Physiological Psychology Chapter 12 Terms

An increased number of ______ receptors in the postsynaptic membrane strengthens the synapse.

AMPA

Ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls sodium channel, when open it produces EPSP

AMPA receptor

Drug that blocks NMDA receptors

AP5

The ____________ is part of an important system involved in classically conditioned emotional responses.

Amygdala

Amnesia for events after brain injury

Anterograde amnesia

Concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthen the weak

Associative long term potentiation

Constant contact with frontal cortex, takes over when behaviors become habitual

Basal ganglia

There is considerable evidence that when learned behaviors become automatic and routine, they are transferred to the ______

Basal ganglia

Gene transcription factor

CREB

Type 2 calcium-calmodulin kinase; may play a role in the establishment of LTP

CaM-KII

Structural changes are dependent on

Calcium kinase

The lateral nucleus of the amygdala contains neurons whose axons project to the:

Central nucleus

A learning procedure; where a stimulus that initially produces no particular response is followed several times by an US and produces an UR.

Classical conditioning

________ conditioning involves automatic responses, and ___________ conditioning involves behaviors that have been learned

Classical; instrumental

Wrap around axon and have one powerful synapse, impact output of pukinje cells

Climbing fibers

People with anterograde amnesia Show impairment of:

Complex relational learning

Reporting of memories of events that did not take place without the intention to deceive; symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome

Confabulation

The process by which short term memories are converted into long term

Consolidation

James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain _____

Could have reinforcing effects

These memories can be verbally expressed

Declarative memory

Neural circuits that contain memories are established by strengthening some synapses and weakening others; the low-frequency stimulation of synaptic inputs to a cell can __________ their strength in a phenomenon known as ________________

Decrease, long-term depression

An action potential that occurs in the dendrite of some types of pyramidal cells

Dendritic spike

_________ is an essential ingredient in long-lasting long-term potentiation

Dopamine

Where an object is

Dorsal stream

What treatment would be expected to block the formation of LTP?

Drugs that block NMDA receptors

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic forms of learning?

Emotional learning

Place cells, grid cells, ....

Enthorhinal cortex

What are the three parts of the hippocampal formation of the medial temporal lobe?

Entorhinal cortex Parahippocampal cortex Perirhinal cortex

What is the process of hippocampal formation?

Entorhinal cortex --> perforant path --> denate gyrus

Remembering sequences of events

Episodic learning

Memory of a collection of perception of events organized in time and identified by context

Episodic memory

What does EPSP stand for?

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Hypothesis that the cellular basis of learning involves the strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires

Hebb Rule

This explains how neurons are changed by experience in a way that would cause changes in behavior.

Hebb rule

Those which are enhanced by coincident activity between post and pre synaptic neuron

Hebbian synapses

Forebrain structure of temporal lobe; important part of the limbic system, includes the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum

Hippocampal formation

The acquisition of specific behaviors and skills is the most important form of __________ memory.

Implicit

Providing a drink of water to a thirsty animal after a lever press is an example of ___________ conditioning.

Instrumental

A learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior

Instrumental conditioning

Damage to the basal ganglia or infusion of a drug that blocks NMDA receptors there can disrupt _____

Instrumental conditioning

Lesions of the basal ganglia in rats disrupt _____

Instrumental conditioning

What kind of learning is blocked by lesions of the basal ganglia?

It disrupts instrumental conditioning, but it does not effect other forms of learning

Permanent anterograde amnesia usually resulting from alcoholism

Korsakoff's syndrome

Project to central nucleus, strengthed with a tone pairing and foot shock

Lateral nucleus of amygdala

When a rat encounters a painful stimulus, somatosensory input activates strong synapses in the _____

Lateral nucleus of the amygdala

______________ refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behavior.

Learning

It has been found that blocking NMDA receptors in the basal ganglia can disrupt what kind of learning?

Learning guided by a simple visual cue

Long term decrease in excitability caused by stimulation of terminal button while postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or slightly depolarized. dephosphorylation of ampa receptors

Long term Depression (LTD)

Long term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high frequency activity of that input

Long term potentiation

An increase in the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in postsynaptic neurons over the long term is known as _____

Long-term potentiation

Axons connect VTA and NAC; electrical stimulation of these neurons is reinforcing

Medial forebrain bundle

Projects from VTA to cortex, short term memory planning and strategy

Mesocortical

Projects from VTA to the limbic system . reinforcement and reward

Mesolimbic

Learning to make a new response

Motor learning

_______________ receptors are glutamate receptors found in the hippocampal formation that control calcium ion channels.

NMDA

Ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls calcium channel normally blocked by Mg 2+ ions ; involved in LTP

NMDA receptor

Projects from substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen, control of movements

Nigrostriatal system

Enzyme that produces NO

Nitric oxide synthase

______ can facilitate long-term potentiation by increasing the release of glutamate from presynaptic terminals

Nitric oxides

Learning to recognize music, learning sequences, and classical conditioning are examples of ____________ memory tasks.

Nondeclarative

Memory whose formation does not depend on the hippocampal formation; perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor memory

Nondeclarative memory

The ability to recognize faces, melodies, and pictures are all examples of _________

Nondeclarative memory

Nucleus of the basal forebrain near the septum; receives dopamine secreting terminal buttons from the neurons of the VTA involved in reinforcement and attention

Nucleus accumbens

Viewing and recalling the actions of another person

Observational learning

Formation of the protein _______is an essential part of long-lasting, long-term potentiation.

PKM-zeta

Region of the limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal formation that, along with the perirhinal cortex, relays information between enthorhinial cortex and other brain regions

Parahippocampal cortex

These run through purkinje cells

Parallel fibers

Learning to recognize a particular stimulus

Perceptual learning

Recognizing people by the shape of their faces and recognizing objects by how they feel or smell are examples of _____

Perceptual learning

Region of the limbic cortex adjacent to the hippocampal formation that, along with the parahippocampal cortex, relays information between enthorhinial cortex and other brain regions

Perirhinal cortex

Experimenters found that in rats, a certain type of cell will fire when the animal is in a specific location, and not when it is in another location. This type of cell is referred to as a _____

Place cell

Neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular place in the environment , most typically found in the hippocampal formation

Place cell

A ___________ excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is an extracellular measurement of the EPSPs produced by the synapse of the perforant path axons with the dentate granule cells.

Population

An evoked potential that represents the EPSPs of a population of neurons

Population EPSP

Only output of the cerebellum

Pukinje cells

An aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become less frequent

Punishing stimulus

It was found that patients with anterograde amnesia could learn to:

Recognize faces and melodies

Consolidation of memory that occurs subsequent to original consolidation that can be triggered by a reminder of the original stimulus ; allows modification of existing memories

Reconsolidation

Memories can be altered or connected to newer memories through a process known as ________

Reconsolidation

An appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become more frequent

Reinforcing stimulus

In instrumental conditioning, favorable consequences are referred to as __________ stimuli, whereas unfavorable consequences are referred to as __________ stimuli.

Reinforcing, punishing

Learning the relationships among individual stimuli

Relational learning

This type of learning involves learning about relationships among many stimuli.

Relational learning

Amnesia for events prior to brain injury

Retrograde amnesia

Memory of facts and general information

Semantic memory

___________ memories can be acquired gradually, whereas ___________ memories must be learned all at once.

Semantic, episodic

Periods of intense high frequency oscillations that originate in the hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 and propagate to the cerebral cortex. involved in replay of recently acquired info.

Sharp wave ripple complexes

Knowing the content of a space and the relationship between those objects

Spatial learning

Learning to automatically make a particular response in the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classical and instrumental conditioning

Stimulus response learning

Formation of new synaptic connections

Synapotgenesis

_____________ strengthening occurs when synapses are active while the membrane of the postsynaptic cell is depolarized.

Synaptic

High frequency

Tetanic stimulation

Which of the following was NOT a conclusion drawn by Milner with regard to the pure amnesia displayed by Patient H.M.?

The hippocampus is not involved in converting immediate memories into long-term memories

Important for complex instructed behavior like driving

Transcortical connections

____________ is/are involved in the acquisition of episodic memories and complex behaviors that involve deliberation or instruction.

Transcortical connections

Classical conditioning occurs when __________ stimuli and responses are transformed into ____________ stimuli and responses.

Unconditional, conditional

What an object is

Ventral stream

Group of dopaminergic neurons whose axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems; plays critical role in reinforcement

Ventral tegmental area

In the visual cortex, the ________ stream is involved with object recognition, whereas the ________ stream is involved with perception of the location of objects.

Ventral, dorsal

Functional-imaging studies have shown that specific types of short-term visual memories involve activity of specific regions of the _____

Visual association cortex