Phys ch 15

Reactive hyperemia is ANSWER: -lack of blood flow due to an allergic reaction. -increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow. -reflex contraction of smooth muscle in response to stress. -increased blood pressure after stress. -None of the answers are correct.

increased blood flow following a period of reduced blood flow.

If cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does NOT change, what happens to arterial blood pressure? ANSWER: decreases is unchanged increases

increases

Increased blood volume ________ blood pressure. ANSWER: increases decreases has no effect on

increases

Due to the differences in opposing forces, there is net ________ occurring at the arteriolar end of most capillaries, coupled with net ________ at the venous end. ANSWER: filtration, absorption absorption, filtration

filtration, absorption

Differences between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles ANSWER: -have an endothelial lining. -have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls. -have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls and allow blood to bypass capillary beds. -allow blood to bypass capillary beds. -All of the answers are correct.

have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls.

The term for chronically elevated blood pressure is The term for chronically elevated blood pressure is ANSWER: atherosclerosis. hypertension. coronary heart disease. hypotension.

hypertension

Capillary walls consist of ________, supported on a cellular matrix called ________. ANSWER: -fibrous tissue, pericytes -elastic tissue, pericytes -smooth muscle, the basal lamina -endothelium, the basal lamina

A SINGLE ENDOTHELIAL LAYER AND A BASEMENT MEMBRANE

________ is an increase in blood flow that accompanies an increase in metabolic activity. ANSWER: Vasoconstriction Active hyperemia Hypoxia Reactive hyperemia

Active hyperemia

The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the ANSWER: arterioles. muscular arteries. elastic arteries. veins. venules.

Arterioles

When blood pressure is normal, the receptors in arterial walls fire action potentials ANSWER: very seldom. continuously.

CONTINUOUSLY

Each of the following paracrines may cause vasodilation EXCEPT ANSWER: H+ ions from metabolic acids. nitric oxide. Ca2+. K+. CO2.

Ca2+.

When blood pressure receptors sense a loss of blood pressure, they ________ their firing rate. ANSWER: increase decrease

DECREASE

________ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow a high degree of selective materials to pass. ANSWER: Continuous, fenestrated Transcytotic, continuous Fenestrated, continuous Fenestrated, transcytotic Transcytotic, fenestrated

Fenestrated, continuous

All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT ANSWER: a decrease in arterial diameter. an increase in arterial resistance. a decrease in cardiac output. sympathetic stimulation

a decrease in cardiac output

For a diagnosis of hypertension, a patient must have ANSWER: -a systolic pressure above 120 mm Hg. -a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg. -a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg. -a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg. -a diastolic pressure below 80 mm Hg.

a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg.

Venules are similar to capillaries: they have ________ epithelium and only small amounts of ________. ANSWER: -a thin exchange, connective tissue -a thick exchange, connective tissue -a thin exchange, smooth muscle -a thick exchange, smooth muscle

a thin exchange, connective tissue

Smooth muscle is present in the walls of ANSWER: arteries only. veins only. all vessel types. all vessel types except capillaries. muscular arteries only.

all vessel types except capillaries

________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system. ANSWER: Capillaries Arterioles Arteries Venules Veins

arteries

Blood pressure is highest in the ________ and decreases continuously as blood flows through the circulatory system, due to ________. ANSWER: arteries, volume changes capillaries, fluid leak veins, valves arteries, resistance from vessel walls

arteries, resistance from vessel walls

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls. ANSWER: chemoreceptors nociceptors baroreceptors elasticeptors

baroreceptors

Which of these does NOT increase the risk for cardiovascular disease? ANSWER: -having diabetes mellitus -having a sister with coronary artery disease -being a male over 30 but under 55 -being a female over 30 but under 55 -menopause without estrogen replacement therapy

being a female over 30 but under 55

Perfusion is ANSWER: -delivery of oxygen to cells. -movement of blood through a shunt. -the driving force behind blood flow. -the connection between capillaries and other vessels. -blood flow through an organ.

blood flow through an organ.

What is occurring during systole? ANSWER: -blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls -blood pressure increases and pulse pressure decreases -pulse pressure decreases -more stress is placed on arterial walls -blood pressure increases

blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls

Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to ANSWER: -body temperature. -blood oxygen levels. -emotional responses. -body temperature and emotional responses. -body temperature, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels.

body temperature, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels.

Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of ANSWER: -cancer. -hypotension. -vasovagal syncope. -myocardial infarction. -hypertension.

cancer

Sinusoids are modified vessels that replace ________ in some tissues. ANSWER: arteries veins capillaries

capillaries

Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the ANSWER: aorta. carotid artery. venae cavae. cephalic arteries. cerebral arteries.

carotid artery

A rupture of a blood vessel in the brain is called a(n) ________ and may cause the loss of neurological function commonly called ________. ANSWER: aneurism, concussion infarction, heart attack thrombosis, embolism cerebral hemorrhage, stroke

cerebral hemorrhage, stroke

Mean arterial pressure is ________ proportional to cardiac output and ________ proportional to resistance of arterioles. ANSWER: directly, directly directly, indirectly indirectly, directly indirectly, indirectly

directly, directly

A parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs is called ANSWER: elephantiasis. elephantitis. elephantosis. ascites.

elephantiasis.

The inner lining of blood vessels is called ANSWER: basal lamina. endostatin. endoangium. endocardium. endothelium.

endothelium

Vasodilation in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue results from the signal molecule _____ binding to _____ receptors.

epinephrine; beta 2

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is important because ANSWER: -it represents the driving pressure for blood flow. -it forces the practitioner to do math, thus they must pay attention to the values obtained. -it shows that systole lasts longer than diastole. -it represents the driving pressure for blood flow and it reflects the difference in time that systole lasts compared to diastole. -All of the answers are correct.

it represents the driving pressure for blood flow.

Which organ is NOT part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure? ANSWER: liver kidney skin lung spleen

kidney

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the ANSWER: vessels constrict. pH rises. level of oxygen at the tissue increases. level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases. All of the answers are correct.

level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases

Reactive hyperemia is triggered by ANSWER: -stress and the hormones released during stress. -toxins or allergens, such as bee venom or pollen. -local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow. -reflex contraction of smooth muscle following a period of dilation. -None of the answers are correct.

local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow.

The matching of blood flow to the changing metabolic needs of a tissue is due to ANSWER: hormonal control. neural control. local control.

local control.

Restoring lost fluid from the capillaries back to the circulatory system is one of the major functions of the ________ system. ANSWER: lymphatic thirst-quenching immune urinary digestive

lymphatic

Blood pressure is determined by ANSWER: -measuring the pressure in the left ventricle. -measuring the size of the pulse pressure. -measuring the degree of turbulence in a closed vessel. -measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel. -All of the answers are correct.

measuring the force exerted by blood in a vessel.

The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the ANSWER: cerebrum. pons variolli. cerebellum. medulla oblongata. hypothalamus.

medulla oblongata.

Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is ANSWER: at least twice as fast. at least 10 times faster. about the same. much slower. impossible to predict without more information.

much slower.

Osmotic pressure resulting from presence of plasma proteins in blood is called ________ pressure. ANSWER: colloid osmotic and hydrostatic oncotic colloid osmotic oncotic and colloid osmotic hydrostatic

oncotic and colloid osmotic

The osmotic pressure created by the presence of proteins is known as ________, which is _________ in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid. ANSWER: hydrostatic pressure, lower oncotic pressure, lower oncotic pressure, higher hydrostatic pressure, higher

oncotic pressure, higher

The decrease in blood pressure upon standing is known as ANSWER: essential hypertension. bradycardia. orthostatic hypotension. tachycardia.

orthostatic hypotension.

Cerebral capillaries are surrounded by ________ and glial cells and have tight junctions that create the ________. ANSWER: -podocytes, cerebrospinal fluid -smooth muscle, cerebrospinal fluid -fibrous tissue, blood brain barrier -pericytes, blood-brain barrier

pericytes, blood-brain barrier

The highly branched contractile cells that regulate capillary permeability are called ANSWER: pericytes. podocytes. endothelial cells. epitheliocytes. vascular smooth muscle.

pericytes.

The elevated blood pressure that sometimes accompanies pregnancy is known as ANSWER: orthostatic hypotension. vasovagal syncope. preeclampsia. infarction. reactive hyperemia.

preeclampsia.

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ANSWER: systemic pressure. pulse pressure. circulatory pressure. blood pressure. mean arterial pressure.

pulse pressure.

The values obtained when measuring blood pressure, such as 120/80, ANSWER: -reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole. -are the same on both the pulmonary and systemic circuits. -exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole. -exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole and reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole. -All of the answers are correct.

reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole.

Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles. Which are NOT paired correctly? ANSWER: -serotonin vasodilation -epinephrine vasoconstriction with alpha receptors -kinins vasodilation -sumatriptan vasoconstriction -histamine vasodilation

serotonin vasodilation

Venous return to the heart is aided by the ANSWER: skeletal muscle pump. diastolic blood pressure. respiratory pump. skeletal muscle pump and the repiratory pump.

skeletal muscle pump and the repiratory pump.

Myogenic autoregulation means that ANSWER: -blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. -stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. -increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. -stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively. -increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel.

stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively.

When the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure, ANSWER: -cardiac output increases. -sympathetic activity increases, cardiac output increases, and peripheral resistance decreases. -peripheral resistance decreases. -sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases. -sympathetic activity increases.

sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases

In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle ANSWER: -acetylcholine combines with muscarinic receptors. sympathetic stimulation is removed. -acetylcholine combines with nicotinic receptors. -norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors. -norepinephrine combines with β1 receptors.

sympathetic stimulation is removed

Parasympathetic stimulation results in vasodilation in _________.

the genitals

Angiogenesis is ANSWER: -an examination of the arteries and veins. -being able to detect a pulse in arteries. -surgical restructuring of the coronary arteries. -the growth of new blood vessels. -having blood drawn into a tube for tests.

the growth of new blood vessels.

If a person is bedridden for several days, the baroreceptor reflex may fail upon standing. Why? ANSWER: -The kidneys have reduced the blood volume. -There is reduced blood flow to the brain. -Blood pools in the feet and legs and there is reduced blood flow to the brain. -Blood pools in the feet and legs. -All of the statements are correct.

the kidneys have reduced the blood volume.

The rapid pressure increase that occurs when the left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta can be felt as ANSWER: the respiratory pump. the pulse. mean arterial blood pressure. the skeletal muscle pump.

the pulse.

The endothelium of the blood vessels and its adjacent connective tissue make up the ________, which is surrounded by layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue called ________. ANSWER: -tunica externa, tunica media -tunica intima, tunica externa -tunica intima, tunica media -tunica media, tunica intima

tunica intima, tunica media

Norepinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________ and epinephrine binding to alpha receptors on vascular smooth muscle causes ________. ANSWER: vasoconstriction, vasodilation vasodilation, vasodilation vasoconstriction, vasoconstriction vasodilation, vasoconstriction

vasoconstriction, vasoconstriction

Fainting is also known as ANSWER: vasovagal syncope. orthostatic hypotension. infarction. reactive hyperemia. eclampsia.

vasovagal syncope

The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the ANSWER: capillaries. arterioles and capillaries. venules and capillaries. arterioles. venules.

venules and capillaries.