Physical Anthropology Quiz & Exploration HW Questions

A Pseudo-scientific theory functions in a manner that... a. Is inconsistent through testing b. Remains consistent with more evidence c. Explains the dynamics of facts from testing d. Undermines hypothesis e. C&B

a

A physical adaption that begins to express with less frequency, within the Hominin species is that of... a. a sagittal crest b. larger brains c. more efficient bipedalism d. cognitive development e. none of these

a

Adapoids, as a group, tend to have which of the following characteristics? a. postorbital bar, flat nails, grasping abilities b. forward-facing eyes, long tails, 2:1:2:2 dental formula c. flat nails, short snouts, small canines d. large eyes, sexual dimorphism, claws

a

Amino acid racemization dating method is used for _______ materials a. organic b. inorganic c. manmade d. hybrid

a

During the late Miocene, we see the development of more bipedal apes, however, a lot of primitive traits continue to express such as... a. Small brain b. Greater cultural development c. Signs of tool use d. Less robust hands e. none of these

a

Mutationists believed that variation was... a. caused by mutations in distinct, inherited cells. b. caused by environmental pressures that directly changed the genes of living organisms that were then passed down to offspring. c. caused by the blending of inherited characteristics from the parents. d. not a significant factor in evolution.

a

Sexual selection is an aspect of natural selection in which... a. the selective pressure affects reproductive success (the ability to breed and raise offspring) rather than survival. b. environmental pressures favor one phenotype over the other causing frequencies of the advantageous alleles to increase thereby increasing reproductive success. c. sexually appealing traits are selected without risk to an organism's survival. d. sexual reproduction is not always possible, so organisms develop the ability to alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction.

a

The Aridity Hypothesis argues that the expansion of ____________ drove early Hominin evolution and diversification. a. grasslands b. wetlands c. forests d. deserts

a

The arboreal hypothesis of primate origins emphasizes primates... a. grasping hands and feet. b. fruit-eating tendency. c. long legs compared to arms. d. acute sense of smell.

a

The first member of the Genus Homo to migrate out of the continent of Africa was... a. Erectus b. Habilis c. Neanderthals d. Sapiens e. Naledi

a

What best describes the focus of archaeology? a. The material culture people leave behind including tools, food, and shelters b. Finding valuable artifacts c. Studying prehistoric societies d. Human origins and evolution

a

Which is the earliest species associated with the use of primitive stone tools? a. Au. garhi b. Au. anamensis c.Au. robustus d. Au. africanus

a

Within the ribosomes, the chemical reactions of linking amino acids within ribosomes produce... a. proteins b. Cells c. DNA d. genes e. chromosomes

a

A group's home range is the area in which the group... a. finds mates. b. searches for food. c. first evolved. d. encounters neighboring groups.

b

All of the following are true of meiosis EXCEPT that meiosis... a. includes a step where homologous chromosomes recombine. b. produces daughter cells identical to the parent cell. c. goes through two phases of cell division. d. produces four daughter cells.

b

Analyses of foraminifera, a microorganism, have been useful for reconstructing a. ancient diets. b. global temperature changes. c. human migration. d. changes in tree growth

b

Anthropologists understand that one of the functions of religion is... a. Providing strong evidence for beliefs b. Guiding humans through times of uncertainty c. Developing new theories d. Supporting rigorous testing e. Explaining methods of hypothesizes

b

It is the application of ____________ that allows us to understand the contributions of the early naturalist in the development of evolutionary theory. a. Political perspective b. Relativistic perspective c. Philosophical perspective d. Ninja focus e. Archaeological perspective

b

Most archaeological research supports the theory that the last common ancestor of Hominins and apes was a/an ____ creature. a. knuckle-walking b. arboreal c. quadrupedal d. bipedal

b

Offspring that are healthy enough to survive to adulthood are called _________ offspring. a. fertile b. viable c. reproductive d. living

b

One trend in Hominin evolution has been... a. protruding cheekbones. b. flatter faces. c. larger incisors. d. flatter feet.

b

Pair-bonded, monogamous primates, like gibbons, tend to exhibit... a. sexual dimorphism. b. sexual monomorphism. c. same-sex competition. d. low paternity certainty.

b

Sahelanthropus tchadensis dates to approximately ____ million years ago. a. 10-12 b. 6-7 c. 3-4 d. 1-2

b

Sexual selection refers to... a. the tendency of most human cultures to prefer male babies over female babies. b. natural selection arising through the preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex. c. the tendency for some individuals in any population to be sexually attracted to those of the opposite sex. d. the phenomenon of numerical imbalance in sexes within a given population.

b

Subspecies are subpopulations of species that... a. have their own unique phenotypes and are geographically isolated from one another, but if they do happen to encounter one another, they are still capable of interbreeding although their offspring are infertile. b. have their own unique phenotypes and are geographically isolated from one another, but are capable of successful interbreeding. c. are geographically isolated from one another, look alike, but are not capable of successful interbreeding. d. may share the same geographic area but are so phenotypically different that they never attempt to reproduce.

b

Synonymous mutations are less likely to be weeded out over evolutionary time because... a. they change the structure of the gene and the body needs these structures b. they are unexpressed and therefore can't affect an organism's fitness c. they always happen alongside other gene mutations d. an organism needs these mutations to successfully reproduce

b

The best way that most primates avoid predation is by... a. outrunning predators. b. avoiding detection by predators. c. being nocturnal. d. using venom.

b

The contributions of Mary Anning supported testing and data gathering of the dynamics of evolution by natural selection in the field of __________ by measuring __________. a. Archaeology / lemur behavior b. Paleontology / fossil morphology c. Linguistics / voices from the earth d. Biology / genetics e. None of the above

b

The discovery of two small primates in the Fayum Basin of Egypt provides clues to the origins of... a. anthropoids. b. stem strepsirrhines. c. plesiadapiforms. d. tarsiers.

b

The haplorhini primate that live in central and South America are in. the super family... a. hominoids b. ceboids c. cercopithecoids d. strepsirhini e. homonins

b

The knowledge of how exactly organisms are produced from DNA sequences... a. is well known today b. will allow us to reconcile discrepancies between the patterns we see in anatomical and molecular evolution c. will allow us to re-animate once extinct species and better understand how they evolved d. is well understood but is disputed among scientists today

b

The molecular structure of DNA consists of... a. nitrogen, deoxyribose b. phosphate, deoxyribose, and nucleotide base c. carbon, calcium, and nucleotide base d. Sugar, spice, and everything nice e. chromosomes, genes, and DNA

b

The physical adaption of stereoscopic vision and grasping hand/feet in primates is due to the selective pressure of... a. life in the seas b. arboreal environment c. mutation d. high predation pressure e. food scarcity

b

The principle of bio-cultural evolution cannot apply to the following species except for... a. afarensis b. habilis c. bosei d. ramidus e. proconsul

b

There is general agreement that species classified as Homo should share all of these characteristics EXCEPT... a. a relatively large brain size. b. a large, protruding face. c. smaller teeth. d. Exploit diverse environments (a wider adaptive zone).

b

What is a primate? a. any milk-producing mammal b. a diverse group of placental mammals c. marsupial mammals d. any mammal

b

What molecule facilitates DNA replication? a. hormones b. RNA c. Proteins d. Genes e. Nuclei

b

When genes are segregated during the cellular division of Meiosis and wind up in different places on corresponding genes, this illustrates the concept of a. a Punnett Square b. Independent Assortment c. Gene flow d. Mutation e. Amino acid

b

Which groups of primates share the dental formula 2.1.2.3? a. new world monkeys and apes b. apes and old world monkeys c. lemurs and new world monkeys d. lemurs and old world monkeys e. they all have different dental formulas

b

Within the fossil record, we observe the development of locomotive pattern that is unique to the ape line, which is called... a. Knuckle walking b. Bipedal Movement c. Brachiation d. Quadrupedal e. B&D

b

"Evo-devo" is best described as a field of study that... a. reconstructs the development of the theory of evolution. b.analyzes the evolution of demonstrable behavioral characteristics of primates. c. combines evolutionary and developmental biology. d. is now discredited because it was found to have racist underpinnings.

c

Chromosomes in somatic cells come in pairs because the _________________ that control them are inherited from each parent. a. Cells b. Soft tissues c. genes d. mitosis e. meiosis

c

Cladistics groups organisms based on... a. assumed relationships. b. family histories. c. shared derived traits. d. divergent traits.

c

Dispersal is one way that primates... a. unite their home group with a new group. b. increase their home range. c. enhance their reproductive success. d. avoid predation.

c

For natural selection to operate, organisms must have... a. genetic similarity b. stable environments c. genetic variation d. cellular replication e. none of these

c

Genes and the bodies they encode... a. evolve at the same rate. b. evolve through multigensis. c. evolve at different rates and in different patterns d. are impacted by a singular evolutionary process.

c

Glacial activity affects global weather and climate by... a. Accelerating global rotation b. Increasing geological activity c. Influencing the rate of precipitation d. Migration patterns of animals e. All of the above

c

Homo Habilis is considered a transition fossil group because... a. They have more primitive traits b. They have more derived traits c. They have traits that establish a new trend d. They have traits that continue previous trends e. None of these

c

Many Old World primates have ____ vision that helps them easily find food. a. monochromatic b. dichromatic c. trichromatic d. non-chromatic

c

Most genetic mutations that occur to an organism's DNA are... a. adaptive. b. helpful to the organism's survival. c. nonadaptive. d. predictable and patterned.

c

Most human cells are _______ meaning they come in matching pairs of chromosomes (one set from each parent). Gametes are _______, meaning they only have one set of chromosomes. a. haploid; aneuploid b. haploid; diploid c. diploid, haploid d. diploid; aneuploid

c

Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can affect crucial processes such as DNA repair, which can lead to breast and ovarian cancers. Although BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, it does not mean an individual will develop cancer if they inherit a pathogenic allele. This phenomena is an example of... a. co-dominance. b. incomplete dominance. c. penetrance. d. polygenic traits

c

One of the explanations for the physical differences between the. australopithecines and the pre-australopithecines is due to the __________________________ of bipedalism. a. Gene flow b. Mutations c. Adaptive radiation d. Meditation e. None of these

c

Orrorin tugenesis is the first species that indicates adaptations for... a. arboreality. b. quadrupedalism. c. bipedalism. d. brachiation.

c

Platyhrrini include the following primates, except: a. marmosets b. capuchins c. baboons d. howler monkeys e. tamarins

c

Sexual dimorphism in a primate species is due to conflict and competition for... a. food b. rank c. mates d. predation e. territory

c

Taphonomy is the study of... a. fossils. b. geological processes. c. organisms after death. d. dating methods.

c

The __________ approach recognizes that human culture changes, and that those changes can be short- or long-term, temporary or permanent, cultural or biological. a. holistic b. comparative c. dynamic d. applied

c

The archeological evidence that illustrates the cognitive abilities of Homo Erectus is associated with... a. the continuous use of Mousterian tools b. the manifestation of tools made of ivory & wood c. the consistent practice of migratory behavior d. The development of regional tool cultures e. D&B

c

The cellular division that is essential for natural selection to operate is... a. mitosis b. recombination c. meiosis d. mutation e. Sex-linked traits

c

The fruit fly studies conducted by Thomas Hunt Morgan demonstrated that most mutations... a. created new species. b resulted in new phenotype characteristics. c. merely increased variation within populations. d. were rare and unlikely to occur.

c

The most famous fossil find of Au. afarensis is known as... a. Mary. b. Dikika. c. Lucy. d. Taung Child.

c

The order primate has the following derived traits that separate them from other mammals except for... a. nails b. 5 digits c. emphasis on smell d. large brains e. color vision

c

The two main categories of fossil dating techniques are... a. objective and subjective. b. lesser and greater. c. relative and chronometric. d. short-term and long-term.

c

These types of single celled organisms include bacteria and archaea. Additionally, their DNA and organelles are not surrounded by individual membranes. a. stem b. endothelial c. prokaryote d. eukaryote

c

What evidence supports grouping tarsiers with haplorrhines rather than strepsirrhines? a. physical appearance b. presence of a wet nose c. genetic similarities d. quadrupedalism

c

What is one reason why primates develop more slowly compared to other mammals? a. Primates reproduce very rapidly. b. Primates do not invest in each offspring. c. Primates have long life spans. d. Primates have large bodies.

c

When predation pressure is high and visibility is poor, some old world monkeys groups utilize _______________ for survival. a. olfactory sense b. visual ques c. vocalizations d. body language e. none of these

c

Which species is generally considered to be the earliest primate? a. Carpolestes b. Darwinius c. Purgatorius d. Adapoids

c

Which subdiscipline of anthropology would research why darker skin pigmentation is more prevalent in high ultraviolet (UV) contexts, while lighter skin pigmentation is prevalent in low UV areas? a. archaeology b. linguistic anthropology c. biological anthropology d. cultural anthropology

c

Within the Genus Homo, there is ample evidence archeological evidence of complex behavior with the recovery of... a. unique skeletal attributes b. unique geological landforms c. unique lithic materials d. unique vocal capabilities e. None of these

c

Within the last 2.8. million years we observe ecological changes being associated with... a. Earthquakes b. Volcanic eruptions c. Glacial movement d. Heavy rain fall e. All of the above

c

All of the following are questions that a biological anthropologist might address EXCEPT a. What influenced human evolution? b. How genetically similar are various human populations? c. How are we related to primates? d. How have languages diversified over time?

d

Dominance hierarchies are uncommon among folivores because... a. food is clumped together. b. individuals must travel far for food sources. c. one individual monopolizes leaves for feeding. d. leaves tend to be evenly distributed.

d

If a primatologist notices that a mammal's skull has a detention of 2.1.3.3 with a postorbital bar, then they are observing... a. an ape b. a new world monkey c. a chimpanzee d. a loris e. a mandrill

d

If a scientist is observing and noting the characteristics of a temple structure in Egypt and their principles of interpretation are modified, then the hypothesis/theory of ___________ are updated through ___________ a. Biology / deductive reasoning b. Geology / inductive reasoning c. Meteorology/ deductive reasoning d. Archaeology / inductive reasoning e. Philosophy / deductive reasoning

d

Lemurs are in the ______________ sub-order. a. Caterrhini b. Hominids c. Hylobatids d. Strepsirhini e. Platyrrhini

d

Many fossils are found nearby ancient... a. cities. b. mountains. c. valleys. d. lakes.

d

Sivapithecus, particularly its facial features, appear to be closely related to ancestral... a. chimpanzees. b. gibbons. c. humans. d. orangutans.

d

The criteria for evolution by natural selection states that traits are passed on at the genetic level. This allows for deductive reasoning in the following fields except for... a. Genetics b. Organic chemistry c. Cell replication d. Geology e. Osteology

d

The development of evolutionary theory as an emergent truth was accomplished by... a. Utilizing the principles and hypothesis of the naturalist to note the variables of nature. b. Making an educated guess on the validity of naturalist principles c. Rigorous testing and data collection in multiple fields of science to refute the principles d. A&C e. B&C

d

The earliest hominin species (such as Australopithecus) evolved during the late ____ epoch. a. Pleistocene b. Miocene c. Jurassic d. Pliocene

d

The key functional difference between mitosis and meiosis is... a. different forms of DNA b. different cellular structure c. different chromosomes d. different number of cellular division e. None of these

d

The primates that are strictly arboreal and have a dental formula of 2.1.3.3 with post orbital closure is classified as... a. strepsirhini b. homoninids c. catarrhini d. platyrrhini e. hominidae

d

The reason for the distinction between Hominids & Hominins is based on the rate in which... a. primitive ape traits are expressed less over time b. greater cognitive abilities are indicated in later periods c. The extinction rates of bipedal groups d. B&A e. A&C

d

The reason for the distinction between Hominids & Hominins is based on the rate in which... a. primitive ape traits are expressed over time b. greater cognitive abilities are indicated in later periods c. the extinction rates of bipedal groups d. B&A e. A&C

d

The species of the Genus Homo has the unique adaption of larger brain size; it is associated with the variables of ___________________ & ________________ over the last 2.8 mya in the grasslands. a. Mutation / genetic drift b. Weather / Geographic c. Sleeping / Wondering the hallway d. Food / Homeostasis e. Tools / Migration

d

To organize DNA in a cell it undergoes coiling. First, DNA is first wrapped around proteins called ________. This creates a complex called chromatin, which resembles "beads on a string". Next, chromatin is further coiled into a ________, of which human body cells typically have 46. a. histones; centromeres b. base pairs; euchromatin c. base pairs; chromosomes d. histones; chromosomes

d

Unlike haplorrhines, most strepsirrhines are... a. ground-dwelling. b. primarily social. c. relatively large. d. nocturnal.

d

Which of the following traits evolved first in our lineage? a. large brains b. flat faces c. large molars d. bipedalism

d

A scientific theory functions in a manner that... a. Is inconsistent through testing b. Remains consistent with more evidence c. Explains the dynamics of facts from testing d. Undermines hypothesis e. C&B

e

Adaptive radiation explains how... a. traits remained unchanged b. traits migrate out to new niches c. traits are reinforced on a genetic level d. traits will have subtle changes to meet environmental needs e. B&D

e

From the perspective of Darwin principles, we see that primate behavior are influenced by competition for ________________ in a given niche. a. abundance of mates b. limited mates c. limited food d. high predation e. C&B

e

Mosaic Evolution is applied to the australopithecines & pre-australopithecines because of the variation and fluctuation of __________________ & ____________________ traits over 5 mya. a. Hominoid and Hominin b. Anthropoid & Prosimian c. Light side & dark side d. Cranial flection & facial prognathism e. A&D

e

The law of complementary bases explains that DNA replication... a. copies complementary genes b. mirrors genes on the opposing side of the helix c. Provides an exact copy of genes d. B&C e. A&B

e

The pre-australopithecines are more primitive because they have... a. more pronounced ape traits b. less derived hominin traits c. larger skull size d. more robust speech e. B&A

e

The robust australopithecines differ from the other australopithecines groups in that they have the physical adaption of... a. Bipedalism b. Stronger bite force c. Thicker bone structure d. Larger brains e. C&B

e

The scientific method, as a process and practice, continues to work because... a. It stays consistent in the face of contradictory evidence b. It changes and adapts because of contradictory evidence c. It relies on strong arguments and beliefs d. Scientific texts are dogma e. B&A

e

When a trait is positively selected, it will be concentrated generationally in a group of organisms if... a. there is no competition b. there is geographical isolation c. there is ecological stress that selects the trait d. short periods of environmental change e. B&C

e

When generating a hypothesis it has to function in way that... a. Keeps you guessing b. Explains the dynamics of observable facts c. Can be tested to show its validity d. Is implausible and testable e. B&C

e