Physio Exam 2

What type of ion channels is necessary for the function of the axon and the axon terminal? a. receptor-gated b. chemically-gated c. mechanically-gated d. voltage-gated e. ligand-gated

d. voltage-gated

Which ion channel responds to a change in membrane potential and initiates the generation of an action potential? a. ligand-gated channel b. mechanically gated channel c. leakage channel d. voltage-gated channel

d. voltage-gated channel

An exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response a. Relative refractory period b. Depolarization c. Action potential d. Repolarization

a. Relative refractory period

Stimulus depolarizes cell to -60 mV a. Subthreshold stimulus b. Threshold stimulus c. Temporal summation d. Spacial summation

a. Subthreshold stimulus

Dialates the bronchioles of lungs a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic

a. Sympathetic

Increases blood pressure a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic

a. Sympathetic

Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic

a. Sympathetic

How does temporal summation create an action potential? a. Two or more postsynaptic potentials are generated in rapid succession at the same synapse before they can dissipate, thereby exceeding threshold b. The temporal lobe in the brain stimulates EPSPs to trigger an action potential c. Generator potentials are at the same tempo on adjacent neurons d. It is frequency modulated and of the same amplitude for intensity e. Potentials are generated on several dendrites at the same time to trigger threshold and the production of an action potential

a. Two or more postsynaptic potentials are generated in rapid succession at the same synapse before they can dissipate, thereby exceeding threshold

In order to focus light coming from a near source onto the retina, the lens adjusts its refractive power through what process? a. accommodation b. telescoping c. acclimation d. refractometry e. acclimatization

a. accommodation

Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ______; sympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ________. a. acetylcholine : norepinephrine b. norepinephrine : norepinephrine c. norepinephrine : acetylcholine d. acetylcholine : acetylcholine e. epinephrine : norepinephrine

a. acetylcholine : norepinephrine

In comparison to high pitch sound, low pitch sound will cause vibrations of the basilar membrane a. closer to the helicotrema b. closer to the tympanic membrane c. closer to the oval window d. of greater amplitude e. of lesser amplitude

a. closer to the helicotrema

Which of the following is associated with high visual acuity? a. cones b. ganglionic cells c. rods d. bipolar cells e. both rods and cones

a. cones

The opening of a cation channel that allows both Na+ and K+ to move through will cause the membrane to ______ because of the ______. a. depolarize : greater Na+ electrochemical gradient as compared with K+ b. depolarize : greater K+ electrochemical gradient as compared with Na+ c. not change : same electrochemical gradient for K+ and Na+ d. hyperpolarize : greater K+ electrochemical gradient as compared with Na+ e. hyperpolarize : greater Na+ electrochemical gradient as compared with K+

a. depolarize : greater Na+ electrochemical gradient as compared with K+

What type of neuron originates in the periphery and communicates sensory information to the CNS? a. first-order b. second-order c. third-order d. fourth-order e. afferent

a. first-order

When ciliary muscles are relaxed, lens is relatively _____, allowing eye to focus on objects _____. a. flat : distant b. round : close c. round : distant d. transparent : anywhere within the field of view e. flat : close

a. flat : distant

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. a. hyperpolarization b. opening of voltage-regulated channels c. lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur d. a change in sodium ion permeability

a. hyperpolarization

The hair cells of the cochlea are embedded within endolymph, thus, when a potassium channel opens, potassium moves _____ the cell, causing it to _____. a. into : depolarize b. equally into and out of : maintain its polarized state c. into : hyperpolarize d. out of : hyperpolarize e. out of : depolarize

a. into : depolarize

What type of receptor is both metabotropic and cholinergic? a. muscarinic b. nicotinic c. serotonergic d. adrenergic e. dopaminergic

a. muscarinic

At the resting membrane potential, the membrane is most permeable to _____, which moves ______ the cell due to its electrochemical gradient. a. potassium : out of b. sodium : into c. chloride : into d. sodium : out of e. potassium : into

a. potassium : out

Which area of brain plays an important role in arousal of cerebral cortex, and consciousness? a. reticular formation b. cerebellum c. temporal lobe d. diencephalon e. frontal lobe

a. reticular formation

During the rapid depolarization phase of an action potential, the plasma membrane is more permeable to which of the following ions? a. sodium (Na+) b. potassium (K+) c. chloride (Cl-) d. calcium (Ca++) e. phosphate (PO4-)

a. sodium (Na+)

What determines the strength of a graded potential? a. the size of the stimulus b. the amount of voltage-gated channels in the neuron c. the amount of leak channels open in the neuron d. the amount of cytoplasmic resistance within the soma of the neuron e. the diameter of the axon

a. the size of the stimulus

What enzyme degrades the neurotransmitter released from varicosities of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons? a. choline acetyl transerase b. catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase c. acetylcholinesterase d. catechol-O-methyltransferase only e. monoamine oxidase only

c. acetylcholinesterase

Which of the following arranges the components of the neural pathway for vision in the correct order, starting with the photoreceptors and ending with the visual cortex? a. photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate body, optic tract, optic radiations, visual cortex b .photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex c. .photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex d. .photoreceptor, ganglion cel, bipolar cell, optic tract, optic chiasm, optic nerve, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex e. bipolar cell, photoreceptor, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, visual cortex

b .photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex

Change in a membrane potential that is excitatory a. Relative refractory period b. Depolarization c. Action potential d. Repolarization

b. Depolarization

Active during studying a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic

b. Parasympathetic

Constricts pupils in the eye a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic

b. Parasympathetic

Increases salivary secretions a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic

b. Parasympathetic

Postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter ACh a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic

b. Parasympathetic

Which of the following best describes the electrochemical forces acting on sodium and potassium ions at the resting membrane potential? a. The force on sodium ions is to move out of the cell, and the force on potassium ions is to move into the cell b. The force on sodium ions is to move into the cell, and the force on potassium ions is to move out of the cell c. Forces on both sodium and potassium ions are to move out of the cell d. Forces on both sodium and potassium ions are to move into the cell e. There is no force on either ion to move

b. The force on sodium ions is to move into the cell, and the force on potassium ions is to move out of the cell

Stimulus depolarized cell to -50 mV a. Subthreshold stimulus b. Threshold stimulus c. Temporal summation d. Spacial summation

b. Threshold stimulus

What is the function of the ear ossicles? a. maintain the sensitivity of hair cells for hearing b. amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear c. provide structural support of the eardrum d. provide structural support of the cochlea e. transduce sound waves to neural impulses

b. amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear

What portion of the efferent branch of the nervous system communicates to glands and smooth muscle? a. afferent nervous system b. autonomic nervous system c. enteric nervous system d. central nervous system e. somatic nervous system

b. autonomic nervous system

Which statement best describes how local anesthetics like Novacaine work in numbing neurons? a. by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels b. by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels c. by binding to the enzyme sodiumase d. by making the cell membrane more permeable to sodium e. by making the cell membrane more permeable to potassium

b. by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels

What muscle is under parasympathetic control to regulate the refractive power of the lens? a. pupil b. ciliary muscles c. fovea d. cornea e. zonular fibers

b. ciliary muscles

What is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system? a. acetylcholine b. glutamate c. aspartate d. glycine e. GABA

b. glutamate

A change in the postsynaptic potential that brings membrane potential farther away from threshold is a. excitatory postsynaptic potential b. inhibitory postsynaptic potential c. inhibitory presynaptic potential d. hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential e. suprathreshold postsynaptic potential

b. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

What type of ion channels in the membrane of neurons open or close in response to a neurotransmitter binding to its receptor? a. synaptic channels b. ligand-gated channels c. voltage-gated channels d. potential -gated channels e. leak channels

b. ligand-gated channels

Where on skeletal muscle is the highest density of nicotinic receptors? a. dendrites b. motor end plate c. motor unit d. axon hillock e. terminal bouton

b. motor end plate

At rest, the plasma membrane is more permeable to which of the following ions? a. sodium (Na+) b. potassium (K+) c. chloride (Cl-) d. calcium (Ca++) e. phosphate (PO4-)

b. potassium (K+)

Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons. a. Relative refractory period b. Depolarization c. Action potential d. Repolarization

c. Action potential

At rest, what is the relative contribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to the regulation of homeostasis? a. Only the parasympathetic system is active b. Only the sympathetic system is active c. Both systems are active but the parasympathetic predominates d. both systems are active but the sympathetic predominates e. neither system is active

c. Both systems are active but the parasympathetic predominates

Stimulus is applied in rapid succession a. Subthreshold stimulus b. Threshold stimulus c. Temporal summation d. Spacial summation

c. Temporal summation

In a neuron, where are voltage-gated calcium channels located? a. axon hillock b. dendrites c. axon terminal d. soma e. axon

c. axon terminal

The extent of neurotransmitter binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane is determined primarily by which of the following? a. sodium b. neurotransmitter vesicles c. concentration of neurotransmitter d. the distance of cleft e. calcium

c. concentration of neurotransmitter

What type of ion channels in the membrane of neurons open or close in response to a neurotransmitter binding to its receptor? a. potential-gated channels b. mechanical-gated channels c. ligand-gated channels d. voltage-gated channels e. leak channels

c. ligand-gated channels

Binding of acetylcholine to ________ receptors causes ________ by opening channels that primarily permit sodium to permeate the membrane. a. nicotinic : no change in membrane potential b. muscarinic : a depolarization c. nicotinic : a depolarization d. nicotinic : a hyperpolarization e. muscarinic : a hyperpolarization

c. nicotinic : a depolarization

People who have done a lot of endurance training can have a resting heart rate of 50 beats per minute compared to the normal resting heart rate of 70-80 beats per minute. This decreased heart rate in trained individuals is the partly result of a. decreases in both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity b. increases in both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity c. parasympathetic activity becoming more active and sympathetic activity becoming less active at rest d. sympathetic activity becoming more active and parasympathetic activity becoming less active at rest e. endorphins released from the brain which have an inhibitory effect on heart rate

c. parasympathetic activity becoming more active and sympathetic activity becoming less active at rest

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism whereby neurotransmitters are rapidly removed from the snyaptic cleft? a. degradation by enzymes b. diffusion out of the cleft c. transport back up the axon to be immediately repackaged d. active reuptake across the presynaptic membrane e. all of the above are correct

c. transport back up the axon to be immediately repackaged

Sound waves traveling through the air initiate a vibration of the _____. The sound waves are then transmitted along the _______ to the cochlea. a. saccule : eustachian tube b. round window : saccule c. tympanic membrane : ossicles d. oval window : ossicles e. oval window : eustachian tube

c. tympanic membrane : ossicles

What is the correct order for the steps of synaptic transmission at the motor end plate? 1. Acetylcholine binds to postsynaptic receptors 2. Acetylcholine is released by exocytosis 3. a graded depolarization is produced 4. An action potential is produced on the muscle cell membrane 5. Channels that primarily allow diffusion of the sodium are opened 6. Voltage-dependent calcium channels on the plasma membrane open 7. An action potential arrives at the axon terminal a. 7,6,4,2,5,3,6 b. 7,6,2,1,3,5,4 c. 7,6,1,2,3,4,5 d. 7,6,2,1,3,5,4 e. 6,7,2,1,3,5,4

d. 7,6,2,1,3,5,4

Specific period during which K+ ions diffuse out of neuron due to a change in membrane permeability a. Relative refractory period b. Depolarization c. Action potential d. Repolarization

d. Repolarization

Multiple stimuli applied at same time a. Subthreshold stimulus b. Threshold stimulus c. Temporal summation d. Spacial summation

d. Spacial summation

What type of synapse occurs between an axon terminal of one neuron and the cell body of another neuron? a. axoaxonic b. axodendritic c. dendroaxonic d. axosomatic e. somatoaxonic

d. axosomatic

Which muscle is under parasympathetic control to regulate the refractive power of the lens? a. fovea b. cornea c. pupil d. ciliary muscles e. zonular fibers

d. ciliary muscles

Which of the following physiological responses is associated with an elevation in parasympathetic nervous system activity? a. increased heart rate b. increased contractile force of the heart c. enhanced mobilization of energy stores d. enhanced absorption of nutrients e. shifting blood flow away from the GI tract

d. enhanced absorption of nutrients

What is a change in postsynaptic potential that brings membrane potential closer to threshold called? a. inhibitory presynaptic potential b. suprathreshold postsynaptic potential c. hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential d. excitatory postsynaptic potential e. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

d. excitatory postsynaptic potential

What area of the brain initiates the fight-or-flight response by producing widespread activation of the sympathetic nervous system? a. limbic system b. brainstem c. cerebellum d. hypothalamus e. amygdala

d. hypothalamus

The opening of sodium channels causes a rapid _____ of sodium that ________ the neuron's membrane. a. efflux : hyperpolarizes b. influx : repolarizes c. efflux : depolarizes d. influx : depolarizes e. influx : hyperpolarizes

d. influx : depolarizes

Axoaxonic synapses are responsible for ________ the extent of neurotransmitter released at the synapse. a. decreasing b. enhancing c. inhibiting d. modulating e. increasing

d. modulating

Frequency of sound is coded for by the a. frequency of action potentials b. direction that the stereocilia are stimulated c. amplitude of the action potentials d. number of hair cells stimulated e. location of the hair cell stimulated

d. number of hair cells stimulated

At the resting membrane potential, the membrane is most permeable to _______, which moves _______ the cell due to its electrochemical gradient. a. potassium : into b. sodium : into c. chloride : into d. potassium : out of e. sodium : out of

d. potassium : out of

The perception of temperature sensations begins in which area of the brain? a. primary motor cortex b. cerebellum c. basal nuclei d. primary somatosensory cortex e. limbic system

d. primary somatosensory cortex

Most neurons have a resting membrane potential of a. -65mV b. -90mV c. -55mV d. +30 mV e. -70mV

e. -70mV

How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded to the CNS? a. Different afferent neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities b. Different second-order neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities c. neurotransmitter released from an afferent neuron differs based on intensity of stimulus d. Amplitude of action potentials transmitted to CNS is greater e. Frequency of action potentials to CNS is greater for a stronger stimulus

e. Frequency of action potentials to CNS is greater for a stronger stimulus

You're interviewing a patient who has recently had a stroke. You ask her to state her name and house address. She is unable to respond verbally but can write it down. What are of brain is damaged? a. anomic b. global c. Broca's d. isolation e. Wernicke's

e. Wernicke's

During presynaptic inhibition, the release of a neurotransmitter from the modulating neuron causes which of the following? a. a hyperpolarization of the neuron it is modulating b. an IPSP on the postsynaptic cell c. an EPSP on the postsynaptic cell d. an increase in neurotransmitter release from the neuron it is modulating e. a decrease in calcium entry into the axon terminal of the neuron it is modulating

e. a decrease in calcium entry into the axon terminal of the neuron it is modulating

Voltage-gated calcium channels in the axon terminal open in response to which of the following? a. neurotransmitter binding to receptor b. summation of graded potentials at the axon hillock c. paracrines released form the post-synaptic cell d. initiation of an action potential in the axon hillock e. arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal

e. arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal

synaptic delay is caused by the time required for which step of neurotransmitter release? a. an action potential to move from axon hillock to axon terminal b. the synthesis of neurotransmitter c. the neurotransmitter to diffuse across the synaptic cleft d. packaging of neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles e. calcium entry to trigger exocytosis

e. calcium entry to trigger exocytosis

The repolarization phase of the action potential in a neuron is driven by the a. closure of potassium channels b. opening of calcium channels c. opening of sodium channels d. opening of sodium channels and closure of potassium channels e. closure of sodium channels and opening of potassium channels

e. closure of sodium channels and opening of potassium channels

What happens to the resting membrane potential of -70 mV when sodium channels open? a. hyperpolarization b. membrane stabilization c. returns to -70 mV d. repolarization e. depolarization

e. depolarization

What happens to the resting membrane potential of -70 mV when potassium channels open? a. membrane stabilization b. repolarization c. returns to -70 mV d. depolarization e. hyperpolarization

e. hyperpolarization

What type of ion channels is responsible for the rapid opening of ion channels in response to the interaction between the ligand and receptor? a. metabotropic b. mechanotropic c. potentiotropic d. chemotropic e. ionotropic

e. ionotropic

What type of ion channels in the membrane of neurons allows ions to move across the membrane at rest and thereby contribute to resting membrane potential? a. voltage-gated channels b. potential-gated channels c. resting channels d. ligand-gated channels e. leak channels

e. leak channels

The refractive power of what structure can be altered to focus light? a. pupil b. zonular fibers c. ciliary muscles d. cornea e. lens

e. lens

The utricle detects what type of motion? a. angular acceleration, as when nodding the head "yes" b. linear acceleration up or down c. angular acceleration, as when shaking the head "no" d. angular acceleration, as when tilting the head so that the ear approaches the shoulder e. linear acceleration forward and backward

e. linear acceleration forward and backward

The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors at an inhibitory synapse can lead to the ______ of _______ channels. a. opening : sodium b. opening : calcium c. closure : potassium d. closure : chloride e. opening : chloride

e. opening : chloride

Students who suffer from test anxiety often have some of the following symptoms: the need for frequent urination, dilated pupils, and a dry mouth. What branch of the autonomic nervous system would cause these symptoms? a. voluntary b. enteric c. parasympathetic d. somatic e. sympathetic

e. sympathetic

The somatic nervous system is often referred to as the _____ system. a. unconscious b. involuntary c. neuromuscular d. craniosacral e. voluntary

e. voluntary