Physiology Chapter 1
The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system The correct order from the smallest to the largest is
4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5.
Individuals with Type I diabetes do not make enough insulin. Which of the following would be a mechanistic explanation of how insulin is used by the body?
Insulin binds to its receptor which triggers the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. What would the labels be for the graph axes?
The x-axis is horse name or number; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.
A physician basing clinical decisions on primary research published in biomedical literature is doing ________ medicine.
evidence-based
Which of the following is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body?
extracellular fluid
You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered a dependent variable?
heart rate
Which of the following is one of Cannon's "internal secretions"?
hormones
A scientifically logical guess is a
hypothesis
You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise influence heart rate. Which of the following is/are considered an independent variable?
intensity of exercise
Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger?
positive feedback
"Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs." This type of explanation is
teleological
The human environment is terrestrial, dry, and highly variable. However, our bodies expend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant internal environment. Studying why our bodies do this is what kind of scientific endeavor?
teleological
Adaptive significance is an important concept in physiology because it describes the
physiological functions that promote an organism's survival.
Why is it necessary to label the axes of a graph?
A graph with no axis labels is meaningless—without knowing what trend is being illustrated, there is no communication of scientific information.
What is the difference between a peer-reviewed article and a review article?
A peer-reviewed article describes original research by one author (or group of authors working together) that has gone through a screening process in which a panel of qualified scientists evaluate the work. A review article is a summary (usually a collection of published research that was previously peer-reviewed, usually from more than one independent lab) that discusses a particular topic in the field.
You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various levels of exercise influence heart rate. Explain why only 18-year-old males were used as subjects.
An important part of scientific inquiry is to remove sources of variation from among subjects. By choosing subjects of one gender in a particular age group, it is easier to determine that the dependent variable (heart rate, in this case) depends only on the independent variable, level of exercise. This also allows a study to have fewer participants, assuming that subjects were randomly assigned to a level of exercise. If subjects were of random ages and genders, data would have to be collected from many more individuals.
Use the following terms to develop a concept map: brain, sensory neuron, an eye, foot, soccer ball, motor neuron
Eye sees soccer ball. Sensory neuron sends visual information. Brain receives information and formulates a plan. Motor neuron carries action information. Foot muscle contracts and the ball is kicked.
Because anatomy and physiology have different definitions, they are usually considered separately in studies of the body.
False
Why is it necessary to space grid marks on a graph proportionally to the quantity measured (example: each square represents one centimeter)?
If this is not done, a trend would be obscured or even misrepresented.
What is a nocebo effect?
It is the phenomenon whereby a patient who has been informed of the side effects of a drug he is taking is more likely to experience some of the side effects than an otherwise similar patient receiving the same drug who has not been so informed.
You are designing a study to assess the effects of a new treatment for hypertension. What ethical considerations would you employ when monitoring your progress?
Major considerations should involve assessing the efficacy of the treatment such that the control group patients are not deprived as well as ensuring that the experimental treatment is not less effective than the standard treatments.
You are interested in learning more about Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that primarily affects motor function. Which is the best source to begin your investigation?
MedlinePlusPubMed
Excretion is a function of the body. Which of the following would be considered excretion?
Movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin.
Sarah has just flown around the world in the last 48 hours. She is having trouble sleeping, a condition known as insomnia. How do you think Sarah's long flights and her insomnia are related to biological rhythms?
Our sleep-wake cycle is a biological rhythm that lets our body know when it is time to rest. Most likely Sarah has ignored the signals like sleepiness, changes in body temperature, and mood that her body is sending. By ignoring these rhythms she has disrupted the cycle and the body is struggling to maintain homeostasis.
The Internet database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information is called the ________ Project.
Physiome
What is the major problem with the deconstructionist view of biology?
Return to the topic of function and process. The deconstructionist view of biology predicted that once we uncovered the sequence of the human genome, the inner workings of the human body would be revealed. In reality, it is possible to know HOW a gene codes for a particular protein without knowing WHY that protein exists. Our knowledge of the human genome is only a piece of the puzzle.
Write a teleological explanation for why heart rate increases during exercise. Now write a mechanistic explanation for the same phenomenon.
Teleological: Heart rate increases because the increased activity of skeletal and cardiac muscles requires increased delivery of blood contents such as oxygen and glucose. Mechanistic: Heart rate increases in response to signals from the brain (pacemaker cells of the heart are stimulated by the nervous system).
Explain why the prefix homeo- is used in the term homeostasis. Why do some physiologists prefer the term homeodynamics over homeostasis?
The prefix homeo-, meaning like or similar, is used to indicate that the body's internal environment is maintained within a range of acceptable values rather than a fixed state. Some physiologists argue that the term homeodynamics better reflects the small but constant changes that continuously take place in the internal environment, as opposed to homeostasis, which erroneously implies lack of change.
A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. What would the labels be for the graph axes?
The x-axis is race number or date; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.
There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. What are the labels for the graph axes?
The x-axis is vitamin dose; the y-axis is finish time in minutes.
Provide an example of a control system. Be sure to include the three main components: an input signal, a controller, and an output signal.
Variable. One example is blood glucose concentration. The input signal is a blood glucose concentration outside of the normal range, the controller is the pancreas, and the output signal is release of either insulin or glucagon.
A placebo is
a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect.
You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby. Which type of graph would be best to display this information?
bar graph
Which of the following systems does NOT exchange material with the internal and external environments?
circulatory system
A study in which a participant acts as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in another part of the experiment is called a ________ study.
crossover
A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if the horse's race time changes with experience. You set up a graph to display the race finish times of this horse. Which type of graph would be best to display the race finish times of this horse?
line graph
"Glucose is transported from blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin." This type of explanation is
mechanistic
A technique used to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies is
meta-analysis.
The literal meaning of the term physiology is knowledge of
nature
Place these terms in the typical sequence in which they appear in the process of scientific inquiry: experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replication.
observation, hypothesis, experimental data, replication, model, theory
The study of body function in a disease state is
pathophysiology.
How genetics influences the body's response to drugs is called
pharmacogenomics
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to
quickly restore changed conditions to normal.
There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They are each subjected to the same physical training regimen, but given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. They all run the same race. You set up a graph to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose. Which type of graph is best to explore a relationship between race finish time and vitamin dose?
scatter plot
Physiology is the study of
the normal function of living organisms
If a scientific model is supported or verified repeatedly by multiple investigators, it may become a
theory