physioexam2

All of the following are characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers EXCEPT: Myofibers always relax following stimulation At rest myofbers are at an optimal level of stretch to achieve maximal contraction Myofibers are controlled in contractile groups called motor units Myofibers contract/shorten to the same degree (strength) every time they are stimulated

At rest myofbers are at an optimal level of stretch to achieve maximal contraction

Match the following organ with their preferred Energy Source: Glucose or Fatty Acids Brain Skeletal Muscle (Resting) Liver Skeletal Muscle (Exercising - High Intensity)

Brain: Glucose Skeletal Muscle (Resting): Fatty Acids Liver: Fatty Acids Skeletal Muscle (Exercising - High Intensity): Glucose

Which of the following ions is responsible for the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic cell? Cl- K+ Ca2+ Na+

Ca2+

Which of the following ions "couples" the muscle excitation to muscle contraction: Phosphate Calcium Sodium Potassium

Calcium

Which of the following ions "couples" the muscle excitation to muscle contraction: Sodium Potassium Hydrogen Calcium

Calcium

When the action potential conducts down the transverse tubules, which of the following events immediately follows: Myosin binds Actin Calcium is released from the terminal cisternae Myosin hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft

Calcium is released from the terminal cisternae

Which of the following is true regarding the resting membrane potential? Cells are ALWAYS fluctuating due to the changing internal environment Cells are ALWAYS negative inside initially due to the higher concentrations of negatively charged organic molecules Cells are ALWAYS neutral inside due to the sodium potassium pump Cells are ALWAYS positive inside due to the higher concentrations of stored Calcium

Cells are ALWAYS negative inside initially due to the higher concentrations of negatively charged organic molecules

The movement and distributions across the membrane id dependent on which of the following: Presence of ATP Concentration gradient for the ions Presence of membrane ion channels Presence of redox reactions Electrical gradient (force) for the ions

Concentration gradient for the ions Presence of membrane ion channels Electrical gradient (force) for the ions

Actively decrease in length along the longitudinal axis

Contractility

Which structure in the eye is responsible for the GREATEST amount of refraction / focusing of light? Choroid Lens Cornea Sclera

Cornea

Which of the following serves as a readily available alternate source of phosphate storage for the production of ATP in sustained high intensity exercises: Creatine Lactic Acid Fatty Acids NADH

Creatine

SNARE proteins function to: Dock & fuse with the membrane neurotransmitter vesicles Open voltage gated ion channels Activate the Na+/K+ pump Block the voltage gated ion channels

Dock & fuse with the membrane neurotransmitter vesicles

True or False: The total twitch time for muscle contraction when stimulating the muscle directly compared to using the sciatic nerve is significantly longer.

False

True or False: When a muscle is stimulated to contract all myofibers with the muscle will contract

False

~80 - 85% of body energy is stored as: ________. Proteins Nucleic Acids Fats Carbohydrates

Fats

Ketone Bodies are formed when there is an : Increased breakdown of Fats Increase uptake and utilization of glucose Increased breakdown of Glycogen Increased nitrogen balance

Increased breakdown of Fats

Binds motor neuron neurotransmitter

Motor End plate

Modified plasma membrane at the neuromuscular junction

Motor end plate

Which tissue types are excitable, able to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials: Muscle Connective Glandular Nervous

Muscle Nervous

Which of the following will increase action potential conduction velocity? Myelination Decreasing axon diameter Increasing axon diameter Decreasing nodal distance Increasing axon length

Myelination Increasing axon diameter

Groups of contractile proteins within a myofiber

Myofibrils

Which of the following is the approximate resting membrane potential voltage for most neurons? -120mV -65 to -70 mV +30 to 40mV -55mV

-65 to -70 mV

A single cross bridge cycle results in the sarcomere decreasing in size by ____% 10% 100% 1% 60%

1%

Amount of total body energy stored as glycogen is ~ ___%: 1% 50% 75% 90%

1%

During high intensity exercises ___1___ % of the muscles energy is derived from ___2___ , while ___3___ % of the muscle energy is derived from ___4___

1. 66% 2. Glucose 3. 33% 4. Fatty Acids

During starvation, fasting or metabolic disorders, glucose availability to the blood can decline severely. When this glucose starvation occurs, lipids will be rapidly broken down, producing HIGH concentrations of ____1____ . Two ____1____ will bind and produce a ____2____, which can be utilized by the nervous tissue (brain). The problem is that when ____2____ increase they increase the acidity of the blood resulting in ____3____.

1. Acetyl CoA 2. Ketone body 3. Ketoacidosis

Glycogenolysis is stimulated by which of the following: 1. parathyroid hormone 2. epinephrine 3. insulin 4. glucagon

2. Epinephrine 4. Glucagon

Which of the following are characteristics of Large motor units: 1. Weak muscle contractions 2. Used for large antigravity muscles 3. Strong muscle contractions 4. Fine/high degree of contraction control 5. Gross/poor degree of contraction control

2. Used for large antigravity muscles 3. Strong muscle contractions 5. Gross/poor degree of contraction control

The sarcomere shortens ___ % of its resting length during complete contraction 1% 25% 100% 60%

60%

Conversion of carbohydrates into ATP is ___ faster that fats. 10% 40% 75% 25%

75%

A motor unit is: 1. The ratio of a single motor neuron to the myofibers it innervates 2.The ratio of myofibers to supplying blood vessels 3. The ratio of myofibers innervated by motor nuerons 4. The ratio of muscles innervated by a single nerve

1. The ratio of a single motor neuron to the myofibers it innervates

Proteins are NOT a primary source of energy BUT do utilize the pathways in cellular respiration. The reason amino acids enter into cellular respiration pathways is NOT for energy BUT to exchange one nonessential amino acid amino group for another. Intermediates in Krebs can be used as the carbon skeletons for needed amino acids. This process of exchanging amino groups between carbon skeletons is called ____1____. When animo acids are removed from the body, actually only the amine groups is removed through the process of ____2____. Two amino groups are combined with CO2 to form ____3____ and are excreted in urine!!!

1. Transamination 2. Oxidative Deamination 3. Urea

When released from the terminal cisternae, calcium will diffuse and bind ___1___ which in turn will function to move ___2___ and expose the acitin-myosin binding site.

1. Troponin 2. Tropomyosin

In order to focus on far objects the lens of the eye will be ___1___ and the ciliary muscle will be ___2___ .

1. flat 2. relaxed

Ketone Bodies are formed formed by linking two ______. Pyruvic Acids Amino Acids Acetyl CoA CO2 Molecules

Acetyl CoA

Which of the following is released from the motor neuron and functions to bind the motor end plate Calcium Epinephrine Acetylcholine (ACh) Insulin

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A quick discrete reversal of the membrane potential, voltage difference across a cell membrane, is called a(n) _____________. Action Potential Postsynaptic Potential Resting Membrane Potential Hyperpolarizing Potential

Action Potential

Which of the following is TRUE concerning whole muscle contraction: 1. Whole muscles can produced sustained contractions (hold contractile force) 2. Whole muscle can produce contractions of varying force 3. Only a subset of myofibers within a whole muscle are generally incorporated into a contraction 4. Whole muscle can produce force in different directions

All are true 1. Whole muscles can produced sustained contractions (hold contractile force) 2. Whole muscle can produce contractions of varying force 3. Only a subset of myofibers within a whole muscle are generally incorporated into a contraction 4. Whole muscle can produce force in different directions

ATP functions to: Allow the myosin globular head to detach from actin Allow myosin to enter into its high energy state as it is converts to ADP and Pi Directly result in the power stroke, pulling the thin filament Bind actin forming causing the exposure of the myosin binding site

Allow the myosin globular head to detach from actin Allow myosin to enter into its high energy state as it is converts to ADP and Pi

The motor end plate of the sarcolemma has a membrane protein that functions as: An ion channel (sodium & potassium) A motor protein A receptor for Acetylcholine A cofactor

An ion channel (sodium & potassium) A receptor for Acetylcholine

If you were to stare at the color RED for 30 secs or more and then shifted your gaze to white you would momentarily see which of the following colors: Yellow Aqua Red Violet Green

Aqua

The Nodes of Ranvier: Are areas of axon membrane devoid/without voltage gated ion channels Are the unmyelinated regions of axon Are regions of the axon incapable of generating an action potential Are insulated region of the axon

Are the unmyelinated regions of axon

Nodes of Ranvier are spaced ~ 1 - 2mm apart because: This is the maximum distance required for refractory periods This is the minimum distance required for the Na+ /K+ pump to reestablish the membrane This is the minimum distance required for K+ channels to open This is the maximum distance that Na+ can cable through the axon and still generate an action potential

This is the maximum distance that Na+ can cable through the axon and still generate an action potential

Which protein functions to block the actin myosin binding site: Crossbridge Troponin Tropomyosin Actin

Tropomyosin

Which protein is directly responsible for BLOCKING the acitin-myosin binding site? Troponin Calmodulin Tropomyosin Titin

Tropomyosin

Which protein is responsible for directly binding calcium? Titin Myosin binding protein C Troponin Tropomyosin

Troponin

True or False: Action Potential conduction down the membrane results from the successive recreation of a NEW action potentials down the length of the axon. True False

True

True or False: Action potentials are unidirectional, BUT they can be started on either end of the neuron. Only once initiated do they have direction.

True

True or False: During muscle contraction, not all myofibers will be contracting and contributing to the force

True

True or False: Fat utilization for energy can only occur Aerobically.

True

True or False: Nonessential amino acids are not required in your diet BUT are required for the production of proteins.

True

Elite long distance runners with have mostly ________ myofibers within the fascicles. Type I slow oxidative Type III slow glycolytic Type IIA fast oxidative Type IIB(X) fast glycolytic

Type I slow oxidative

Elite sprinters will mostly have ___ myofibers within the fascicles Type I slow oxidative Type III slow glycolytic Type IIA fast oxidative Type IIB(X) fast glycolytic

Type IIB(X) fast glycolytic

Following a threshold voltage the first event of an action potential is: Opening of Na+ Voltage gated ion channels Closing of Na= Voltage gated ion channels Opening of K+ Voltage gated ion channels Inactivation of Na+ Voltage gated ion channel

Opening of Na+ Voltage gated ion channels

The first event of an action potential, following a threshold neuronal voltage is: The activation of the sodium potassium pump The inactivation of the sodium channels Opening of potassium voltage gated ion channels Opening of sodium voltage gated ion channels

Opening of sodium voltage gated ion channels

In a healthy adult, protein is always being "turned over". The process responsible for the removal of "used" amino groups from amino acids, as new ones are ingested, is called: Beta Oxidation Transamination Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Deamination

Oxidative Deamination

When neurotransmitters bind the postsynaptic cells, they will ALWAYS cause which of the following to occur in the postsynaptic cell? Action Potential Postsynaptic potentials Opening of voltage gated ion channels Depolarizations

Postsynaptic potentials

Although the voltage gated ion channels responsible for an action potential open in response to the same threshold voltage, which channel is SLOWER to open and SLOWER to close? Calcium (Ca2+) Chloride (Cl-) Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+)

Potassium (K+)

Which of the following result in action potentials always conducting in a forward direction NEVER backwards. Preceding segments of the axon are in refractory Preceding segments of the axon are at rest Downstream segments of the axon will be hyperpolarized Downstream segments of the axon are at rest

Preceding segments of the axon are in refractory

The neuron releasing the neurotransmitter is called the : Postsynaptic neuron Motor neuron Presynaptic neuron Interneuron

Presynaptic neuron

The production of urea results from the normal breakdown / turnover of Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Ketone Bodies

Proteins

Myosin of the thick filament functions to : Pull the thin filament Bind Actin Hydrolyze ATP Regulate Calcium cycling

Pull the thin filament Bind Actin Hydrolyze ATP

Asynchronously re-stimulating a group of motor units (each of the same size) CAN result in all of the following EXCEPT: Sustained whole muscle contractions Summation Tetanus Recruitment

Recruitment

The mechanism to increase whole muscle contractile force is called: Summation Tetanus Recruitment Incomplete Tetanus

Recruitment

The mechanism used by WHOLE muscle to increase contractile force is called: Tetanus Length Tension Relationship Summation Recruitment

Recruitment

The mechanism used by WHOLE muscle to increase contractile force is: Summation Tetanus Incomplete Tetanus Recruitment

Recruitment

The action potential property resulting in the ability of the unidirectional propagation is: Refractory Period Inactivation gates Myelination Threshold voltage

Refractory Period

The ideal length of a sarcomere, resulting in maximal contraction is: Over Stretched myofiber (>120% of resting length) Unstretched myofiber (100% of resting length) Under-stretched myofiber (<100% resting length) Slightly Stretched myofiber (120% of resting length)

Slightly Stretched myofiber (120% of resting length)

The ideal amount of myofiber stretch, resulting in maximal force production is: Unstretched myofiber Compressed Slightly stretched Significantly stretched

Slightly stretched

The mechanism used by whole muscles to sustain contractile force is: Summation Graded Contractions Incomplete Tetanus Recruitment

Summation

Single neurons can communicate the strength of their signal by: Temporal summation, Frequency modulation Increasing the duration of an action potential (how long a single action potential lasts) Spatial summation Increasing the amplitude of the action potential

Temporal summation, Frequency modulation

Stores and releases the majority of the myofiber calcium

Terminal Cisternae

Action potentials always conduct toward the: Unstimulated areas of the neuron Area of the axon in refractory The areas of closed Na+ channels the area where K+ is effluxing

Unstimulated areas of the neuron The areas of closed Na+ channels

During myofiber contraction, which of the following changes occur in the sarcoplasm: A band compresses Z discs move toward the center of the sarcomere Thick filaments slide toward the center of the sarcomere H band compresses I band compresses

Z discs move toward the center of the sarcomere H band compresses I band compresses

Repolarization and hyperpolarization during an action potential results from: efflux of potassium influx of potassium efflux of sodium influx of sodium

efflux of potassium

The three cone receptors in the retina are designed to be most sensitive to which THREE wavelength (colors) of light? orange green violet (purple) yellow red blue

green red blue

Action potentials always conduct unidirectionally, toward the unstimulated areas of the axon. This is because the preceding segments of the axon are : in refractory blocked and cannot allow the diffusion of sodium cabling too quickly to allow diffusion of sodium already at rest and cannot undergo another action potential

in refractory

Depolarization during an action potential results from the : efflux of potassium influx of sodium efflux of sodium influx of potassium

influx of sodium

What is significant about the axon hillock? It is the location on the soma where the neurotransmitters will bind with the highest affinity It is referred to as the docking zone because it is the location where docked vesicles of neurotransmitters will be released it is referred to as the trigger zone because it is the first location of voltage gated channels, and thus where action potentials start It is the only region of the soma where postsynaptic potentials can occur

it is referred to as the trigger zone because it is the first location of voltage gated channels, and thus where action potentials start

The maintenance and re-establishment of the resting membrane potential ion re-distribution results from the: sodium potassium pump influx of potassium efflux of potassium influx of sodium

sodium potassium pump

True or False: LOW frequency (Pitch) sound waves will travel shorter distance down the cochlea

False

True or False: Muscle contraction force will continue to increase as a muscle is stretched

False

True or False: The presence of a visual blind spot in the back of the eye represents damage to the retina.

False

True or False: The sodium potassium pumps functions to create the Action Potential, by actively moving ions across the axon membrane.

False

When the lens of the eye is accommodated for NEAR vision the ciliary body is ___1___ and the lens is ___2___ .

1. Contracted 2. Round

When blood sugar levels rise ____1____ is released from the ____2____ . When released the effect on target tissue will be a(n) ____3____ in the cellular uptake and utilization (storage) of sugar.

1. Insulin 2. Pancreas 3. Increase

There are many processes that function to utilize nutrients. The process of lipid breakdown, releasing free fatty acids is called ____1____ Once fatty acids are released the process of fatty acid breakdown and the production of acetyl CoA is called ____2____occurs. This process produces large amounts of ATP but MUST occur in the ____3____ and thus can only carried out ____4____ .

1. Lipolysis 2. Beta Oxidation 3. Mitochondrion 4. Aerobically

___1___ is the process resulting in the liberation of fatty acids, while ___2___ is the process of fatty acid utilization into ATP.

1. Lipolysis 2. Beta oxidation

As one exercises, the utilization of nutrients for ATP changes during the course of the exercise. Initially in a light exercise muscle prefers ___1___ energy. As the intensity of the exercise increases muscles start to incorporate more ___2___ energy into the metabolism. During later portions of a high intensity exercise ___3___ energy becomes almost exclusively used as the muscle becomes more anaerobic.

1. Plasma 2. Cellular 3. Cellular

Insulin stimulates which of the following: 1. Stimulate the metabolic lipogenesis pathways 2. Open GLUT4 Channels 3. Stimulate the metabolic glycogen synthesis pathways 4. Stimulate the metabolic lipolysis pathways 5. Stimulate the metabolic glycolytic pathways

1. Stimulate the metabolic lipogenesis pathways 2. Open GLUT4 Channels 3. Stimulate the metabolic glycogen synthesis pathways

Which of the two statements is TRUE: 1. Fats can be converted into carbohydrates, but carbohydrates cannot be converted into fats 2. Carbohydrates can be converted into fats, but fats cannot be converted into carbohydrates

2 is True Carbohydrates can be converted into fats, but fats cannot be converted into carbohydrates

The ability of whole muscle to regain it original shape following a contraction is known as: 1. Contractility 2. Extensibility 3. Elasticity 4. Excitability

3. Elasticity

In between meals, as blood glucose levels start decreasing, ________ is released to initiate an increase in glycogen & triglyceride utilization (breakdown) 1. Cortisol 2. Insulin 3. Glucagon 4. Epinephrine (Adrenalin)

3. Glucagon

Following a meal, blood glucose levels will rise. In response ________ will be release to signal the cellular uptake and utilization of glucose. 1. Glucagon 2. Cortisol 3. Insulin 4. Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

3. Insulin

Which of the following is TRUE concerning myofiber contractions: Check all that apply A Myofiber ALWAYS relaxes following a contraction A Myofibers ALWAYS contracts the same strength every time A Myofiber can alter its contractile force A Myofiber can sustain a contraction

A Myofiber ALWAYS relaxes following a contraction A Myofibers ALWAYS contracts the same strength every time

If calcium (Ca2+) was injected into a neuron, it would cause the neuron to be: Repolarized Hyperpolarized Depolarized Unaffected by Ca2+

Depolarized

Exposing a nerve to cold will: Decrease the refractory period Decrease the action potential conduction velocity Decrease the threshold for action potential Decrease the overall recorded CAP

Decrease the action potential conduction velocity Decrease the overall recorded CAP

Ability to regain original length and tension

Elasticity

Respond to Stimuli

Excitability

"Stretch" over a range of lengths with no loss of function

Extensibility

The second leading cause of blindness in adults, resulting from high ocular pressure: Glaucoma Cataracts Diabetes Color Blindness

Glaucoma

Which of the following are characteristics of Type I - slow oxidative fibers: High fatigue resistance White Fiber High Calcium capacity High Mitochondrial volume Low Myosin ATPase

High fatigue resistance High Mitochondrial volume Low Myosin ATPase

ATP is used in all the following ways EXCEPT: Hydrolysis of ATP results in myosin gaining the high energy state, extending or "cocking" the cross bridge ATP is responsible for the active re-uptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (terminal cisternae) Hydrolysis of ATP results in myosin undergoing in the conformation change that pulls the thin filament, the "power stroke" ATP is required for the release the myosin cross bridge from the acitin (break the acitin-myosin binding)

Hydrolysis of ATP results in myosin undergoing in the conformation change that pulls the thin filament, the "power stroke"

Inhibitory postsynpatic potentials : Prevent the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cell Hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cells Reduce the likelihood that a posynaptic cell sends an action potential Reduce the likelihood that a postsynaptic cell reaches threshold

Hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cells Reduce the likelihood that a posynaptic cell sends an action potential Reduce the likelihood that a postsynaptic cell reaches threshold

The repolarization of the membrane results from : Na+ efflux (leaving) the cells K+ efflux (leaving) from the cells K+ influx (entering) the cells Na+ influx (entering) the cells

K+ efflux (leaving) from the cells

The majority of the nonessential amino acid carbon skeletons are "scavenged" from : Electron Transport Chain intermediates Glycolytic intermediates Ketone Bodies Krebs Cycle intermediates

Krebs Cycle intermediates

Which organ stores the highest concentration of glycogen (% of organ mass): Kidney Liver Skeletal Muscle Pancreas

Liver

Which TWO organs store the majority of Glycogen in the body: Liver Kidney Brain Pancreas Skeletal Muscle

Liver Skeletal Muscle

Muscles using 20% glucose & 80% triglycerides for cellular respiration would be exercising at a _____ intensity Low Intermediate High

Low

Which of the following are characteristics of Type IIB(x) - fast glycolytic fibers: Check all that apply Low Myosin ATPase activity Low Mitochondrial volume High fatigue resistance High calcium capacity White Fibers

Low Mitochondrial volume High calcium capacity White Fibers

Action potential conduction down the membrane results from the influx of _____ ions, as they cause a slight depolarization to the adjacent regions of the membrane. Ca2+ (Calcium) Na+ (Sodium) Cl- (Chloride) K+ (Potassium)

Na+ (Sodium)

Which of the following events is responsible for the action potential ALWAYS being the same strength every time? Na+ Channels close when hyperpolarized K+ Voltage gated ion channels close when depolarized Na+ inactivation gates block the Na+ channels K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

Na+ inactivation gates block the Na+ channels

Healthy adults should be in a state of _________. Nitrogen Balance Negative Nitrogen Balance Positive Nitrogen Balance

Nitrogen Balance

Which of the following is TRUE concerning myofiber contraction: 1. Myofibers can produce sustained contractions 2. Myofibers can vary how strongly they contract 3. Myofibers can NOT hold contractile force 4. Myofibers always contract to the same force

Only 3 and 4 are true 3. Myofibers can NOT hold contractile force 4. Myofibers always contract to the same force

Myfofiber plasma membrane

Sarcolemma

Myofiber cytoplasm

Sarcoplasm

Reabsorbs the majority of the myofiber calcium (contains re-uptake channels)

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Which of the following are characteristics of whole skeletal muscle is NOT correct: Skeletal muscles can alter muscle contraction force Skeletal muscle is the only consciously controlled (somatic) tissue in the body Both over and under stretching a skeletal muscle can decrease the force of contraction Skeletal muscles can sustain muscle contraction force Skeletal Muscle can hypertrophy by increasing the number of myofibers in the muscle

Skeletal Muscle can hypertrophy by increasing the number of myofibers in the muscle

The ocular muscle function to move the eye with a fine degree of control. As such they are innervated with ____ motor units. Small Large

Small

Which of the following ions is most important in the conduction of action potentials from one segment of the axon to the next? Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Chloride (Cl-) Calcium (Ca2+)

Sodium (Na+)

Which of the following are the key ions moving in an action potential: Check all that apply: Sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca2+) Hydrogen (H+)

Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+)

Which of the following most directly results in the POWER stroke and the sliding of the thin filament? The binding of myosin to actin & the release of phosphate (Pi) The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi The recoil of the compressed titin protein The binding of ATP to myosin

The binding of myosin to actin & the release of phosphate (Pi)

The absolute refractory period results from: The resting membrane potential The sodium potassium pump repolarizing the neuron The hyperpolarization of the membrane by the potassium voltage gated ion channels The blocking of the sodium channel by the inactivation gates & the open sodium channels

The blocking of the sodium channel by the inactivation gates & the open sodium channels

The relative refractory period results from: The sodium potassium pump repolarizing the neuron The hyperpolarization of the membrane by the potassium voltage gated ion channels The resting membrane potential The blocking of the sodium channel by the inactivation gates & the open sodium channels

The hyperpolarization of the membrane by the potassium voltage gated ion channels

In order for summation to occur, stimuli must be delivered to the muscle BEFORE: The myofibers have relaxed The myofiber has started the latent phase All ATP is used within the myofiber The myofiber has contracted

The myofibers have relaxed

The refractory period is: The period of time that the membrane is most sensitive to stimuli The period of time that the membrane produces the fastest rates of action potential conduction The period of time that the action potential can conduct in reverse The period of time that a membrane is resistant to producing an action potential

The period of time that a membrane is resistant to producing an action potential

A Compound Action Potential (CAP) is: The recorded action potential following an increase in the stimulus frequency (Frequency summation) The recorded action potential from many neurons (the resulting action potential from stimulating a nerve) The recorded action potential following cooling the neuron The recorded action potential following changing the nerves direction

The recorded action potential from many neurons (the resulting action potential from stimulating a nerve)

Action Potentials are ALWAYS the same in amplitude / strength because: The sodium inactivation gates block the sodium channel at the same level of depolarization every time, stopping the influx of positive charge and depolarization The hyperpolarization of the membrane is caused by potassium efflux The hyperpolarization of the membrane ensure the membrane will always return to resting membrane potential The preceding segments of the axon are in absolute refractory, preventing further depolarization

The sodium inactivation gates block the sodium channel at the same level of depolarization every time, stopping the influx of positive charge and depolarization

Which protein is responsible for the muscles ability to regain its original length(elasticity) Troponin Titin Tropomyosin Calmodulin

Titin

The biochemical pathways involved in the inter-conversion into the 11 non-essential amino acids is called: Oxidative Deamination Transamination Beta Oxidation Oxidative Phosphorylation

Transamination

Conducts action potentials

Transverse Tubules

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is important for calcium cycling within the sarcoplasm. Which of the following channels is responsible for Calcium release into the sarcoplasm? Voltage gated calcium channel Primary active calcium channel Secondary active calcium channel Ligand gated calcium channel

Voltage gated calcium channel

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is important for calcium cycling within the sarcoplasm. Which of the following channels is responsible for calcium release into the sarcoplasm? Voltage gated calcium channel Ligand gated calcium channel Primary active calcium channel Secondary active calcium channel

Voltage gated calcium channel

Muscles controlled with SMALL motor units: Will require few neurons to control the entire muscle Will be able to produce strong muscle contractions with few neurons Will be controlled by comparably small diameter nerves Will have an ability to move muscles with a fine degree of control

Will have an ability to move muscles with a fine degree of control

Muscles controlled with LARGE motor units: Will be able to produce weak muscle contractions with many neurons Will have an ability to move muscles with a fine degree of control Will require few neurons to control the entire muscle Will be controlled by comparably large diameter nerves

Will require few neurons to control the entire muscle

If you stared at a blue square, thus bleaching the blue cones, you would see ________ as an after image color. Yellow Red Violet Green

Yellow

If you were to stare at the color BLUE for 30 secs or more and then shifted your gaze to white you would momentarily see which of the following colors: Red Aqua Yellow Green Violet

Yellow

Which of the following events within the sarcomere occurs during a contraction: Z Lines move inwardly toward center of sarcomere during a contraction Thin filaments slide over thick filaments H Bands remain unchanged in size during a contraction I Bands remain unchanged in size during a contraction A Bands remain unchanged in size during a contraction

Z Lines move inwardly toward center of sarcomere during a contraction Thin filaments slide over thick filaments A Bands remain unchanged in size during a contraction

The specialized myofiber membrane is called the: sarcomere myofibril sarcolemma sarcoplasm

sarcolemma