Physiological Psychology 260 (Marinković) Exam 3

Cross-cultural studies have concluded that, in addition to a neutral facial expression, there seem to be ______ universally recognized emotional expressions.

6

Which ion has a hyperpolarizing effect on neurons with GABAA receptors?

Chloride

_____ is not an emotion, but is the result of emotion. a. Stress b. Fear c. Sadness d. Guilt

Stress

T/F People with damage to the amygdala have difficulties processing emotional information, especially fear.

True

The delayed response task requires responding to something that you saw or heard ____. a. in a meaningful way b. a short while ago c. in the distant past d. right at that time

a short while ago

Klaus has been having trouble controlling his anxiety. Instead of consulting with a doctor, he has been using ____ to self-medicate because it also binds to the GABAA receptors. a. alcohol b. cocaine c. THC d. nicotine

a. alcohol

The genes controlling early-onset Alzheimer's disease cause a protein called ____ to accumulate both inside and outside neurons, where it damages dendritic spines, decreases synaptic output, and decreases plasticity. a. amyloid-β b. tau c. 5-HT2A d. phenylalanine

a. amloid-B

Cristina has been diagnosed with Korsakoff's syndrome. She tends to fill in her memory gaps with guesses. When she does so, she is ______. a. confabulating b. perseverating c. fantasizing d. hallucinating

a. confabulating

Derrick has been diagnosed with Urbach-Wiethe disease. As a result, he _____. a. has difficulty identifying facial expressions associated with fear b. cannot learn new fears but still experiences fears learned before damage to the amygdala c. is almost completely without emotion d. experiences fear but not anger or anxiety

a. has difficulty identifying facial expressions associated with fear

Dreamlike experiences, which an individual has trouble distinguishing from reality and often occur at the onset of sleep, are known as ____. a. hypnagogic hallucinations b. night terrors c. REM disorders d. cataplexy-induced dreams

a. hypnagogic hallucinations?

Who is likely to be getting the most REM sleep? a. Danielle, a six-month-old infant b. Irene, Danielle's 34-year-old mother c. Pat, Danielle's 46-year-old father d. Evelyn, Danielle's 72-year-old grandmother

a. infant

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____. a. occur during NREM sleep b. occur during REM sleep c. usually involve sleep talking d. are far more common in adults than children

a. occur during NREM sleep

The SCN is located just above the ____. a. optic chiasm b. hypothalamus c. visual cortex d. thalamus

a. optic chiasm

Michael works the graveyard shift, from 10 at night to 6 in the morning. As a result, he ____. a. will likely shift his circadian rhythm completely b. may continue to feel groggy at work even after years on the job c. can help himself adjust by working under dim lights d. should take sleeping pills during the day to force a complete shift in his cycle

a. will likely shift his circadian rhythm completely

Participants in a neuroimaging research study are asked to look at pictures of emotional facial expressions. While looking, they would show increased activity in their _____.

amygdala

According to James-Lange theory, which best describes the role of autonomic arousal in the experience of emotions?

autonomic arousal leads to the experience of emotions

Which of these is characteristic of sleep apnea? a. Involuntary movements of the arms and legs during sleep b. Periods without breathing during sleeping c. Tendency to fall asleep suddenly during the day d. Sleep walking and sleep terrors

b

Britta and Edgardo are hiking in the woods when they encounter a bear. Per the James-Lange theory, what would Britta and Edgardo experience last after seeing the bear? a. Running away b. Feeling fear c. Autonomic arousal d. Cognitive processing

b. Feeling fear

Mammals have circadian rhythms ____. a. for sleep and body temperature only b. for a variety of activities, including sleep c. only for frequency of eating and drinking d. only for their sleep/activity cycle

b. for a variety of activities, including sleep

Rufina is trying to teach her dog to sit. When the dog sits, she gives him a treat. This type of learning is called _____. a. consequential conditioning b. instrumental conditioning c. classical conditioning d. Pavlovian conditioning

b. instrumental conditioning

The idea of having a limited number of emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise) is supported by the empirical finding that ____. a. specific brain structures are uniquely associated with each of those emotions b. most people can identify the facial expressions associated with those emotions c. individuals who have strokes in certain areas still experience the emotions even though they cannot name them d. individuals with pure autonomic failure no longer experience any emotions but can label those expressions in others

b. most people can identify the facial expressions associated with those emotions

Jermaine's brain wave pattern shows a high number of alpha waves. Likely he is in a state of _____. a. alertness b. relaxation c. light sleep d. deep sleep

b. relaxation

A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ____ path extends directly from the retina to the SCN. a. opticretinal b. retinohypothalamic c. opticthalamic d. retinothalamic

b. retinohypothalamic

Lue just had her first kiss. As a result of the emotional event producing cortisol and epinephrine, what will happen to Lue's brain structures responsible for memory? a. The chemicals will deactivate the amygdala and hippocampus. b. The chemicals will activate the amygdala and hippocampus. c. The chemicals will deactivate the amygdala and activate the hippocampus. d. The chemicals will activate the amygdala and deactivate the hippocampus.

b. the chemicals will activate the amygdala and the hippocampus

Benzodiazepines exert their effect on anxiety by facilitating the binding of _____. a. orexin to serotonin receptors b. CCK to regions of the hippocampus c. GABA to GABA receptors d. substance P to GABA receptors

c. GABA to GABA receptors

If you wanted to wake up your friend when he/she was dreaming, you would have the best chance to do so by waking them up during ______. a. daydreaming b. NREM sleep c. REM sleep d. alpha wave patterns

c. REM sleep

Patient SM was studied extensively because she: a. showed no fear of snakes or spiders b. had trouble recognizing expressions of fear c. all of these d. had bilateral lesions of the amygdala

c. all of these

Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually, the sound came to elicit salivation. The sound in this experiment would be considered the ____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response

c. conditioned stimulus

It is exam week and Jarrett, a college student, has been pulling "all-nighters" the whole week so that he can prepare for his tests. As a result, he has likely disrupted an _____. a. exogenous circannual rhythm b. endogenous circannual rhythm c. endogenous circadian rhythm d. exogenous circadian rhythm

c. endogenous circadian rhythm

Which type of stimulus is most often involved in resetting the internal clock among land animals? a. Social stimuli b. Temperature c. Light d. Activity level

c. light

Coretta was asked a trivia question about what part(s) of the brain are considered to be the most critical for emotion. She correctly answered the _____. a. cerebellum b. frontal lobe c. limbic system d. brainstem

c. limbic system

Retrograde amnesia is to ____ as anterograde amnesia is to ____. a. loss of short-term memory; loss of long-term memory b. inability to form new memories; loss of memory for old events c. loss of memory for old events; inability to form new memories d. temporary loss of memory; permanent loss of memory

c. loss of memory for old events; inability to form new memories

Stephan is trying to teach his child to play one of his favorite, classic video games, Tetris. His child is trying to learn a new motor skill, which is a type of _____ memory. a. autobiographical b. declarative c. procedural d. abstract

c. procedural

Carlee's EEG recording shows a predominant amount of alpha waves. What is going on? a. She is in REM sleep. b. She is sleepwalking. c. She is very relaxed but still awake. d. She is in NREM sleep.

c. she is very relaxed but still awake

The main driver of rhythms for sleep and body temperature is the ____. a. pineal b. hypothalamus c. suprachiasmatic nucleus d. optic chiasm

c. suprachiasmatic nucleus

Emotions involve the following: a. cognition b. physiological changes c. feelings d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Frank suffered a severe concussion in an automobile accident. Several weeks after the accident, he finds that, although he does recall the accident, he cannot recall what occurred during the first three days after the accident, when he was in the hospital. Frank most likely has ____. a. retrograde amnesia b. Korsakoff's syndrome c. Broca's syndrome d. anterograde amnesia

d. anterograde amnesia

What does "endogenous" mean? a. Sensitive to light/dark patterns b. Occurring at regular intervals c. More likely to be learned d. Generated from within

d. generated from within

Surgical removal of Henry Molaison's ____ led to profound memory deficits. a. occipital cortex b. frontal lobes c. amygdala d. hippocampus

d. hippocampus

The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. a. melanopsin b. androgen c. estrogen d. melatonin

d. melatonin

The ____, present in infants, is an example of a built-in, unlearned fear. a. startle reflex b. fear response c. panic attack d. Moro reflex

d. moro reflex

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would ____. a. cease to exist b. decrease over time c. increase dramatically over time d. remain relatively stable

d. remain relatively stable

Vashti has been asleep for several hours. At this point of the night, she is most likely _____. a. spending more time in slow-wave sleep b. producing melatonin c. producing orexin d. spending more time in REM sleep

d. spending more time in REM sleep

Lashley's term "engram" refers to ____. a. a drug that facilitates learning b. a procedure that improved memory c. an automatic response to a sensory stimulus d. the physical representation of learning

d. the physical representation of learning

Guy was in a serious car accident. Now, he alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal, although even during the more aroused state, he shows no awareness of surroundings and no purposeful behavior. What term best describes Guy's state? a. Alpha coma b. Brain death c. Minimally conscious d. Vegetative

d. vegetative

The most important physiological measure that is used in lie detection is __. It is controlled by the __ nervous system.

electrodermal activity; sympathetic

In people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, the startle response is ____.

generally stronger than in other people

Professor Cheng tells her class that the SCN is found in the _____. a. thalamus b. brain stem c. hypothalamus d. pineal gland

hypothalamus

The pineal gland releases _____, which is responsible for creating the feeling of being sleepy. a. melatonin b. dopamine c. serotonin d. orexin

melatonin

Human physiological studies of fear or anxiety often measure ______ response.

startle eyeblink