Physio Chapter 2**
An atom with 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 6 electrons would have a net charge of A. -1. B. -2. C. +1. D. +2.
-1
A change in pH value of one unit indicates a A) 1-fold change in [H+]. B) change of 10-1 in pH. C) change of 10-2 in pH. D) 10 fold change in [H+]. E) Cannot be determined.
10 fold change in [H+].
How many different amino acids are known? A. 10 B. 25 C. 30 D. 20
20 amino acids
Which of the following would be considered an allosteric modulator? A) A substance involved in activation via phosphorylation. B) A substance that can be displaced by competition at the active site. C) A substance that binds to proteins away from the active site. D) A substance that has no effect on the affinity of the ligand. E) A substance that binds irreversibly
A substance that binds to proteins away from the active site.
Keratin and collagen are considered _______ proteins. A. functional B. structural C. fibrous D. Both structural and fibrous are correct.
Both structural and fibrous are correct.
What holds a protein in its tertiary structure? A. hydrogen bonds between nearby amino acids B. weak chemical bonds between widely spaced amino acids C. disulfide bonds between sulfur groups on cysteines D. Both weak chemical bonds between widely spaced amino acids and disulfide bonds between sulfur groups on cysteines are correct.
Both weak chemical bonds between widely spaced amino acids and disulfide bonds between sulfur groups on cysteines are correct.
_______________ is a structural protein found in tendons and ligaments. A. Collagen B. Keratin C. Myosin D. Fibrin
Collagen
An element with 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 5 electrons would have an atomic number of 15.
FALSE
As the pH of the blood decreases, the amount of hydrogen ions in the blood would decrease.
FALSE
Carbohydrate molecules have a ratio of twice as many oxygen atoms to carbon atoms.
FALSE
Proteins that combine with other molecules are said to be condensed.
FALSE
In DNA, cytosine forms a complementary base pair with adenine.
False
A component of an important buffer in the human body is A) NaCl. B) H+. C) HCl. D) HCO3-. E) H2O.
HCO3-
Which of the following describes a trans-fat? A. Has carbon-carbon single bonds. B. Has carbon-carbon double bonds with hydrogens on opposite sides of the bonds. C. Has carbon-carbon double bonds with hydrogens on the same side of the bonds. D. The fatty acids form a bent chain.
Has carbon-carbon double bonds with hydrogens on opposite sides of the bonds.
What is the relationship between prostaglandins and NSAID's?
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) block the COXI/II enzymes and reduce prostaglandins throughout the bod Acetaminophen blocks COX III
All amino acids contain carboxyl and amino groups.
TRUE
The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is known as the primary protein structure.
TRUE
The specific shape of a protein determines its function.
TRUE
The white part of a cooked egg is due to denatured albumin proteins.
TRUE
What characteristic of phospholipids allows them to form the double layer seen in cell membranes? A. They are amphipathic. B. They are totally nonpolar. C. They are soluble in water. D. They are totally hydrophobic.
They are amphipathic
Which of the following is NOT true of steroids? A. They have three 6-carbon rings joined to one 5-carbon ring. B. They contain a variety of functional groups. C. They are derived from palmitate. D. They differ in the position of the double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms in the rings.
They are derived from palmitate.
Which of the following is NOT true of phospholipids? A. They are glycolipids originally isolated from the prostate gland. B. They are major components of the cell membrane. C. They have a polar head and a nonpolar tail. D. They are amphipathic molecules.
They are glycolipids originally isolated from the prostate gland.
Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA? A. They have different sugars. B. RNA is a single strand, while DNA is a double strand. C. DNA has thymine, while RNA has uracil. D. They both can leave the nucleus to perform their functions.
They both can leave the nucleus to perform their functions.
These are weak attractive forces that are responsible for the surface tension of water. B) an ionic bond C) a hydrogen bond D) a covalent bond E) a potassium bond
a hydrogen bond
Protein specificity is the A) activation of a specific protein that is needed to perform a particular function. B) degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand. C) ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands. D) degree to which a protein-ligand complex initiates a response. E) degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand and the ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands.
ability of a protein to bind a certain ligand or a group of related ligands.
Bases will _______________ protons in a solution. A. accept B. donate C. ignore D. repel
accept
Ammonia usually A. acts as a base. B. acts as an acid. C. acts as a buffer. D. ionizes to form a hydroxyl ion.
acts as a base
Which bases below are purines? 1. adenine 2. cytosine 3. guanine 4. thymine 5. uracil
adenine and guanine
The most important energy-transferring compound in cells is a nucleotide known as A) glucose. B) fructose. C) protein. D) adenosine triphosphate. E) deoxyribonucleic acid.
adenosine triphosphate.
The human genome refers to A. all living human beings. B. the total variations in human cells. C. all of the genes in the cell. D. human mutations caused by gene defects.
all of the genes in the cell.
The secondary structure of proteins is/are A. the linear arrangement of amino acids in the molecule. B. alpha helix coils and beta-pleated sheet folds of a protein strand. C. due to the interaction between protein subunits. D. stabilized when a protein is denatured.
alpha helix coils and beta-pleated sheet folds of a protein strand.
The backbone of a DNA molecule is a chain of A. alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate. B. alternating phosphate and nitrogen. C. alternating nitrogenous bases. D. alternating deoxyribose and ribose sugars.
alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate.
The subunit of protein is the A. fatty acid. B. nucleic acid. C. amino acid. D. carboxylic acid.
amino acid
Regarding acids and bases, A. acids will increase the pH of a solution. B. bases will decrease the pH of a solution. C. acids will accept hydrogen ions in a solution. D. bases will accept hydrogen ions in a solution.
bases will accept hydrogen ions in a solution.
A solution of a pH above 7 is called ____________. A. acidic B. neutral C. basic
basic
When an atom loses one or more electrons, it A. becomes positively charged. B. becomes negatively charged. C. is called an anion. D. has no change in its charge.
becomes positively charged
Which of the following biological molecules does glycogen belong to? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleotides E) lipids and proteins
carbohydrates
If a reaction which is stopped by substance X can recover when a lot more of the native activator is supplied, substance X would be considered which of the following? A) covalent modulator B) competitive inhibitor C) allosteric modulator D) irreversible antagonist E) a phosphotase
competitive inhibitor
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the body? A. carriers for membrane transport B. enzymes C. compose genes D. receptors for regulator molecules
compose genes
A protein that is combined with another type of molecule like a carbohydrate is A. conjugated. B. denatured. C. hydrolyzed. D. complemented.
conjugated
When glucose enters a cell it is phosphorylated in order to maintain a low glucose concentration in the cell. The enzyme that phosphorylates glucose would be what kind of modulator? A) covalent modulator B) competitive inhibitor C) allosteric modulator D) reversible antagonist E) irreversible agonist
covalent modulator
Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of RNA? A. dRNA B. tRNA C. rRNA D. mRNA
dRNA
Peptide bonds are formed by the process of A. ketosis. B. hydrolysis. C. dehydration synthesis. D. aromatization.
dehydration synthesis.
Which of the following types of bonds between adjacent amino acids plays an important role in the shape of globular proteins? A) collagen bonds B) disulfide bonds C) sodium bonds D) metallic bond E) secondary bonds
disulfide bonds
Sucrose is a disaccharide that is composed of _______________ and ____________. A. glucose, glucose B. glucose, galactose C. glucose, fructose D. fructose, galactose
glucose, fructose
Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid? A. prostaglandins B. triglycerides C. cholesterol D. glycogen
glycogen
Which of the following is NOT a derivative of cholesterol? A. corticosteroids B. vitamin D3 C. aldosterone D. lecithin
lecithin
A(n) ________ is any molecule or ion that binds to another molecule. A) phospholipid B) enzyme C) vitamin D) ligand E) cofactor
ligand
To which of the following groups of biomolecules do triglycerides and steroids belong? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) nucleotides E) lipids and proteins
lipids
Phospholipid molecules will form aggregates called ______ when placed in water. A. surfactants B. ketone bodies C. prostaglandins D. micelles
micelles
Isotopes of the same element differ by having different numbers of A) protons. B) neutrons. C) electrons. D) carbon atoms. E) double bonds.
neutrons
Hydrophobic molecules would contain _______________ bonds. A. nonpolar covalent B. polar covalent C. hydrogen D. ionic
nonpolar covalent
Ketosis A. occurs when stored fats are rapidly degraded by the body. B. stimulates an increased blood pH. C. may lead to alkalosis. D. occurs as the concentration of ketones in the urine decreases.
occurs when stored fats are rapidly degraded by the body.
Which of the following combination of elements make up 90% of the body's mass? A) oxygen, carbon, and nucleic acids B) hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen C) oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen D) carbon dioxide, oxygen, and sodium E) sodium, potassium, and calcium
oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen
A fatty acid that contains three double bonds in its carbon chain is said to be A) saturated. B) monounsaturated. C) polyunsaturated. D) hydrogenated. E) carboxylated.
polyunsaturated
Cholesterol is a A) precursor to steroid hormones. B) structural component of cell membranes. C) dangerous fat that is absent from a healthy body. D) precursor to steroid hormones and a structural component of cell membranes. E) precursor to steroid hormones, a structural component of cell membranes, and a dangerous fat that is absent from a healthy body.
precursor to steroid hormones and a structural component of cell membranes.
Two methods of protein activation include ________ and ________. A) exergonic, endogonic B) enzymatic, glycolytic C) homeostatic, osmotic D) mechanistic, covalent bonding E) proteolytic, cofactor binding
proteolytic, cofactor binding
The nitrogenous base adenine is a A. purine. B. pyrimidine. C. steroid. D. prostaglandin.
purine
Potassium channels are usually composed of several subunits. This is an example of which level of protein structure? A) primary B) secondary C) teritiary D) quaternary E) alpha helix
quaternary
Which of the following biological molecules exhibit the characteristics of saturation, specificity and competition? A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) receptor proteins D) nucleotides E) lipids and proteins
receptor proteins
The designation Ca2+ means calcium has A) space for two more electrons or transferred 2 electrons B) gained two more electrons. C) space for two more protons. D) gained two more protons.
space for two more electrons or transferred 2 electrons
Hemoglobin molecules are made from four globular protein subunits. The three-dimensional shape of these globular subunits would be an example of which of the following levels of protein structure? A) primary B) secondary C) teritiary D) quaternary E) alpha helix
tertiary
The primary structure of proteins is/are A. the linear arrangement of amino acids in the molecule. B. alpha helix coils and beta-pleated sheet folds of a protein strand. C. due to the interaction between protein subunits. D. stabilized when a protein is denatured.
the linear arrangement of amino acids in the molecule.
During intense exercise our muscles produce lactate and hydrogen ions. Which of the following molecules would be affected by the accumulation of hydrogen ions? A) cholesterol in the plasma membrane B) glucose molecules in the adipose tissue C) DNA in the nucleus D) the proteins actin and myosin E) phospholipids in the membrane
the proteins actin and myosin
In a 5% NaCl solution, A) there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of water. B) there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of total solution. C) the solute is water. D) there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of water and there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of total solution. E) there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of total solution and the solute is water.
there are 5 grams of sodium chloride for every 100 mL of total solution.
The base that is NOT found in RNA is A. thymine. B. guanine. C. cytosine. D. uracil.
thymine
Lipids containing glycerol would include _______________ and ____________. A. triglycerides, steroids B. prostaglandins, phospholipids C. triglycerides, phospholipids D. steroids, prostaglandins
triglycerides, phospholipids
Most of the lipid found in the human body is in the form of A) steroids. B) phospholipids. C) triglycerides. D) prostaglandins. E) monoglycerides.
triglycerides.
Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA? A. phosphate B. deoxyribose sugar C. guanine D. uracil
uracil
The _______________ electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom. A. kernel B. valence C. atomic D. anion
valence
Name 4 forces that stabilize or found in tertiary structure of proteins
-hydrophobic interaction among nonpolar side chains in the core of the protein -electrostatic interactions between ionic groups of opposite charge -hydrogen bonds between polar groups -disulfide bonds
What is the unit of protein and is the unit equivalent ?
..
How many single bonds can a carbon atom form if it is double-bonded to an oxygen atom? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
2
An element with 11 neutrons, 11 protons, and 11 electrons would have a mass number of A. 11 B. 33 C. 22 D. cannot be determined
22
In order to maintain proper health, total dietary fat intake should not exceed _______________ of total dietary energy intake. A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 40%
30%
Water makes up _____ of the total body weight of an average adult. A. 50-60% B. 55-65% C. 60-70% D. 65-75%
60-70%
What is the amount of NaCl present in 0.9%N ( normal )saline
9g/1000mL
The __________ is the physical space which an electron occupies in an atom. A. nucleus B. orbital C. energy level D. Both orbital and energy level are correct.
Both orbital and energy level are correct.
Carbon atoms form many organic molecules by forming polar covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.
FALSE
Corticosteroids are a type of lipid commonly found in cell membranes.
FALSE
Fructose is a ketone
FALSE
Ionic bonds are very strong and will not easily dissociate in water.
FALSE
Molecules with polar covalent bonds are hydrophobic.
FALSE
Only L-stereoisomers are absorbed by the digestive tract and used to synthesize organic molecules.
FALSE
Organic acids contain carbonyl groups.
FALSE
The pH of a solution is directly proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution.
FALSE
The term "chemical element" refers to the most common isotope of that element.
FALSE
Unsaturated fatty acids contain more hydrogen atoms than saturated fatty acids of the same length.
FALSE
_______________ bonds are formed when atoms share electrons unequally. A. Nonpolar covalent B. Ionic C. Polar covalent D. van der Waals
Polar covalent
____________ are fatty acids with a cyclic hydrocarbon group. A. Triglycerides B. Prostaglandins C. Proteins D. Carbohydrates
Prostaglandins
Which reaction represents a dehydration synthesis reaction? glucose+glucose <---A---> maltose (B) + wateer
Reaction A
A buffer has an acid component and a base component that can prevent drastic changes in pH.
TRUE
Acids release hydrogen ions into solutions.
TRUE
An ionized organic acid is designated with the suffix - ate.
TRUE
Atoms sharing a pair of electrons form covalent bonds.
TRUE
Covalent bonds are formed between monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis.
TRUE
Fats and carbohydrates are the primary energy stores in the body.
TRUE
Glucose is stored as a polysaccharide to prevent osmosis of water into the cells.
TRUE
Glucose, galactose, and fructose can be considered structural isomers of each other.
TRUE
Hydrogen bonds form between the partially charged atoms of two polar molecules, such as the slightly positively charged hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of another.
TRUE
Negatively charged ions will migrate towards the anode in an electrical field.
TRUE
Neutrons are uncharged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
TRUE
Rapid, uncontrolled hydrolysis of body fats can result in ketoacidosis.
TRUE
Steroids are derived from cholesterol.
TRUE
The formation of hydration spheres makes an ion or molecule soluble in water.
TRUE
The ionized form of the organic lactic acid is lactate.
TRUE
Which of the following is NOT true of unsaturated fatty acids? A. They contain one or more double bonds. B. They are usually liquid at room temperature. C. They contain a maximal number of hydrogen atoms. D. They contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.
They contain a maximal number of hydrogen atoms.
Organic acids will contain A. a carboxyl group. B. a carbonyl group. C. an amino group. D. a hydroxyl group.
a carboxyl group
Which of the following would be most easily broken? A. a hydrogen bond B. a nonpolar covalent bond C. an ionic bond D. a polar covalent bond
a hydrogen bond
Glycogen A. is more highly branched than plant starch. B. is a glycoprotein found in the liver. C. is a glycolipid found in skeletal muscles. D. is composed of alternating glucose and galactose molecules.
is more highly branched than plant starch.
________________ are liver synthesized derivatives of free fatty acids that can be used as an immediate source of energy by many organs. A. Glycerols B. Ketone bodies C. Steroids D. Cholesterols
ketone bodies
A free radical is a A) charged particle. B) molecule with an extra electron. C) molecule with an extra neutron. D) molecule with an extra proton. E) molecule with an unpaired electron.
molecule with an unpaired electron.
Nucleic acids are polymers of units called A) amino acids. B) fatty acids. C) bases. D) ribose. E) nucleotides.
nucleotides
The chemical bonding behavior of an atom is directly determined by the A) number of protons. B) number of neutrons. C) number and arrangement of electrons. D) size of the atom. E) mass of the atom.
number and arrangement of electrons.
Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms are A. ionic. B. inorganic. C. organic. D. carbonic.
organic
The ability of water to be pulled as a column through narrow channels is called A. osmalality. B. surface tension. C. neutrality. D. capillary action.
osmolaility
Which force stabilize the primary structure of protein
peptide bonds
This group of organic compounds acts as surfactants: A. carbohydrates B. phospholipids C. nucleic acids D. prostaglandins
phospholipids
Bonds that are formed between oxygen and hydrogen atoms within water molecules are called A. hydrogen bonds. B. ionic bonds. C. nonpolar covalent bonds. D. polar covalent bonds.
polar covalent bonds
Interactions between different globular or fibrous polypeptide chains result in which type of structure?
quaternary
The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of the ________ structure of a protein. A) primary B) secondary C) tertiary D) quaternary E) pentanary
secondary
The concentration of a solution expresses the amount of A) solvent per volume of solute. B) solute per volume of solvent. C) solvent per volume of solution. D) solute per volume of solution. E) None of the answers are correct.
solute per volume of solution.
Molecules with the same atoms, in the same sequence, but arranged differently in space are called A. structural isomers. B. stereoisomers. C. functional groups. D. aromatic molecules.
stereoisomers
_________ are molecules with the same ratio of atoms but different arrangements of atoms. A. Isotopes B. Structural isomers C. Stereoisomers D. Radioactive isotopes
structural isomers
In an acidic solution, A. the OH- ion concentration is greater than the H+ ion concentration. B. the OH- ion concentration is less than the H+ ion concentration. C. the H+ ion concentration is equal to the OH- ion concentration. D. the H+ ion concentration is less than the OH- ion concentration only if the solution is buffered.
the OH- ion concentration is less than the H+ ion concentration.
When an atom gains one or more electrons, it A. becomes positively charged. B. has no change in its charge. C. is called an anion. D. is called a cation.
is called an anion
A molecule that is part polar and part nonpolar is called A. an enantiomer. B. a ketone body. C. unsaturated. D. amphipathic.
amphipathic
The type of bond found in sodium chloride is A. an ionic bond. B. a polar covalent bond. C. a hydrogen bond. D. a nonpolar covalent bond.
an ionic bond
A six-sided organic molecule with alternating double bonds is termed a(n) A. aromatic compound. B. ketone. C. alcohol. D. organic acid.
aromatic compound
Isotopes have the same ___________ number, but a different __________ number. A. mass, atomic B. neutron, mass C. atomic, mass D. atomic, proton
atomic, mass
An example of an aromatic substance is A. hexane. B. cyclohexane. C. fructose. D. benzene.
benzene
The primary buffer in the blood is the _______________ buffer. A. hydronium B. ammonia C. phosphate D. bicarbonate
bicarbonate
Atoms in a covalent molecule A) share electrons in single pairs. B) share electrons in double pairs. C) share electrons in triple pairs. D) share electrons singly, never in pairs. E) can share electrons in single pairs, double pairs, or triple pairs.
can share electrons in single pairs, double pairs, or triple pairs.
Ketones contain a(n) _______________ group within the carbon chain. A. hydroxyl B. carbonyl C. carboxyl D. aromatic
carbonyl
In the formation of triglycerides, A. hydroxyl and carbonyl groups interact. B. amino and carbonyl groups interact. C. carboxyl and amino groups interact. D. carboxyl and hydroxyl groups interact.
carboxyl and hydroxyl groups interact.
Which of the following polysaccharides cannot be digested by animals themselves? A. glycogen B. cellulose C. starch D. All apply.
cellulose
Each amino acid differs from others in the A) number of central carbon atoms. B) size of the amino group. C) number of carboxyl groups. D) chemical structure of the R group. E) number of peptide bonds in the molecule.
chemical structure of the R group.
Hydration spheres can be formed by compounds which contain _______________ bonds. A. nonpolar covalent B. polar covalent C. ionic D. either polar covalent or ionic
either polar covalent or ionic
The atomic nucleus does not contain ____________, which are negatively charged subatomic particles. A. protons B. electrons C. neutrons
electrons
Which of the following subatomic particles have negligible mass? A. electrons B. neutrons C. protons D. Both neutrons and protons.
electrons
Molecules that are mirror images of each other are A. enantiomers. B. geometric isomers. C. cis/trans isomers. D. structural isomers.
enantiomers
A nucleotide consists of a A) five-carbon sugar and phosphate group. B) five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. C) phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. D) five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. E) five-carbon sugar and an amino acid.
five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
Which of the following is NOT a disaccharide? A. fructose B. sucrose C. maltose D. lactose
fructose
An example of a monosaccharide is
glucose
Which of the following is NOT true of isotopes of a given atom? A. have the same number of neutrons B. have the same number of protons C. have different atomic masses D. All apply.
have the same number of neutrons
Surface tension between water molecules occurs because adjacent water molecules form _______ bonds with each other. A. nonpolar covalent B. polar covalent C. hydrogen D. ionic
hydrogen
The pH of a solution increases as the _______________ ion concentration decreases. A. hydrogen B. hydroxide C. bicarbonate D. sodium
hydrogen
The weak interactions between atoms that keep atoms near each other are called A) hydrogen bonds. B) van der Waals forces. C) ionic bonds. D) hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. E) van der Waals forces and ionic bonds.
hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces.
The addition of water with the proper enzymes to a molecule is called A. dehydration synthesis. B. condensation. C. hydrolysis. D. combustion.
hydrolysis
Water molecules form _______________ ions when they associate with a hydrogen ion. A. hydroxide B. bicarbonate C. hydronium D. water
hydronium
A blood pH of 7.6 is A. indicative of acidosis. B. indicative of alkalosis. C. in the normal physiological range. D. indicates effective buffering by the bicarbonate/carbonic acid system.
indicative of alkalosis.
2. Most of the water found in the body is in the A. blood. B. intracellular fluid compartment. C. extracellular fluid compartment. D. blood and extracellular fluid compartment.
intracellular fluid compartment.
What type of bond is formed between potassium and iodine? A. polar covalent bond B. ionic bond C. nonpolar covalent bond D. hydrogen bond
ionic bond