Physiology Ch 16

Gustatory information travels through which cranial nerves?

- CN IX - CN VII

Place the structures of CN II in order from anterior to posterior.

- Optic nerve - Optic chiasm - Optic tract

Vestibular nerve axons project first to which structures?

- medulla oblongata - cerebellum

Which structures are part of the vestibular complex?

- semicircular ducts - saccule - utricle

Refraction of light for vision is greatest as light rays pass from ______ into the ______ because the difference in their refractive index is maximal.

air; cornea

Receptors of the human body convert stimulus energy into ______.

an electrical signal

In the light, ____ cells are no longer inhibited and therefore release the neurotransmitter glutamate.

bipolar

Receptors initiate sensory input to the ______.

central nervous system

A _____ shaped lens is used to treat hyperopia and a ______ shaped lens is used to treat myopia.

convex;concave

The lens is ______ when we are viewing far away objects.

flattened

Cranial nerve VIII innervates the ______.

inner ear

Ganglion axons of the retina converge to form the ____ nerve.

optic

Accommodation is controlled by the ______ division of the nervous system.

parasympathetic

Receptors that exhibit rapid adaption to a constant stimulus are _____ receptors.

phasic

What type of receptor can undergo adaptation?

phasic

The regeneration of _____, in cones, occurs much more quickly than the regeneration of ______ in rods; therefore, cone cells are not as negatively affected by bright light as rods.

photopsin; rhodopsin

In phototransduction, the ____ responds to light stimulation by changing its resting membrane potential, resulting in a change in the neurotransmitter it releases.

photoreceptor

The process by which photoreceptors become activated when the photopigments are altered by light entering the eye is ______.

phototransduction

Light rays are ______ when they pass through the lens and the cornea.

refracted

In hyperopia, the eyeball is too _____ and in myopia, the eyeball is too ______ .

short; long

Receptors for general senses are usually ______.

simple in structure

Receptors for general senses are distributed throughout the ______ and viscera.

skin

Mechanoreceptors located in the skin and mucous membranes are called ______ receptors.

tactile

Neurons in the olfactory bulb travel through the olfactory ____ to the brain.

tract

The roof of the cochlear duct is formed by the ____ membrane.

vestibular

When the stereocilia of the maculae or the crista ampullaris distort, nerve signals are initiated through the ______ branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).

vestibular

Hearing and equilibrium are transmitted along which cranial nerve?

vestibulocochlear CN VIII

Stretch receptors in the stomach would be classified as what type?

visceral sensory

True or false: All pain receptors are tonic receptors.

True

The lens is ______ when we are viewing close-up objects.

rounded

Which chamber is most superior?

scala vestibuli

What is the most numerous type of receptor?

tactile receptors

What lobe of the brain processes auditory information?

temporal lobe

A feature common to all receptors is ______.

the ability to respond to a stimulus

Somatic receptors are found within ______.

the body wall

True or false: In cones, the bleaching reaction occurs as cis-retinal transforms to trans-retinal.

True

True or false: Unlike other sensory information, olfactory pathways do not project to the thalamus.

True

When hair cells in the spiral organ are distorted, they initiate a nerve signal in cranial nerve

Vestibulocochlear CN VIII

Sound waves are funneled into the ear by the ______.

auricle

When the bipolar cells release their neurotransmitter, the _____ cells propagate a nerve signal along the ______ nerve.

ganglion; optic

Light causes the photoreceptor plasma membranes to ______.

hyperpolarize

When the photoreceptors stop ____ the bipolar cells, the bipolar cells can then release their neurotransmitter that binds to receptors on the ganglion cells

inhibiting

Gustatory sensations travel to the ______ of the brain.

insula

Accommodation is the process of making the lens ______.

more spherical

The vibration of the tympanic membrane causes ______.

movement of the ossicles

The balance receptors in the ear are an example of ______ receptors.

tonic