to as: a. homozygous. b. heterozygous. c. omnizygous. d. monozygous

a (spatial summation)

When graded potentials that arrive at approximately the same time and location on a neuron are summed it is referred to as: a. spatial summation. b. temporal summation. c. integration. d. an EPSP.

d (hypoglossal)

Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for control of the muscles of the tongue? a. abducens b. vagus c. trochlear d. hypoglossal

c (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen)

Which of the following element groups account for more than 90% of the mass of the cell? a. sodium, carbon, hydrogen b. hydrogen, oxygen, potassium c. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen d. carbon, calcium, sodium

a (Australopithecus afarensis)

Which of the following is considered to be our earliest hominid ancestor? a. Australopithecus afarensis b. Homo erectus c. Homo habilis d. Autralopithecus africanus

c (hypothalamus)

Which of the following is not a principle structure of the limbic system? a. cingulate cortex b. amygdala c. hypothalamus d. hippocampus

a (tyrosine)

Which of the following is not one of the four nucleotide bases that together form the genetic code of DNA? a. tyrosine b. adenine c. cytosine d. guanine

a (Fritsch and Hitzig)

Which of the following scientists demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the neocortex causes movement of some part or parts of the body? a. Fritsch and Hitzig b. Galvani c. Golgi and RamÓn y Cajal d. Volta

d (Ramón y Cajal)

Which of the following scientists is responsible for the neuron hypothesis? a. Camillo Golgi b. Charles Sherrington c. Hermann von Helmholtz d. Ramón y Cajal

b (IPSPs are the result of efflux of potassium ions and EPSPs are the result of influx of sodium ions.)

Which of the following statements regarding postsynaptic potentials is correct? a. IPSPs are the result of influx of potassium ions and EPSPs are the result of efflux of sodium ions. b. IPSPs are the result of efflux of potassium ions and EPSPs are the result of influx of sodium ions. c. IPSPs are the result of efflux of chloride ions and EPSPs are the result of efflux of calcium ions. d. IPSPs are the result of efflux of potassium ions and EPSPs are the result of influx of chloride ions.

b (astrocytes)

Which of the following type of glial cells perform critical supportive functions for neurons and help form the blood-brain barrier? a. oligodendroglia b. astrocytes c. microglia d. ependymal cells

b (rostral)

With regard to anatomical locations and orientation, what is the opposite direction of caudal? a. superior b. rostral c. coronal d. ventral

c (A sequence of three nucleotide bases that codes for one amino acid.)

With regard to the genetic sequencing of a cell, what is a codon? a. A shortened version of the DNA code that is carried by tRNA into the cytoplasm of the cell. b. A nucleotide arrangement that is responsible for the formation of the chemical structure of a neurotransmitter. c. A sequence of three nucleotide bases that codes for one amino acid. d. A change that occurs to the nucleotide arrangement of a cell due to the activation of long-term potentiation.

d (microglial cells)

_____ are glial cells that help destroy invading microorganisms. a. Oligodendroglial b. cells c. Schwann cells d. Microglial cells

c (A minimally conscious state)

_____ is a condition in which a person can display some rudimentary behaviors such as smiling or uttering a few words, but is otherwise not conscious. a. A persistent vegetative state b. A coma c. A minimally conscious state d. Locked in syndrome

d (Multiple sclerosis)

_____ is a disease that attacks myelin in the central nervous system. a. Tay-Sachs b. Huntington's c. Sickle-cell anemia d. Multiple sclerosis

a (Acetylcholine)

_____ is the chemical transmitter that is involved in muscle contraction at the motor end plate. a. Acetylcholine b. Serotonin c. Norepinephrine d. Dopamine