Physical Science Ch.4

The heat involved in a solid-liquid phase change, that is, melting or freezing, is called the latent heat of _____________.

fusion

The measure of the internal energy that has been absorbed or transferred from one object to another is ____________.

heat

The laws of thermodynamics are concerned with relationships between which of the following items? (Choose all that apply.) -mechanical energy -heat -work -potential energy

-mechanical energy -heat -work -potential energy

Put the following descriptions of how a heat engine works to convert heat to mechanical energy in the correct order. -the air is heated -air is trapped in an enclosed cylinder -the gas molecules gain more kinetic energy -increasing pressure inside the cylinder causes the overlying piston, along with a weight, to move.

1. air is trapped in an enclosed cylinder 2. the air is heated 3. the gas molecules gain more kinetic energy 4. increasing pressure inside the cylinder causes the overlying piston, along with a weight, to move.

What is the temperature of ℃ when a Fahrenheit thermometer reads 98.6°F? A. 37°C B. 66.6°C C. 119.8°C D. 177.5°C

A. 37°C

A statement that the energy supplied to a system in the form of heat, minus the work done by the system, is equal to the change in internal energy represents the A. First law of thermodynamics B. Second law of thermodynamics C. Third law of thermodynamics D. Law of increasing entropy

A. First law of thermodynamics

Given two solid objects of the same initial temperature and mass, why would one melt at a different temperature than the other? A. They are made of different materials that have different specific heats. B. One is older than the other. C. One takes up more space than the other.

A. They are made of different materials that have different specific heats.

The basic unit of matter is the... A. atom B. element C. molecule D. compound

A. atom

Oxygen (O2) is an example of a(n) ____________, whereas water (H2O) is an example of a(n) _____________. Both are composed of atoms, and both can be considered molecules. A. element; compound B. compound; element

A. element; compound

The water in a swimming pool is often cooler than the surrounding sidewalk on a sunny day because it A. has a higher specific heat B. has weaker attractive forces C. loses heat more rapidly D. has a lower density

A. has a higher specific heat

A device that converts heat into mechanical energy is called a _______________. A. heat engine B. rumford D. friction machine

A. heat engine

The internal energy of an object _________ during heating and __________ during cooling. A. increases; decreases B. increases; increases C. decreases; decreases D. decreases; increases

A. increases; decreases

The type of energy transfer you feel as the Sun warms your face on a summer day is due to _____________. A. radiation B. conduction C. convection

A. radiation

The process by which solid ice vaporizes into the atmosphere without first becoming a liquid is called. A. sublimation B. condensation C. evaporation D. boiling

A. sublimation

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that the heat energy supplied to a thermodynamic system minus the work done by the system equals A. the change in internal energy B. the temperature change of the system C. zero D. the entropy of the system

A. the change in internal energy

If energy is conserved, how is it possible to change the state of a thermodynamic system by allowing heat to flow in or out, or work to be done one or by the system? A. the total energy of the system is constant; it just changes form B. energy is conserved, but entropy increases C. energy is only conserved if you consider the system plus all its surroundings

A. the total energy of the system is constant; it just changes form

Absolute zero is the lowest temperature possible and is measured at _________. A. 0°F B. 0 K C. 0°C

B. 0 K

_____________ forces between molecules are termed cohesion and adhesion, depending on whether the force is between like or unlike molecules, respectively. A. Weak B. Attractive C. Repulsive

B. Attractive

Which thermodynamic law says that you cannot convert 100 percent of a heat source into mechanical energy? A. First law of thermodynamics B. Second law of thermodynamics C. Third law of thermodynamics D. Law of increasing entropy

B. Second law of thermodynamics

The attractive forces between unlike molecules is called A. cohesion B. adhesion C. diffusion D. friction

B. adhesion

Temperature is based on the __________ molecular kinetic energy of a body. A. total B. average C. lowest

B. average

The heat needed to warm one gram of water one Celsius degree is called a A. joule B. calorie C. Btu D. kilocalorie

B. calorie

The transfer of energy from one molecule to another is called ___________. A. convection B. conduction

B. conduction

The transfer of heat that occurs when energy moves from molecule to molecule by direct contact is called A. convection B. conduction C. radiation D. phase change

B. conduction

The form of heat transfer by large scale displacement of groups of molecules that occurs only in liquids and gases is A. conduction B. convection C. radiation D. condensation

B. convection

The first law of thermodynamics can be summarized as follows: The heat energy supplied to a system, minus the work done by the system, is ___________ the change in internal energy. A. independent of B. equal to C. more than D. less than

B. equal to

With an increase in temperature, molecules in a substance move ___________. A. at the same speed B. faster C. slower

B. faster

The molecules in a ___________ are held together with weak forces that allow them to move constantly and randomly. A. solid B. gas C. liquid

B. gas

The specific heat of a substance A. depends on the amount of material involved B. is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 Celsius degree. C. depends on the initial and final temperature of the substance D. is measure in units of cal or kcal

B. is defined as the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 Celsius degree.

Which phase of matter is described as having a fixed volume but a variable shape? A. solid B. liquid C. gas D. plasma

B. liquid

The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance 1 degree Celsius is known as A. latent heat B. specific heat C. a calorie D. Btu

B. specific heat

Heat is a measurement of ___________. A. the degree of hotness or coldness of an object B. the total internal energy of the molecules of an object C. the types of molecules in an object D. how many molecules are in an object

B. the total internal energy of the molecules of an object

Energy need to increase the temperature of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.

British thermal unit

What is the temperature that is the same numerical value on both the Fahrenheit and Celsius scale? A. 212° B. 0° C. -40° D. -273°

C. -40°

What is the average body temperature of healthy humans on the Celsius scale? A. 100° B. 68° C. 37° D. 20°

C. 37°

What is the basic premise of the kinetic molecular theory? A. Molecules cannot be divided. B. An element is the smallest possible particle of any substance. C. All matter is made of atoms.

C. All matter is made of atoms.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the external and internal energy of an object? A. External energy is another term for its kinetic energy, while internal energy is another term for its potential energy. B. External energy is the force applied to an object, while internal energy is the opposing force of the object itself. C. External energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of the object; internal energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of the object's molecules.

C. External energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of the object; internal energy is the total potential and kinetic energy of the object's molecules.

What phase of matter has a definite volume but not a definite shape? A. Solid B. Gas C. Liquid D. Plasma

C. Liquid

What happens to molecular motion if an object either absorbs energy or heat? A. Molecular motion decreases. B. Molecular motion doesn't change. C. Molecular motion increases.

C. Molecular motion increases.

What is a vapor? A. a vapor is the gaseous form of a substance that is usually found in the solid phase. B. a vapor is a particularly odorous gas. C. a vapor is the gaseous form of a substance that is usually found in the liquid phase.

C. a vapor is the gaseous form of a substance that is usually found in the liquid phase.

Radiation is a type of heat energy transfer that occurs between two objects ____________. A. because the objects are touching B. when air currents transport the heat C. as long as there is a temperature difference between the two

C. as long as there is a temperature difference between the two

Based upon the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the direction of natural change, the total entropy (or thermodynamic measure of disorder) of the universe will A. remain the same B. decrease to zero C. continue to increase D. randomly change

C. continue to increase

When water in the air condenses and forms tiny bubbles on a cold soda can, A. it absorbs energy from the surroundings B. its temperature drops sharply C. it transfers heat to the surroundings D. its temperature rises slightly

C. it transfers heat to the surroundings

It gets warmer when it rains because the phase transition of water vapor to rain releases heat. This type of heat is known as ___________ heat. A. residual B. condensation C. latent

C. latent

The molecules in a ____________ flow over each other, yet are held together with relatively strong forces. A. gas B. solid C. liquid D. plasma

C. liquid

Materials such as wool and plastic foam that make good heat insulators do so because they have many air pockets that are ___________. A. efficient conductors of energy B. good at allowing convection to occur C. poor conductors of energy

C. poor conductors of energy

Which of the following statements concerning heat transfer by radiation are NOT correct? A. radiation is energy that moves through space B. every object in the universe emits radiation C. radiation requires atoms or molecules to transfer heat D. a hot object emits more radiation than a cool object

C. radiation requires atoms or molecules to transfer heat

When the evaporation rate equals the condensation rate, the space above the liquid is A. heating B. cooling C. saturated D. in a phase change

C. saturated

The temperature of a substance is defined as... A. how hot or cold the substance is B. the total internal energy of a substance C. the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the substance D. all of these

C. the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the substance

A temperature of Absolute Zero is described as A. the freezing point of water 0°C. B. 0°F C. the lowest temperature possible (0 Kelvin) D. the triple point of water (273°C).

C. the lowest temperature possible (0 Kelvin)

On a cold morning, you stand barefooted with one foot on the bathroom tile and the other on the carpet. The bathroom tile "feels" colder because A. it has a lower temperature B. there is a better contact between your foot and the tile than your foot and the carpet C. the tile is a better conductor of heat than the carpet D. the carpet has a higher temperature.

C. the tile is a better conductor of heat than the carpet

Conduction is a transfer of energy that occurs ____________. A. only between metallic objects B. by the movement of molecules from one place to another C. through the interaction of molecules

C. through the interaction of molecules

In a heat pump, unlike a heat engine, ____________________. A. work is used to heat a low-temperature region and cool a high-temperature region B. all the heat energy is converted into work C. work is used to cool a low-temperature region and heat a higher-temperature region

C. work is used to cool a low-temperature region and heat a higher-temperature region

Conduction, as a method of heat transfer, A. works through the transfer of energy from molecule to molecule B. is slowed down in your home by the addition of insulation to walls C. works best in solids D. all are correct

D. all are correct

Which of the following assumptions describe the Kinetic Molecular Theory? A. all matter is composed of atoms or molecules that interact physically. B. it explains the various states of matter. C. the temperature of a substance is defined by the average kinetic energy of its molecules. D. all of these.

D. all of these

Molecules in a solid A. are harder than molecules in liquids or gases B. transfer heat to their neighbors by a process called convection C. have no internal energy because they are not moving around. D. are held in nearly fixed positions by strong attractive forces

D. are held in nearly fixed positions by strong attractive forces.

Water molecules move back and forth between the liquid and gaseous phases A. only when the space above a liquid is not saturated B. only at 100°C. C. only when the humidity is low D. at all times

D. at all times

During a phase change, latent heat refers to A. the energy that changes the temperature of the substance B. the energy that goes into or out of the internal potential energy C. the energy that does not change the temperature of the substance D. both B and C

D. both B and C

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is concerned with A. conservation of energy B. the direction of energy flow C. the transformation of high-quality energy into lower-quality energy D. both B and C above

D. both B and C above

The form of heat transfer by large scale displacement of groups of molecules that occurs only in liquids and gases is A. conduction B. condensation C. radiation D. convection

D. convection

Which of the following involves the greatest amount of heat when warming 100 grams of ice? A. warming the ice B. melting the ice C. warming the water D. evaporating the water.

D. evaporating the water

______________ is the measure of the internal energy that has been absorbed or transferred from one body to another. A. temperature B. external energy C. specific heat D. heat

D. heat

The "touch" sensors our human bodies use to judge temperature operates A. very poorly, sensing only heat flow B. within 5°C of the actual temperature C. better than most thermometers D. none of the answers are correct.

D. none of the answers are correct

The molecules in a ___________ are at regular distances from each other and are bound by relatively strong cohesive forces. A. liquid B. gas C. plasma D. solid

D. solid

While the word temperature is commonly used to describe how hot or cold something is, in terms of the kinetic molecular theory, temperature is ___________. A. directly related to the size of an object B. the measure of the total potential energy of a substance C. the same as heat D. the measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance

D. the measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance

In the equation: Q = mc∆t, the c represents the A. speed of light B. number of calories gained or lost C. convection coefficient D. type of material

D. type of material

Heat is added to a 1.0 kg block of ice at -10°C until the block is completely converted to 1.0 kg of steam at 100°C. The process requiring the greatest addition of heat is the A. increasing of the temperature of the ice to 0°C. B. melting of the ice to water C. increasing of the temperature of the water to 100°C. D. vaporizing the water to steam.

D. vaporizing the water to steam

A block of ice is heated using a constant source of heat. The initial temperature of the ice is -10°C. What happens to the temperature and to the physical state of the ice as heat is absorbed? A. the temperature increases as the ice begins to melt B. the temperature stays the same until the ice starts to melt C. The temperature increases until it reaches the melting point of ice, 0°C. D. The temperature remains constant as the ice melts E. C and D are correct answers

E. C and D are correct answers

The rate of evaporation of a liquid may be increased by A. increasing the temperature of the liquid B. decreasing the atmospheric pressure of the liquid C. uncovering the container D. increasing the surface are E. all of the above

E. all of the above

True or False: Temperature is a measure of the amount of heat stored in a substance.

False

______________ is the name we use to describe the phase of matter that is a type of gas made of positive ions and negative electrons and is often found in very high temperature conditions.

Plasma

The study of heat and its relationship to mechanical energy.

Thermodynamics

True or False: The degrees on the Celsius scale are larger than degrees on the Fahrenheit scale.

True

True or False: Water beads up on wax paper because its cohesive forces are greater than the adhesive forces.

True

Using the Kelvin temperature scale, the lowest temperature possible is called _____________ zero. This is the point at which molecular motion ceases.

absolute

Energy need to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

calorie

When considering the interaction of molecules, _____________is the attractive force between the same kind of molecules, whereas ____________ is the attractive force between different kinds of molecules.

cohesion; adhesion

Materials such as wood that make good insulators are naturally poor ____________ of energy.

conductors

____________ is the transfer of heat due to the movement of molecules.

convection

A(n) ______________ molecule is one composed of two atoms, whereas a monatomic molecule is composed of ____________ atom.

diatomic; one

A heat _____________ converts heat into mechanical energy.

engine

True or False: Iron heats up more rapidly than does aluminum because it has a greater specific heat.

false

True or False: The sum of all the energy of the molecules of an object is called the temperature of that object

false

Traditional thermometers are based upon the idea that substances expand or contract at set rates due to changes in temperature, whereas modern thermometers measure the intensity of the __________ radiation emitted from objects such as the human body.

infrared

While the external energy of an object considers the total potential and kinetic energy that is easily observed, the ___________ energy of an object occurs on the molecular level.

internal

Energy need to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius.

kilocalorie

The ________________ molecular theory is a summary of the scientific assumptions about molecules and the space around them.

kinetic

The quantity of heat associated with a phase change is called ___________ heat.

latent

A(n) ______________ occurs when a solid, liquid, or gas transitions from one phase to another.

phase change

The phase of matter that has a definite shape and volume is a(n) ______________.

solid

_____________ heat refers to the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1 degree Celsius.

specific

The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance is called _______________.

temperature

True or False: Liquid water at 0°C has to give up energy in order to become ice at 0°C.

true

True or False: The molecules of a gas are much farther apart than molecules in a solid or liquid.

true

True or False: The nutritionist's Calorie is really a kilocalorie.

true

True or false: All objects that you currently can see are emitting radiant energy.

true

True or false: The primary difference between the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales is the number of degrees that divide the freezing and boiling of water.

true

True or false: The specific heat of an object affects how readily it heats and/or cools.

true

A gas that is usually in the liquid phase is a(n) _____________.

vapor

The heat involved in a liquid-gas phase change, that is, evaporation or condensation, is called the latent heat of ______________.

vaporization