Physics Chapter 15 - ALL IN ONE
What determines the direction of heat flow?
Temperature difference
When water at 4°C is heated it expands. If it is instead cooled it will
also expand
thermal expansion
- Due to rise in temperature of a substance, molecules jiggle faster and move farther apart. - Most substances expand when heated and contract when cooled
flow of internal energy
- From a high-temperature substance to a low-temperature substance until thermal equilibrium is reached - Internal energy never flows unassisted from a low-temperature to a high-temperature substance
heat
- Internal energy transferred from one thing to another due to a temperature difference - Internal energy in transit
what does a thermometer do?
- Measures temperature by expansion or contraction of a liquid (mercury or colored alcohol) - Reading occurs when the thermometer and the object reach thermal equilibrium (having the same average kinetic energy per particle) - Infrared thermometers operate by sensing IR radiation
13. Distinguish between a calorie and a joule.
-1 calorie = 4.19 joules
The temperature of absolute zero is stated as ___________.
-273°C
14. How many joules are needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C?
-4.19 joules raises the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
what is temperature
-A number that corresponds to the warmth or coldness of an object - Measured by a thermometer - Is a per-particle property - No upper limit - Definite limit on lower end
1. What are the temperatures for freezing water on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales? For boiling water?
-Celsius: Freezing-0 degrees; Boiling-100 degrees -Fahrenheit: Freezing-32 degrees; Boiling-212 degrees
2. What are the temperatures for freezing water and boiling water on the Kelvin temperature scale?
-freezing: 273.15 degrees -boiling: 373.15 degrees
7. In which direction does internal energy flow between hot and cold objects?
-from warmer objects to colder objects
10. What role does temperature have in the direction of internal energy flow?
-heat flows spontaneously from high temperature to low temperature
9. How does heat differ from internal energy or are they two terms for the same thing?
-heat is energy in transit from a body of higher temperature to one of lower temperature; once transferred, the energy ceases to be heat -they are not two terms for the same thing
8. Does a hot object contain internal energy, or does it contain heat?
-internal energy
19. Northeastern Canada and much of Europe receive about the same amount of sunlight per unit area. Why, then, is Europe generally warmer in the winter?
-internal energy is carried in the Gulf Stream from tropical waters to the North Atlantic, where it warms the otherwise cold climate
24. Which generally expands more for an equal increase in temperature: liquids or solids?
-liquids
12. Distinguish between a calorie and a Calorie.
-a Calorie is 1000 calories
A block of wood and a block of copper will feel neither hot nor cold to the touch when they each have
your temperature
17. Does a substance that cools off quickly have a high or a low specific heat capacity?
-low specific heat capacity
16. Does a substance that heats up quickly have a high or a low specific heat capacity?
-low specific heat capacity (heats up quickly, cools down quickly)
23. Why does a bimetallic strip bend with changes in temperature?
-made with 2 different materials and both have different expansion and contraction rates.
6. Is there a distinction between thermal energy and internal energy? Which term do physicists prefer?
-no they are the same (energy that results from heat flow) -internal energy
15. Which warms up faster when heat is applied: iron or silver?
-silver
20. According to the law of conservation of energy, if ocean water cools, then something else should warm. What is it that warms?
-the cooling ocean warms the air
22. Why do substances expand when their temperature is increased?
-the molecules wiggle faster and move apart
5. Under what conditions can we say that "a thermometer measures its own temperature"?
-the necessary condition is thermal equilibrium-the thing being measured and the thermometer will have the same temperature
11. How is the energy value of foods determined?
-they are determined by burning them and measuring the energy released
3. What is meant by "translational" kinetic energy?
-translational energy is the energy of to-and-fro molecular motion
4. Which forms of energy determine temperature: translational kinetic energy, rotational kinetic energy, vibrational kinetic energy or all of these?
-translational kinetic energy
18. How does the specific heat capacity of water compare with the specific heat capacities of other common materials?
-water has a higher capacity for storing energy than all but a few uncommon materials
21. Why is the temperature fairly constant for landmasses surrounded by large bodies of water?
-water has a moderating effect-slow to cool, slow to warm
Celsius scale
0ºC for freezing point of water to 100ºC for boiling point of wate
Which one of these is largest amount of energy?
1 Calorie
4.18 joules=
1 calorie
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C is ___________.
1 calorie
Distinguish between a calorie and a joule.
1 calorie = 4.19 joules
What is meant by "translational" kinetic energy?
Motion from one place to another
Which one of these cites the lowest temperature?
270K
What are the temperatures for freezing water and boiling water on the Kelvin temperature scale?
273 k, 373 k
Fahrenheit scale
32ºF for freezing point of water to 212ºF for boiling point of water
At what temperature do the combined effects of contraction and expansion produce the smallest volume for water?
4 degrees.
how much heat is required to change the temperature by 1 celsius
4.18 joules of heat are needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 celsius degree
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C is
4.19 joules.
When 10 grams of hot water cool by 1°C, the amount of heat given off is
41.9 joules.
At what temperature do the combined effects of contraction and expansion produce the smallest volume for water?
4°C
Water is most dense at ___________.
4°C
Before ice can form on a lake, all the water in the lake must be cooled to
4°C.
Distinguish between a calorie and a Calorie.
A Calorie is 1000 calories.
Does a substance that heats up quickly have a high or a low specific heat capacity?
A low specific heat capacity
6) Which temperature scale has the smallest sized degrees? A) Fahrenheit B) Celsius C) Kelvin D) none of the above
A) Fahrenheit
6) Which temperature scale has the smallest sized degrees? A) Fahrenheit B) Celsius C) Kelvin D) none of the above
A) Fahrenheit
58) If you measure the distance between two telephone poles with a steel tape on a very hot day, your measured distance will be A) a bit short. B) a bit long. C) the same as on an average-temperature day.
A) a bit short.
35) Aluminum has a specific heat capacity more than twice that of copper. Place equal masses of aluminum and copper wire in a flame and the one to undergo the fastest increase in temperature will be A) copper. B) aluminum. C) both the same
A) copper.
62) Open spaces in ice crystals contribute to A) decreased density. B) increased density. C) neither of these
A) decreased density.
74) Consider some water at 6°C. For a slight increase its temperature the water will A) expand. B) contract. C) remain the same.
A) expand.
51) The fact that gasoline overflows a full tank on a hot day is evidence that A) gasoline expands more with increasing temperature than its tank. B) the tank contracts while gasoline expands with temperature. C) both of these D) neither of these
A) gasoline expands more with increasing temperature than its tank.
56) If glass expanded more than mercury, then the column of mercury in a mercury thermometer would fall when the temperature A) increases. B) decreases. C) neither of these
A) increases.
70) If the temperature of a sample of water at 4°C is slightly increased, its volume A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains the same.
A) increases.
71) If the temperature of a sample of water at 4°C is slightly lowered, its volume A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains the same.
A) increases.
21) The white-hot sparks from a 4th-of-July-type sparkler that strike your skin transfer A) little energy to you in spite of their high temperature. B) little energy to you due to their low temperature. C) much energy, but at a low temperature. D) none of the above
A) little energy to you in spite of their high temperature
37) One of water's interesting thermal properties is that when heated it takes a relatively A) long time in changing temperature. B) short time in changing temperature. C) same amount of time to cool. D) none of the above
A) long time in changing temperature.
32) A substance that cools down faster than others has A) low specific heat capacity. B) high specific heat capacity. C) either of these D) neither of these
A) low specific heat capacity.
36) The fact that desert sand is very hot in the day and very cold at night is evidence that the specific heat capacity of sand is relatively A) low. B) high. C) practically absent.
A) low.
36) The fact that desert sand is very hot in the day and very cold at night is evidence that the specific heat capacity of sand is relatively A) low. B) high. C) practically absent.
A) low.
63) Due to the presence of ice crystals in nearly frozen liquid water, the density of water is A) lower. B) unaffected. C) higher.
A) lower.
64) Microscopic slush in ice water tends to make water density A) lower. B) higher. C) sustain at one value.
A) lower.
41) If the specific heat of water were lower than it is, ponds in the cold of winter would be A) more likely to freeze. B) less likely to freeze. C) neither more nor less likely to freeze.
A) more likely to freeze.
39) If the specific heat capacity of water were lower than it is, a nice hot bath would be a A) shorter experience. B) longer experience. C) same regardless of water's specific heat capacity.
A) shorter experience.
40) If the specific heat capacity of water were lower than it is, a watermelon in a picnic cooler would cool in a A) shorter time. B) longer time. C) the same time anyway.
A) shorter time.
28) The specific heat capacity is highest for substances that absorb or release large quantities of heat for correspondingly A) small temperature changes. B) large temperature changes. C) small or large changes in temperature. D) none of the above
A) small temperature changes.
66) Ice tends to form first at the A) surface of bodies of water. B) bottom of bodies of water. C) either depending on water depth.
A) surface of bodies of water.
59) A body of water will be deeper when its A) temperature rises. B) temperature drops. C) neither of these
A) temperature rises.
In what form does radiant energy travel?
As electromagnetic waves
75) Before ice can form on a lake, all the water in the lake must be cooled to A) zero°C. B) 4°C. C) -32°C. D) none of the above
B) 4°C.
78) The temperature at the bottom of Lake Tahoe, high in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, at this moment is A) below 4°C. B) 4°C. C) above 4°C. D) uncertain. Answer: B
B) 4°C.
57) If you measure the width of an outdoor barn with a steel tape on a very cold day, your measured width will be A) a bit short. B) a bit long. C) the same as on an average-temperature day.
B) a bit long.
73) When water at 4°C is heated it expands. If it is instead cooled it will A) contracts. B) also expand. C) neither contracts nor expands.
B) also expand.
48) Consider a metal ring with a gap cut in it. When the ring is heated, the gap A) becomes narrower. B) becomes wider. C) retains its size.
B) becomes wider.
47) As a piece of metal with a hole in it cools, the diameter of the hole A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains the same.
B) decreases.
69) If the temperature of a sample of water at 0°C is slightly increased, its volume A) increases. B) decreases. C) remains the same.
B) decreases.
76) When the temperature of a solid block of ice is lowered, its volume A) increases. B) decreases. C) stays the same.
B) decreases.
50) It is important that the two metals that compose a bimetallic strip have A) different conductivities. B) different rates of expansion. C) equal thicknesses. D) all of the above E) none of the above
B) different rates of expansion.
44) When most substances are heated, molecules inside move faster and take up more space, resulting in thermal A) bending. B) expansion. C) contraction. D) heat.
B) expansion.
27) Materials composed of molecules that absorb large amounts of energy in the form of internal vibrations and rotations have A) low specific heats. B) high specific heats. C) none of the above
B) high specific heats.
14) Compared to a giant iceberg, a hot cup of coffee has A) more internal energy and higher temperature. B) higher temperature, but less internal energy. C) a greater specific heat and more internal energy. D) none of the above
B) higher temperature, but less internal energy.
29) Aluminum has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. This means that for equal masses of aluminum and iron, the metal that heats more quickly when the same amount of heat is applied is A) aluminum. B) iron. C) need more information
B) iron.
45) When we enlarge a photograph of an iron ring, the image of the hole becomes A) smaller. B) larger. C) neither smaller nor larger.
B) larger.
46) When an iron ring is heated, the hole becomes A) smaller. B) larger. C) neither smaller nor larger. D) either smaller or larger, depending on the ring thickness.
B) larger.
43) A closed, sealed can of air placed on a hot stove. The contained air undergoes an increase in A) mass. B) temperature. C) both of these D) neither of these
B) temperature.
42) In terms of thermal expansion it is important that A) a key and its lock are made of similar or the same material. B) the fillings in your teeth expand at the same rate as teeth. C) iron rods and concrete in which they're embedded expand equally. D) all of the above E) none of the above
B) the fillings in your teeth expand at the same rate as teeth.
79) When ice floats in water, a small part of it extends above the surface. Interestingly, the volume of ice that extends above the surface is equal to the volume of the A) water the ice displaces. B) vast number of open spaces in all the hexagonal ice crystals. C) both of these D) neither of these
B) vast number of open spaces in all the hexagonal ice crystals.
77) During a very cold winter, water pipes sometimes burst due to A) the ground contracting when colder. B) water expanding when freezing. C) water contracting when freezing. D) thawing producing pressure on the pipes. E) none of the above
B) water expanding when freezing.
Why does a bimetallic strip bend with changes in temperature?
Because it is made of two different kinds of metals. One metal expands more than the other
Why does ice form at the surface of a body of water instead of at the bottom?
Because water at 0 degrees is not the most dense
8) Room temperature on the Kelvin scale is about A) 100 K. B) 200 K. C) 300 K. D) 400 K. E) more than 400 K.
C) 300 K.
17) The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C is A) 4.19 calories. B) 4.19 Calories. C) 4.19 joules. D) none of the above
C) 4.19 joules.
18) When 10 grams of hot water cool by 1°C, the amount of heat given off is A) 41.9 calories. B) 41.9 Calories. C) 41.9 joules. D) more than 41.9 joules. E) none of the above
C) 41.9 joules.
60) Which of these is correct? A) a piece of solid iron floats in molten iron. B) a piece of solid aluminum floats in molten aluminum. C) a piece of ice floats in water. D) all the above E) none of the above
C) a piece of ice floats in water.
61) When ice water at 0°C is heated A) thermal expansion occurs. B) thermal contraction occurs. C) both occur until 4°C is reached
C) both occur until 4°C is reached
67) Ice crystals in nearly frozen liquid water make up a A) microscopic slush. B) region of lower density. C) both of these D) neither of these
C) both of these
68) When ice crystals collapse at the surface of ice, the result is a A) thin film of water. B) slippery surface. C) both of these. D) none of the above
C) both of these.
quantity of heat is measured in?
Measured in joules or calories
49) When a bimetallic bar made of copper and iron strips is heated, the bar bends toward the iron strip. The reason for this is A) iron gets hotter before copper. B) copper gets hotter before iron. C) copper expands more than iron. D) iron expands more than copper. E) none of the above
C) copper expands more than iron.
49) When a bimetallic bar made of copper and iron strips is heated, the bar bends toward the iron strip. The reason for this is A) iron gets hotter before copper. B) copper gets hotter before iron. C) copper expands more than iron. D) iron expands more than copper. E) none of the above
C) copper expands more than iron.
72) If you wish to expand the volume of a sample of water at 4°C A) raise its temperature a bit. B) lower its temperature a bit. C) either of these D) neither of these
C) either of these
52) In most cases, which expands more for comparable changes in temperature? A) solids. B) liquids. C) gases. D) all expand about equally.
C) gases.
38) The moderate temperatures of islands throughout the world has much to do with water's A) good conductivity. B) vast supply of internal energy. C) high specific heat capacity. D) high evaporation rate. E) absorption of solar energy.
C) high specific heat capacity.
55) Which of these expands when the temperature is lowered? A) iron B) wood C) ice water D) helium E) none of the above
C) ice water
65) Ice has a lower density than water because ice A) molecules are more compact in the solid state. B) molecules vibrate at lower rates than water molecules. C) is composed of open-structured crystals. D) density decreases with decreasing temperature.
C) is composed of open-structured crystals.
Distinguish between a calorie and a Calorie
Calorie = 1 kilo-calorie
Which temperature scales have equal sized degrees
Celsius and Kelvin
Which temperature scales have equal sized degrees?
Celsius and Kelvin
When the temperature of ice-cold water is increased slightly, does it undergo a net expansion or a net contraction?
Contraction
When the temperature of ice-cold water is increased slightly, does it undergo a net expansion or a net contraction?
Contraction (0-4 C), then expansion
20) White-hot sparks from a 4th-of-July-type sparkler that strike your skin have relatively A) high temperatures. B) few molecules per spark. C) low transfer of energy. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
26) The quantity of heat that a substance can transfer relates to its A) mass B) specific heat capacity C) change in its temperature. D) all of the above
D) all of the above
26) The quantity of heat that a substance can transfer relates to its A) mass B) specific heat capacity C) change in its temperature. D) all of the above
D) all of the above
53) Which of the following expands more when the temperature is increased? Equal volumes of A) iron. B) wood. C) ice water. D) helium. E) all expand the same.
D) helium.
54) Which of the following contracts most when the temperature is decreased? Equal volumes of A) iron. B) wood. C) water. D) helium. E) all contract the same.
D) helium.
what is specific heat capacity?
Defined as the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a unit mass of the substance by 1 degree Celsius
Which temperature scale has the smallest sized degrees?
Fahrenheit
What is the role of "loose" electrons in heat conductors?
Free electrons can move through a material carrying heat, jostling atoms and other electrons.
What are the temperatures for freezing water on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales? For boiling water?
Freezing (0 C, 32 F). Boiling (100 C, 212 F)
In which direction does heat flow spontaneously between hot and cold objects?
From high temperature to low temperature
Northeastern Canada and much of Europe receive about the same amount of sunlight per unit area. Why then is Europe generally warmer in the winter?
Gulf-stream carries warm water to Europe
If you touch the metal sides in an oven with your bare hand, you're in trouble. But hold your hand briefly in the oven air and you're okay. What does this tell you about the relative conductivities of metal and air?
Metal is a good conductor of heat, whereas air is a terrible conductor of heat.
Distinguish between temperature and heat
Heat is the energy transferred from one object to another due to a temperature difference.
What is meant when we say that a thermometer is in thermal equilibrium with another object?
Heat no longer flows between the object and thermometer when both are at the same temperature.
Why do substances expand when their temperature is increased?
Higher-temperature substances have greater molecular motion.
Why is ice less dense than water?
Ice crystallizes with an open structure, and the gaps that form between the water molecules in ice increase its volume.
When an air molecule is hit by an approaching, faster moving molecule, does the approaching molecule's rebound speed increase or decrease? How about when it hits a receding molecule?
Increase, decrease
Does a good insulator prevent heat from escaping or slow its passage?
Insulators slow the passage of heat
Does a hot object contain internal energy or does it contain heat?
Internal energy
Aluminum has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. This means that for equal masses of aluminum and iron, the metal that heats more quickly when the same amount of heat is applied is
Iron
What determines whether an object is a net absorber or a net emitter of radiant energy at a given time?
It is determined by the temperature of the object relative to its surroundings. Hotter objects are net emitters.
A temperature difference of 10 Celsius degrees is also equal to a temperature difference of 10 on the
Kelvin scale.
What is meant by "translational" kinetic energy?
Kinetic energy of motion that carries a molecule from one place to another
Does "microscopic slush" in water tend to make it more dense or less dense?
Less dense
Which generally expands more for an equal increase in temperature: solids or liquids?
Liquids generally expand more than solids.
The reason you can walk barefoot on red-hot coals of wood without burning your feet mainly involves
Low conductivity of the coals.
Can an object be both a good absorber and a good reflector at the same time?
No. A good absorber reflects very little light.
Since all objects emit energy to their surroundings, why don't the temperatures of all objects continuously decrease?
Objects that are good emitters are equally good absorbers, so they absorb radiation as well as emit it.
Why are materials such as wood, fur, feathers, and even snow good insulators?
Outer electrons in these materials are firmly attached.
Relatively speaking, do high-frequency waves have long wavelengths or short wavelengths? Name an electromagnetic wave with higher frequency than blue light.
Short, ultraviolet
Which warms up faster when heat is applied--iron or silver?
Silver
How are the speeds of molecules of air affected when the air is compressed by the action of a tire pump? What happens to the temperature of the air?
Speeds increase; temperature increases.
Sun's radiant energy is composed of shorter wavelengths than Earth's due to Sun's greater
Surface temperature
What is terrestrial radiation?
Terrestrial radiation is infrared radiation emitted by Earth's surface.
How would decreasing the percentage of greenhouse gases affect the amount of infrared radiation reflected by the atmosphere back toward Earth?
The amount of infrared radiation would decrease.
How would increasing the density of air in the atmosphere affect the amount of infrared radiation returned by the atmosphere back toward Earth?
The amount of infrared radiation would increase.
According to the law of conservation of energy, if ocean water cools, then something else should warm. What is it that warms?
The cooling ocean warms the air.
Northeastern Canada and much of Europe receive about the same amount of sunlight per unit area. Why, then, is Europe generally warmer in the winter?
The gulf stream carries warm, high heat capacity water past the west coast of Europe.
How does the peak frequency of radiant energy relate to the absolute temperature of the radiating source?
The peak frequency increases as temperature increases.
Which will undergo the greater rate of cooling: a red-hot poker in a warm oven or a red-hot poker in a cold room (or do both cool at the same rate)?
The poker in the cold room cools fastest
Why does the direction of coastal winds change from day to night?
The specific heat of water is greater than the specific heat of land. Water cools more slowly at night. The temperature difference drives convection and offshore winds.
What is meant by the statement that a thermometer measures its own temperature?
The thermometer measures an object when in comes in thermal equilibrium with that object. So, the thermometer's temperature is the same as the temperature it is trying to measure
Why does a bimetallic strip bend with changes in temperature?
The two metals expand at different rates.
Is there a distinction between thermal energy and internal energy? Which term do physicists prefer?
Thermal energy emphasizes heat flow, whereas internal energy is the grand total of all energies inside a substance. Physicists prefer internal energy.
How is heat similar to and different from internal energy?
They are both forms of energy, but heat flows, whereas internal energy does not.
Which forms of energy determine temperature: translational kinetic energy, rotational kinetic energy, vibrational kinetic energy, or all of these?
Translational only
Which of these has the highest specific heat capacity?
Water
Why is the temperature fairly constant for landmasses surrounded by large bodies of water?
Water has a high specific heat capacity.
How does the specific heat capacity of water compare with the specific heat capacities of other common materials?
Water has a higher specific heat capacity than most common materials
How does the specific heat capacity of water compare with the specific heat capacities of other common materials?
Water has a higher specific heat capacity than most common materials.
Why is the temperature fairly constant for land masses surrounded by large bodies of water?
When it is hot, the water cools; and when it is cold, the water warms.
expansion of water
When water becomes ice, it expands. Ice has open-structured crystals resulting from strong bonds at certain angles that increase its volume. This make ice less dense than water.
Why does all the water in a lake have to be cooled to 4°C before the surface water can be cooled below 4°C?
When water is cooled to 4°C, it sinks and deeper, warmer, water rises to the surface.
Explain why a firewalker can step quickly without harm on red-hot coals with bare feet.
Wood, even as glowing coals, is a poor conductor of heat.
A good heat conductor is
a poor insulator.
Which body glows with electromagnetic waves?
all of the above (the sun, the earth, you and your classmates)
The air in your room is composed of molecules that have
a wide variety of speeds.
When the temperature of a strip of iron is increased, the length of the strip ___________.
also increases
If you were caught in freezing weather with only a candle for heat, you would be warmer in
an igloo.
Which is greater-an increase in temperature of 1 Celsius degree or an increase of 1 Fahrenheit degree?
an increase of 1 °C is larger
Pour a liter of water at 40°C into a liter of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes
at or about 30°C.
Consider a metal ring with a gap cut in it. When the ring is heated, the gap
becomes wider
Which will normally warm faster: a black pot of cold water or a silvered pot of cold water? Which will cool faster?
black,black
Heat energy is measured in units of
both of these (calories, joules)
how are the energy ratings of food and fuels determined?
by the energy that is released when they are burned, common unit for food is Calorie
If air were a better conductor, at nighttime Earth would be
considerably colder.
Newton's law of cooling applies to objects that undergo _________.
cooling or warming
Aluminum has a specific heat capacity more than twice that of copper. Place equal masses of aluminum and copper wire in a flame and the one to undergo the fastest increase in temperature will be
copper
If a pizza radiates more energy than it absorbs, its temperature
decreases
If you wish to expand the volume of a sample of water at 4°C
either of these
When we speak about heat we refer to ___________.
energy in transit
When most substances are heated, molecules inside move faster and take up more space, resulting in thermal
expansion.
Internal energy is greater in a
fire-engine pail of boiling-hot tea.
When you touch a hot potato with your finger, energy flows
from the potato to your finger.
When you touch a cold piece of ice with your finger, energy flows
from your finger to the ice.
What type of gas absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation?
greenhouse gases
the specific heat capacity of water
has higher capacity for storing energy than almost any other substance.
An apple pie will be a net emitter of energy when its temperature is
higher than its surroundings.
Solid
how fast particles move as they vibrate and jiggle in place
Liquid
how fast particles slide and jiggle past one another
gas
how fast the gas particles are bouncing to and fro
thermal expansion in solids
increase in expansion are greater in liquids than in solids
When a hot object makes thermal contact with a cold object, the direction of
internal energy flow is from hot to cold
On a cold day your feet feel warmer on a rug than on a tile floor because a rug
is a poorer conductor.
What is a Calorie
kilocalories or 1000 calories
Temperature is most closely related to molecular
kinetic energy.
Does "microscopic slush" in water tend to make it more dense or less dense?
less dense
Hot sand cools off faster at night than plants and vegetation. This indicates that the specific heat capacity for sand is ___________.
less than that of plants
Metals are good conductors of both heat and electricity due to
looseness of outer electrons in metal atoms.
Does a substance that cools off quickly have a high or a low specific heat capacity?
low
Due to the presence of ice crystals in nearly frozen liquid water, the density of water is
lower
When coal dust is spread on snow on a sunny day
more melting occurs.
Which of these are good conductors?
none of the above (feathers,snow,wood)
Heat travels from the Sun to Earth by the process of _________.
radiation
A Thermos bottle has double glass walls with silver coating on the glass surfaces that face each other. The silver coating reduces energy transfer by
radiation.
The form of heat transfer that doesn't depend on a medium is
radiation.
what is thermal inertia?
resistance of a substance to a change in temperature
If the specific heat capacity of water were lower than it is, a nice hot bath would be a
shorter experience.
The higher the temperature of an object, the
shorter the wavelengths it radiates.
In practice, a good insulator
slows heat slow
A substance with a high thermal inertia has a high
specific heat capacity.
bimetallic strip
strip of brass and iron is increased, greater expansion occurs for the brass strip
Heat energy travels from an object with a high
temperature to an object with a lower temperature.
Heat normally flows from objects of high
temperature to objects of low temperature.
temperature is proportional to.....
the average translational kinetic energy per particle in a substance
In terms of thermal expansion it is important that
the fillings in your teeth expand at the same rate as teeth.
Waves emitted by the Sun and terrestrial wave emissions are
the same except for their frequencies and wavelengths.
Tomatoes have a higher specific heat capacity than dough. This means that when you bite into a hot pizza
the tomato sauce feels hotter than the dough
Heat is simply another word for
thermal energy that flows from hot to cold
The fact that a thermometer "takes its own temperature" illustrates
thermal equilibrium
The kind of molecular motion that mostly relates to the temperature of a substance is
translational motion
Long ago a runaway greenhouse effect transformed the planet
venus
kelvin scale
• 0 K for freezing point of water to 373 K for boiling point of water • 0 at absolute zero; same size degrees as Celsius scale • kelvins, rather than degrees, are used
When 10 grams of hot water cool by 1°C, the amount of heat given off is
4.19 joules
The air in your room is composed of molecules that have
a wide variety of speeds
It is important that the two metals that compose a bimetallic strip have
different rates of expansion.
In most cases, which expands more for comparable changes in temperature?
gases
Compared to a giant iceberg, a hot cup of coffee has
higher temperature, but less internal energy.
Which unit represents the most energy?
joule
The amount of heat transferred to a system can be measured in
joules and calories
When we enlarge a photograph of an iron ring, the image of the hole becomes
larger
If the specific heat of water were lower than it is, ponds in the cold of winter would be
more likely to freeze.
Pour two liters of water at 40°C into one liter of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes
more than 30°C.
Heat energy travels from an object with a high
temperature to an object with a lower temperature
A substance with a high thermal inertia has a high
temperature, in many cases.
When most substances are heated, molecules inside move faster and take up more space, resulting in thermal
expansion
When you touch a hot potato with your finger, energy flows
from the potato to your finger
When you touch a cold piece of ice with your finger, energy flows
from your finger to the ice
A substance that heats up relatively slowly has a
high specific heat capacity
Aluminum has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. This means that for equal masses of aluminum and iron, the metal that heats up the fastest is
iron
Which of the following normally warms up fastest when heat is applied?
iron
When an iron ring is heated, the hole becomes
larger
Temperature is most closely related to molecular
kinetic energy
Place a 1-kilogram block of iron at 40°C into 1 kilogram of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes
less than 30°C
Hot sand cools off faster at night than plants and vegetation. Then, the specific heat capacity of sand is
less than that of plants.
The white-hot sparks from a 4th-of-July-type sparkler that strike your skin transfer
little energy to you despite of their high temperature.
One of water's interesting thermal properties is that when heated it takes a relatively
long time in changing temperature.
The fact that desert sand is very hot in the day and very cold at night is evidence that the specific heat capacity of sand is relatively
low
A substance that heats up relatively quickly has a
low specific heat capacity
A substance that cools down faster than others has a
low specific heat capacity.
Translational motion is characterized by
motion that carries a molecule from one place to another
Which of these temperatures is likely when a container of water at 20°C is mixed with water at 28°C?
22°C
The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C is
4.19 joules
12) When you touch a cold piece of ice with your finger, energy flows A) from your finger to the ice. B) from the ice to your finger. C) actually, both ways.
A) from your finger to the ice.
33) A substance that heats up relatively slowly has a A) high specific heat capacity. B) low specific heat capacity. C) either of these D) neither of these
A) high specific heat capacity.
4) Temperature is most closely related to molecular A) kinetic energy. B) potential energy. C) electrical energy. D) mechanical energy in general.
A) kinetic energy.
19) Which unit represents the most energy? A) calorie B) Calorie C) joule D) all the same
B) Calorie
7) A temperature difference of 10 Celsius degrees is also equal to a temperature difference of 10 on the A) Fahrenheit scale. B) Kelvin scale. C) both of these D) neither of these
B) Kelvin scale.
1) The air in your room is composed of molecules that have A) nearly identical speeds. B) a wide variety of speeds. C) no speeds worth mentioning.
B) a wide variety of speeds.
22) Pour a liter of water at 40°C into a liter of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes A) less than 30°C. B) at or about 30°C. C) more than 30°C.
B) at or about 30°C.
11) Internal energy is greater in a A) cup of boiling-hot tea. B) fire-engine pail of boiling-hot tea. C) both the same
B) fire-engine pail of boiling-hot tea.
13) When you touch a hot potato with your finger, energy flows A) from your finger to the potato. B) from the potato to your finger. C) actually, both ways.
B) from the potato to your finger.
27) Materials composed of molecules that absorb large amounts of energy in the form of internal vibrations and rotations have A) low specific heats. B) high specific heats. C) none of the above
B) high specific heats
14) Compared to a giant iceberg, a hot cup of coffee has A) more internal energy and higher temperature. B) higher temperature, but less internal energy. C) a greater specific heat and more internal energy. D) none of the above
B) higher temperature, but less internal energy.
31) Which of the following normally warms up fastest when heat is applied? A) water B) iron C) glass D) wood E) all of the above
B) iron
29) Aluminum has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. This means that for equal masses of aluminum and iron, the metal that heats more quickly when the same amount of heat is applied is A) aluminum. B) iron. C) need more information
B) iron.
34) A substance that heats up relatively quickly has a A) high specific heat capacity. B) low specific heat capacity. C) either of these D) neither of these
B) low specific heat capacity.
15) Heat energy travels from an object with a high A) internal energy to an object with a lower internal energy. B) temperature to an object with a lower temperature. C) both of the above D) none of the above
B) temperature to an object with a lower temperature.
30) Tomatoes have a higher specific heat capacity than dough. This means that when you bite into a hot pizza A) the dough feels hotter than the tomato sauce. B) the tomato sauce feels hotter than the dough. C) since sauce and dough are at the same temperature, neither feels hotter.
B) the tomato sauce feels hotter than the dough.
If you measure the distance between two telephone poles with a steel tape on a very hot day, your measured distance will be
a bit short
White-hot sparks from a 4th-of-July-type sparkler that strike your skin have relatively
all of the above
Pour a liter of water at 40°C into a liter of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes
at or about 30°C
Temperature is generally proportional to a substance's
average translational kinetic energy
When a bimetallic bar made of copper and iron strips is heated, the bar bends toward the iron strip. The reason for this is
copper expands more than iron.
As a piece of metal with a hole in it cools, the diameter of the hole
decreases
If glass expanded more than mercury, then the column of mercury in a mercury thermometer would fall when the temperature
decreases
The fact that gasoline overflows a full tank on a hot day is evidence that
gasoline expands more with increasing temperature than its tank
To say that water has a high specific heat capacity is to say that water
gives off a lot of energy in cooling
Which of the following contracts most when the temperature is decreased? Equal volumes of
helium
Which of the following expands more when the temperature is increased? Equal volumes of
helium
The moderate temperatures of islands throughout the world has much to do with water's
high specific heat capacity.
Materials composed of molecules that absorb large amounts of energy in the form of internal vibrations and rotations have
high specific heats.
Which of these expands when the temperature is lowered?
ice water
When the temperature of a strip of iron is increased, the length of the strip
increases
If you measure the width of an outdoor barn with a steel tape on a very cold day, your measured width will be
a bit long
If you wanted to raise the internal energy of a bucket of 20°C water, you could
add 25°C water in the bucket.
The quantity of heat that a substance can transfer relates to its
all of the above
Consider a metal ring with a gap cut in it. When the ring is heated, the gap
becomes wider.
In which is the temperature greater?
boiling-hot tea in a cup
Heat energy is measured in units of
both calories and joules
24) Place a 1-kilogram block of iron at 40°C into 1 kilogram of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes A) less than 30°C. B) at or about 30°C. C) more than 30°C.
A) less than 30°C.
Room temperature on the Kelvin scale is about
300K
21) The white-hot sparks from a 4th-of-July-type sparkler that strike your skin transfer A) little energy to you in spite of their high temperature. B) little energy to you due to their low temperature. C) much energy, but at a low temperature. D) none of the above
A) little energy to you in spite of their high temperature.
32) A substance that cools down faster than others has a A) low specific heat capacity. B) high specific heat capacity. C) either of these D) neither of these
A) low specific heat capacity.
28) The specific heat capacity is highest for substances that absorb or release large quantities of heat for correspondingly A) small temperature changes. B) large temperature changes. C) small or large changes in temperature. D) none of the above
A) small temperature changes.
9) The fact that a thermometer "takes its own temperature" illustrates A) thermal equilibrium. B) energy conservation. C) the difference between heat and internal energy. D) the fact that molecules are constantly moving.
A) thermal equilibrium.
2) The kind of molecular motion that mostly relates to the temperature of a substance is A) translational motion. B) rotational motion. C) vibrational motion. D) all about equally
A) translational motion.
5) Which temperature scales have equal sized degrees? A) Fahrenheit and Celsius B) Fahrenheit and Kelvin C) Celsius and Kelvin D) none of the above
C) Celsius and Kelvin
16) Heat energy is measured in units of A) joules. B) calories. C) both of these D) neither of these
C) both of these
3) Translational motion is characterized by A) motion that carries a molecule from one place to another. B) the motion used in measuring temperature. C) both of these D) neither of these
C) both of these
10) In which is the temperature greater? A) boiling-hot tea in a cup B) boiling-hot tea in a fire-engine pail C) both the same
C) both the same
23) Pour two liters of water at 40°C into one liter of water at 20°C and the final temperature of the two becomes A) less than 30°C. B) at or about 30°C. C) more than 30°C.
C) more than 30°C.
25) A substance with a high thermal inertia has a high A) temperature, in many cases. B) heat conductivity. C) specific heat capacity. D) energy content.
C) specific heat capacity.
Which temperature scale has the smallest sized degrees
Fahrenheit
A temperature difference of 10 Celsius degrees is also equal to a temperature difference of 10 on the
Fahrenheit scale
If the specific heat capacity of water were lower than it is, a nice hot bath would be a
shorter experience
If the specific heat capacity of water were lower than it is, a watermelon in a picnic cooler would cool in a
shorter time
The specific heat capacity is highest for substances that absorb or release large quantities of heat for correspondingly
small temperature changes.
A closed, sealed can of air placed on a hot stove. The contained air undergoes an increase in
temperature.
