Phys questions Neuro pt 2

C) Malleus The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane, and the stapes is attached to the oval window. The incus has articulations with both of these bones. TM -> Malleus -> Incus -> Stapes -> Oval window

Which of the following is the middle ear ossicle that is attached to the tympanic membrane? A) Columella B) Incus C) Malleus D) Modiolus E) Stapes

B) Fornix The fornix connects the hippocampus to the anterior thalamus, hypothalamus, and the limbic system.

Which structure connects the hippocampus to the limbic system? A) Mamillothalamic tract B) Fornix C) Anterior commissure D) Medial forebrain bundle E) Arcuate fasciculus

E) Medial forebrain bundle The medial forebrain bundle extends from the septal and orbitofrontal regions of the cerebral cortex downward through the center of the hypothalamus to the brain stem reticular area. This structure serves as an important communication system between the limbic system and the brain stem.

Which structure is an important pathway for communication between the limbic system and the brain stem? A) Mamillothalamic tract B) Fornix C) Anterior commissure D) Indusium griseum E) Medial forebrain bundle

A) Arcuate fasciculus

Which structure serves to connect Wernicke's area to Broca's area in the cerebral cortex? A) Arcuate fasciculus B) Lateral lemniscus C) Medial longitudinal fasciculus D) Anterior commissure E) Internal capsule

D) Absence The spike and dome pattern is characteristic of an absence seizure.

Which type of seizure is associated with a spike and dome electroencephalogram pattern during the seizure activity? A) Generalized tonic-clonic B) Temporal lobe C) Jacksonian D) Absence E) Apoplectic

D) Reactive oxygen species Prolonged exposure to excessive sound levels or loud sounds overstimulates hair cells, causing them to produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species, which can cause oxidative cell death. Animal studies have shown that antioxidant vitamins administrated the day after noise exposure can reduce the hearing loss, but pretreatment is more effective. Low levels of connexin 26 due to gene mutation are thought to constitute a congenital hearing loss. Perilymph is the fluid contained in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani of the cochlea; endolymph is the fluid contained in the scala media and membranous labyrinth.

A 20-year-old soldier sustains a noise-induced hearing loss over a period of 6 months from multiple exposures to loud sounds An increase in which of the following is the most likely cause of this hearing loss? A) Connexin 26 B) Endolymph C) Perilymph D) Reactive oxygen species

B) Inner hair cells Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the most common acquired cause of hearing loss worldwide. NIHL is usually caused by damage and eventual death of the inner hair cells located in the organ of Corti of the cochlea; these cells do not grow back. The inner hair cells are the actual sensory receptors of the organ of Corti. The scala media and scala vestibuli are fluid-filled coiled tubes that comprise the cochlea

A 20-year-old soldier sustains a noise-induced hearing loss over a period of 6 months from multiple exposures to loud sounds Loss of which structure is most likely to contribute to the hearing deficit? A) Cochlea B) Inner hair cells C) Organ of Corti D) Scala media E) Scala vestibuli

B) Posterior temporal lobe The posterior temporal lobe is larger at birth in the dominant hemisphere of the brain, which is the left hemisphere in 95 percent of people. Because of the tendency to direct one's attention to the better developed region, the rate of learning in the cerebral hemisphere that gains the first start increases rapidly, whereas learning remains slight in the opposite, less-used side. Hence, the left hemisphere normally becomes dominant over the right.

A 21-year-old woman is a right-handed musician of considerable talent. Which brain structure is most likely to have been physically larger in the dominant hemisphere compared with the nondominant hemisphere at birth? A) Anterior temporal lobe B) Posterior temporal lobe C) Premotor cortex D) Primary motor cortex E) Primary somatosensory area F) Sensory association area

D) Schizophrenia This man has schizophrenia, which is characterized by a breakdown of cognitive and emotional responses.

A 45-year-old man is taken to the psychiatrist because of delusional behavior in the workplace. The man accused a co-worker of scheming with his neighbor to transplant poison ivy in his backyard. This plot was revealed to the man by a voice in his head. Other examples of delusional thinking and voices in the man's head are abundant. What is the most likely diagnosis? A) Bipolar disorder B) Dissociative identity disorder C) Multiple personality disorder D) Schizophrenia

E) Prefrontal association cortex Behavioral deficits, changes in personality, and diminished problem-solving ability are all signs of damage to the prefrontal association cortex

Evaluation of a patient reveals the following deficits: (1) decreased aggressiveness and ambition and inappropriate social responses; (2) inability to process sequential thoughts in order to solve a problem; and (3) inability to process multiple bits of information that could then be recalled instantaneously to complete a thought or solve a problem. Damage to which brain region could be responsible for such deficits? A) Premotor cortex B) Parieto-occipital cortex in the nondominant hemisphere C) Broca's area D) Limbic association cortex E) Prefrontal association cortex

D) Sex drive Bilateral ablation of the amygdala causes behavioral changes known as Klüver-Bucy syndrome. These changes include lack of fear, extreme curiosity, forgetfulness, oral fixation, and a strong sex drive

In a neurophysiology experiment conducted with monkeys, the amygdalae are surgically ablated bilaterally. Which of the following is most likely to be increased 6 months after ablation of the amygdala? A) Despondence B) Memory C) Paranoia D) Sex drive E) Tremors

B) Amygdala The amygdala seems to function in behavioral awareness at a semiconscious level. The amygdala also is thought to project into the limbic system the individual's current status with respect to his or her surroundings. Therefore, the amygdala is believed to help pattern behavior appropriate for each occasion.

In an otherwise normal person, dysfunction of which brain area will lead to behavior that is not appropriate for the given social occasion? A) Ventromedial nuclei of hypothalamus B) Amygdala C) Corpus callosum D) Fornix E) Uncus

A) Cochlear nuclei-superior olive-inferior colliculus via the lateral lemniscus-medial geniculate-auditory cortex Auditory fibers enter the cochlear nucleus. Fibers from the cochlear nucleus pass to the inferior colliculus via the lateral lemniscus. Fibers from the inferior colliculus travel to the medial geniculate nucleus and from there to the primary auditory cortex.

In the central auditory pathway, which option represents the correct sequence of structures in the pathway? A) Cochlear nuclei-superior olive-inferior colliculus via the lateral lemniscus-medial geniculate-auditory cortex B) Cochlear nuclei-inferior olive-inferior colliculus via the medial lemniscus-medial geniculate-auditory cortex C) Cochlear nuclei-superior olive-superior colliculus via the lateral lemniscus-lateral geniculate-auditory cortex D) Cochlear nuclei-inferior olive-inferior colliculus via the lateral lemniscus-lateral geniculate-auditory cortex E) Cochlear nuclei-trapezoid body-dorsal acoustic stria-inferior colliculus via the lateral lemniscus- medial geniculate-auditory cortex

E) Wernicke's area on the dominant side of the brain The somatic, visual, and auditory association areas all meet one another at the junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. This area is known as Wernicke's area. This area on the dominant side of the brain plays the single greatest role for the highest comprehension levels we call intelligence.

Lesions of which area of the brain would have the most devastating effect on verbal and symbolic intelligence? A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Wernicke's area on the nondominant side of the brain D) Broca's area E) Wernicke's area on the dominant side of the brain

B) Periventricular hypothalamus and midbrain central gray area The punishment center is primarily localized to the periventricular hypothalamus and the midbrain central gray area.

Stimulation of the punishment center can inhibit the reward center, demonstrating that fear and punishment can take precedence over pleasure and reward. Which of the following cell groups is considered the punishment center? A) Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei B) Periventricular hypothalamus and midbrain central gray area C) Supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus D) Anterior hypothalamic nucleus

D) Underside of the medial occipital and temporal lobes Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize faces. This inability occurs in people who have extensive damage on the medial undersides of both occipital lobes and along the medioventral surfaces of the temporal lobes

The condition of prosopagnosia usually results from dysfunction or damage to which area of the cerebral cortex? A) Prefrontal area B) Junction of the parietal and temporal lobe on the nondominant side of the brain C) Frontal eye fields D) Underside of the medial occipital and temporal lobes E) Limbic association areas of frontal and anterior temporal lobes

C) Unnatural loss of consciousness For an event or sensory experience to be remembered, it must first be consolidated. The consolidation of memory takes time. A disruption of consciousness during the process of consolidation will prevent the development of memory for the event or sensory experience.

The creation of memory can be interrupted by which activity? A) Phosphorylation of a potassium channel to block activity B) Activation of adenylate cyclase C) Unnatural loss of consciousness D) Increase in protein synthesis E) Activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase

D) It serves as the pressure relief valve for the cochlea The cochlea is a structure of tubes and chambers that is filled with fluid. The fluid is not compressible. As the stapes moves back and forth against the oval window, the increase and decrease in pressure caused by that in-and-out movement of the oval window is relieved by the opposite back-and-forth movement of the round window.

The function of the round window can best be described by which statement? A) It provides the connection point for the stapes B) It serves to damp out low frequency sounds such as your own voice C) It transmits the frequency information into the cochlea from the tympanic membrane D) It serves as the pressure relief valve for the cochlea E) It transmits amplitude information into the cochlea from the tympanic membrane

D) Acetylcholine The gigantocellular neurons of the reticular formation reside in the pons and mesencephalon. These neurons release acetylcholine, which functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter in most brain areas

The gigantocellular neurons of the reticular formation release which neurotransmitter? A) Norepinephrine B) Serotonin C) Dopamine D) Acetylcholine E) Glutamate

A) Norepinephrine

The neurons located in the locus coeruleus release which neurotransmitter at their synaptic terminals? A) Norepinephrine B) Dopamine C) GABA D) Acetylcholine E) Serotonin

A) Pain signals Pain signals traveling through the anterolateral system, but not any of the discriminative sensations coursing through the medial lemniscal system, provide input to the cells in the reticular formation that give rise to ascending projections to the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus.

The peripheral sensory input that activates the ascending excitatory elements of the reticular formation comes mainly from which of the following? A) Pain signals B) Proprioceptive sensory information C) Corticospinal system D) Medial lemniscus E) Input from Pacinian corpuscles

A) Cardiovascular functions involving blood pressure and heart rate The posterior and lateral hypothalamus, in combination with the preoptic hypothalamus, form an important group of cells controlling cardiovascular functions such as heart rate and blood pressure.

The posterior and lateral hypothalamus, in combination with the preoptic area, are involved in the control of which of the following functions? A) Cardiovascular functions involving blood pressure and heart rate B) Regulation of thirst and water intake C) Stimulation of uterine contractility and milk ejection from the breast D) Signaling that food intake is sufficient (satiety) E) Secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

E) Temporal Most of the primary auditory cortex is in the temporal lobe, but the association auditory cortices extend over much of the insular lobe and even onto the lateral portion of the parietal lobe.

The primary auditory cortex lies primarily in which lobe of the cerebral cortex? A) Frontal B) Limbic C) Occipital D) Parietal E) Temporal

C) Tectorial The scala media is bordered by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane and contains a tectorial membrane. The apical border of hair cells has stereocilia that are embedded in the tectorial membrane.

The stereocilia of hair cells are embedded in which membrane? A) Basilar B) Reissner's C) Tectorial D) Tympanic E) Vestibular

D) Parahippocampal gyrus The parahippocampal gyrus is an important component of the limbic cortex, or limbic lobe.

The term limbic cortex includes the orbitofrontal cortex, subcallosal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and which area? A) Supplementary motor cortex B) Postcentral gyrus C) Lingual gyrus D) Parahippocampal gyrus E) Paracentral lobule

C) Corpus callosum The corpus callosum is the main fiber pathway for communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by which nerve fibers or pathways? A) Lateral lemniscus B) Corticofugal fibers C) Corpus callosum D) Arcuate fasciculus E) Medial longitudinal fasciculus

D) Superior olivary nucleus The superior olivary nuclei (see the figure at left) receive auditory information from both ears and begin the process of detecting the direction from which a sound comes. The lateral part of the superior olivary nucleus does so by comparing the difference in intensities of sound reaching the two ears, whereas the medial part of the superior olivary nucleus detects time lag between signals entering both ears.

Which brain stem structure plays a major role in determining the direction from which a sound originates? A) Cochlear nucleus B) Inferior colliculus C) Lateral lemniscus D) Superior olivary nucleus E) Trapezoid

A) Hypothalamus The hypothalamus, despite its small size, is the most important control center for the limbic system. It controls most of the vegetative and endocrine functions of the body and many aspects of behavior.

Which brain structure serves as the major controller of the limbic system? A) Hypothalamus B) Hippocampus C) Amygdala D) Mammillary body E) Fornix

C) Scala media The organ of Corti is contained within the scala media. The cochlea has three main compartments, with fluid movement occurring in the scala vestibuli and scala media in response to sound vibrations. The ampulla and saccule are part of the vestibular apparatus, not the cochlear apparatus.

Which compartment of the cochlea contains the organ of Corti? A) Ampulla B) Saccule C) Scala media D) Scala tympani E) Scala vestibuli

A) Generalized tonic-clonic seizure A generalized tonic-clonic epileptic seizure is associated with the sudden onset of unconsciousness and an overall steady but uncoordinated contracture of many muscles of the body followed by alternating contractions of flexor and extensor muscles—that is, tonic-clonic activity. This effect is the result of widespread and uncontrolled activity in many parts of the brain. It takes the brain from a few minutes to a few hours to recover from this vigorous activity

Which epileptic condition involves a postictal depression period lasting from several minutes to perhaps as long as several hours? A) Generalized tonic-clonic seizure B) Absence seizure C) Jacksonian seizure D) Phase-out clonic seizure E) Temporal lobe seizure

E) The amplitude of vibration of the basilar membrane increases The auditory system determines loudness in at least three ways. First, the amplitude of vibration of the basilar membrane increases so that hair cells excite nerve endings at more rapid rates. Second, more and more hair cells on the fringes of the resonating portion of the basilar membrane become stimulated. Third, outer hair cells become recruited at a significant rate.

Which event prompts the auditory system to interpret a sound as loud? A) A decreased number of inner hair cells become stimulated B) A decreased number of outer hair cells become stimulated C) Hair cells excite nerve endings at a diminished rate D) The amplitude of vibration of the basilar membrane decreases E) The amplitude of vibration of the basilar membrane increases

D) Potassium ions Although most cells in the nervous system depolarize in response to sodium entry, hair cells are one group of cells that depolarize in response to potassium entry.

Which molecules move from the endolymph into the stereocilia and depolarize the hair cell? A) Calcium ions B) Chloride ions C) Hydrogen ions D) Potassium ions E) Sodium ions

A) Norepinephrine Neurons in the locus coeruleus utilize the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in their widespread projections throughout the brain.

Which neurotransmitter is used by the axons of locus coeruleus neurons that distribute throughout much of the brain? A) Norepinephrine B) Dopamine C) Serotonin D) Acetylcholine

A) When the foot of the stapes moves inward against the oval window and the round window bulges outward The malleus is connected to the tympanic membrane, the incus articulates with the malleus and stapes, and the stapes is connected to the oval window.

Which of the following best describes when the transmission of sound waves in the cochlea occurs? A) When the foot of the stapes moves inward against the oval window and the round window bulges outward B) When the foot of the stapes moves inward against the round window and the oval window bulges outward C) When the head of the malleus moves inward against the oval window and the round window bulges outward D) When the incus moves inward against the oval window and the round window bulges outward E) When the incus moves inward against the round window and the oval window bulges outward

C) The majority of neurons from the cochlear nuclei synapse in the contralateral superior olivary nucleus Neurons with cell bodies in the spiral ganglion of Corti synapse in the cochlear nuclei. The majority of the cochlear nuclei neurons synapse in the contralateral superior olivary nucleus. Crossing over occurs in at least three places in the pathway, and a preponderance of auditory transmission is in the contralateral pathway. From the superior olivary nucleus, the auditory pathway then passes upward through the lateral lemniscus, with most auditory fibers terminating at the inferior colliculus. From there, the pathway continues on to the medial geniculate nucleus and then to the primary auditory cortex.

Which statement regarding the transmission of auditory information from the ear to the cerebral cortex is correct? A) Inferior colliculus neurons synapse in the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem B) Neurons with cell bodies in the spiral ganglion of Corti synapse in the inferior colliculus C) The majority of neurons from the cochlear nuclei synapse in the contralateral superior olivary nucleus D) There is no crossing over of information between the right and left auditory pathways in the brain stem E) Trapezoid neurons synapse in the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem

A) An audiogram of a person with conduction deafness would show much greater loss for air conduction than for bone conduction of sound With nerve deafness, there is damage to the cochlea, auditory nerve, or neural pathway. The ability to hear sound as tested by both air conduction and bone conduction is greatly reduced or lost with nerve deafness. However, with conduction deafness, the person retains the ability to hear sound by bone conduction, but not by air conduction

Which statement regarding the two types of deafness is correct? A) An audiogram of a person with conduction deafness would show much greater loss for air conduction than for bone conduction of sound B) An audiogram of a person with nerve deafness would show much greater loss for bone conduction than for air conduction of sound C) Conduction deafness occurs when the cochlea or cochlear nerve is impaired D) Nerve deafness occurs when the physical structures that conduct the sound into the cochlea are impaired E) Prolonged exposure to very loud sounds is more likely to cause deafness for high-frequency sounds than for low-frequency sounds

E) Meniere's disease This woman has Meniere's disease, which is a disorder of the inner ear that affects hearing and balance. The disease results from excess endolymph in the scala media and membranous labyrinth. The cause is not known, but it appears to have a genetic component. Symptoms include vertigo, nystagmus, low-pitched tinnitus, and sudden but temporary hearing loss; hearing loss can become permanent. Acoustic neuroma is a slow-growing benign tumor that develops on the auditory nerve. An aural polyp is a growth in the auditory canal that may be attached to the tympanic membrane, or it may grow from the middle ear. An exostosis is the formation of new bone on the surface of an existing bone; it sometimes occurs in the auditory canal of swimmers after prolonged exposure to cold water and is sometimes called "surfer's ear."

A 50-year-old woman visits an otolaryngologist for sudden bouts of dizziness that subside after about 20 minutes. She also has temporary hearing losses and a feeling of fullness in her right ear; low-pitched buzzing sounds occur intermittently in her right ear. Physical examination shows nystagmus during a dizzy spell. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A) Acoustic neuroma B) Aural polyp C) Exostosis D) Incus erosion E) Meniere's disease

C) beta-amyloid peptide This woman has Alzheimer's disease. Increased amounts of beta-amyloid peptide is found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The peptide accumulates in amyloid plaques with diameters up to several hundred millimeters in widespread areas of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. A key role for excess accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is suggested by multiple observations.

A 75-year-old woman is taken to the physician because of worsening forgetfulness. She has trouble playing cards with her friends because she cannot remember what game is being played. She recently got lost during a walk in the neighborhood she has lived in for 35 years. Which substance is most likely to be increased in the brain of this woman? A) alpha-1 antitrypsin B) alpha-amylase C) beta-amyloid peptide D) beta-endorphin E) gamma-glutamyl hydrolase F) gamma-glutamyl transferase

D) Reduction in communication between the two hemispheres The corpus callosum connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and hence facilitates communication between them. Agenesis of the corpus callosum is a rare defect in which there is a complete or partial absence of the corpus callosum.

A computed tomography scan of a newborn boy shows agenesis of the corpus callosum. Which of the following is most likely to occur in this child during the next 5 years as he matures? A) Inability to form new memories B) Inability to understand spoken words C) Inability to verbally express words D) Reduction in communication between the two hemispheres E) Tameness and inability to recognize expressions of fear

B) Hippocampus A consistent finding in most schizophrenics is that the hippocampus is reduced in size. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system. Incoming sensory information activates various parts of the hippocampus that, in turn, initiate behavioral reactions for different purposes. Removal of the hippocampus makes it impossible to learn new information based on verbal symbolism; however, past memories are preserved.

A decrease in size of which brain structure is most likely in Schizophrenia A) Globus pallidus B) Hippocampus C) Lateral hypothalamus D) Red nucleus E) Subthalamic nucleus

C) Association cortex The association cortex is defined by the fact that it receives multiple inputs from a wide variety of sensory areas of cortex. It is the true multimodal cortex.

A large portion of the cerebral cortex does not fit into the conventional definition of motor or sensory cortex. Which term refers to the type of cortex that receives input primarily from several other regions of the cerebral cortex? A) Cortex that is agranular B) Secondary somatosensory cortex C) Association cortex D) Supplementary motor cortex E) Secondary visual cortex

A) Impaired language skills Wernicke's cortical area is the major brain area for language comprehension. A person with a lesion in Wernicke's area may be able to understand either the spoken word or the written word but would not be able to interpret the thought that is expressed.

A lesion in Wernicke's cortical area in the dominant hemisphere is most likely to produce which symptoms? A) Impaired language skills B) Impaired motor skills C) Inability to form new memories D) Inability to plan future movements E) Reduced cerebellar activity F) Reduced cerebral cortex activity

B) Broca's area Damage to Broca's area leads to motor aphasia, or the inability to form words correctly

A person who has had a traumatic brain injury seems to be able to understand the written and spoken word but cannot create the correct sounds to be able to speak a word that is recognizable. This person most likely has damage to which area of the brain? A) Wernicke's area B) Broca's area C) Angular gyrus D) Dentate nucleus E) Prefrontal lobe

D) Loss of ability to comprehend speech A stroke involving the left middle cerebral artery is likely to cause an aphasic syndrome that may involve the loss of speech comprehension and/or the loss of the ability to produce speech sounds. Any paralysis resulting from the lesion would affect the right side of the body; similarly, any visual field deficits would affect the right visual field of each eye.

A stroke involving the middle cerebral artery on the left side is likely to cause which symptom? A) Paralysis of the left side of the face and left upper extremity B) Paralysis of left lower extremity C) Complete loss of vision in both eyes D) Loss of ability to comprehend speech E) Loss of vision in the left half of both eyes

B) Wernicke's area Wernicke's area in the dominant hemisphere is responsible for interpreting spoken language. Damage to Wernicke's area will eliminate comprehension of spoken language.

An area in the dominant hemisphere, when damaged, may leave the sense of hearing intact but not allow words to be arranged into a comprehensive thought. Which term is used to identify this portion of the cortex? A) Primary auditory cortex B) Wernicke's area C) Broca's area D) Angular gyrus E) Limbic association cortex

E) Serotonin The most conspicuous stimulation area for causing sleep is the raphe nuclei in the lower half of the pons and in the medulla. Many nerve endings of fibers from raphe neurons secrete serotonin. When the formation of serotonin is blocked by drugs, sleep is often disrupted for hours to days. Therefore, it has been assumed that serotonin is a transmitter associated with the production of sleep.

An experimental drug is administered intravenously to six healthy volunteers. A unanimous finding in all six volunteers is decreased induction of sleep. A decrease in production of which substance is most likely in these volunteers after treatment with the experimental drug? A) Acetylcholine B) Dopamine C) Glutamate D) Norepinephrine E) Serotonin

C) Endolymph volume and pressure Increases in both volume and pressure of endolymph in the membranous labyrinth produce the symptoms of Meniere's disease; the reason for this buildup of endolymph is unknown. The membranous labyrinth is composed mainly of the cochlea and balance organs (semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule). Repeated rupturing and healing of the endolymphatic sac of the membranous labyrinth can account for the intermittent symptoms of Meniere's disease. The endolymphatic sac is thought to regulate hydrostatic pressure of endolymph by simple expansion or collapse; it may also have secretory and absorption functions.

An increase in which of the following is the most likely cause of Meniere's disease? A) Endolymph pressure only B) Endolymph volume only C) Endolymph volume and pressure D) Perilymph pressure only E) Perilymph volume only F) Perilymph volume and pressure

C) Medial geniculate The medial geniculate nucleus is the thalamic nucleus that conveys auditory information from the brain stem to the primary auditory cortex.

Auditory information is relayed through which thalamic nucleus? A) Dorsomedial B) Lateral geniculate C) Medial geniculate D) Ventral posterolateral E) Ventral posteromedial

C) Excessive eating, rage and aggression, hyperactivity Lesions involving the ventromedial hypothalamus lead to excessive eating (hyperphagia), excessive drinking, rage and aggression, and hyperactivity

Bilateral lesions involving the ventromedial hypothalamus will lead to which of the following deficits? A) Decreased eating and drinking B) Loss of sexual drive C) Excessive eating, rage and aggression, hyperactivity D) Uterine contractility, mammary gland enlargement E) Obsessive compulsive disorder

Start Chapter 53: The Sense of Hearing

Chapter 53: The Sense of Hearing

Start Chapter 58: Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory

Chapter 58: Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory

Start Chapter 59: Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain - The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus

Chapter 59: Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain - The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus

Start Chapter 60: States of Brain Activity - Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia

Chapter 60: States of Brain Activity - Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia

C) Junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes The junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe is commonly referred to as Wernicke's area. This area of the brain is responsible for the ability to comprehend both the written and spoken word.

Damage to which brain area leads to the inability to comprehend the written or the spoken word? A) Insular cortex on the dominant side of the brain B) Anterior occipital lobe C) Junction of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes D) Medial portion of the precentral gyrus E) Most anterior portion of the temporal lobe

E) Phenylephrine Phenylephrine is a sympathomimetic drug that stimulates adrenergic receptors. Reserpine, phentolamine, and propranolol are sympathetic antagonists.

Drugs that stimulate specific adrenergic receptors are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which drug is a sympathomimetic drug? A) Reserpine B) Phentolamine C) Propranolol D) L-dopa E) Phenylephrine

C) Amygdaloid complex Lesions involving the thalamus lead to retrograde amnesia, because they are believed to interfere with the process of retrieving long-term memory stored in other portions of the brain

Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall long-term memories. Damage to which brain region leads to retrograde amnesia? A) Hippocampus B) Dentate gyrus C) Amygdaloid complex D) Thalamus E) Mammillary nuclei of hypothalamus

E) Dopamine Schizophrenia is thought to be caused in part by excessive release of dopamine. Occasionally, patients with Parkinson's disease exhibit schizophrenic symptoms because of uncontrolled L-dopa therapy and the subsequent production of dopamine.

Schizophrenia is thought to be caused in part by excessive production and release of which neurotransmitter agent? A) Norepinephrine B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine D) Substance P E) Dopamine