Physiology Chapter 4

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A chemical reaction that requires an input of energy is

endergonic reaction

The first law of Thermodynamics states that

energy can not be destroyed or create, only transformed.

Prostate cancer can lead to difficult with urination due to:

enlarged prostate compresses the urethra

Degree of disorganization is

entropy

Chemical reactions that produce energy is

exergonic

Energy from the environment is broken down in ____ reactions to drive the endergonic reactions in our bodies.

exergonic

Reactions that release energy are called?

exergonic reactions.

An enzyme can only bind one substrate at a time.

false

An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once.

false

It is _______ that most reactions in the body occur without the need for catalysts.

false

a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a system to do work is

free energy

Blood sugar refers to what molecule circulating in blood?

glucose

In endergonic reactions, occur in reactions where the reactants are at a ____ state of entropy and the products are at a ____ state of entropy.

greater, lesser

What condition does Tom's elevated MB isoform of creatine phosphate suggest?

heart attack

the proposition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants is

law of mass action

Products of exergonic will have ____ free energy than the reactants.

lesser

Catalysts ______ the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.

lower

Catalysts help the reaction occur at?

lower temperatures

Electron Donor

reducing agent

The function of an enzyme is dictated by it's

structure

In a metabolic pathway, the product of one enzyme subsequently becomes the ____ of the next.

substrate

The active site of an enzyme binds to which of the following?

substrate

Enzyme activity can be influenced by

temperature, pH, concentration of cofactors and coenzymes, concentration of enzyme and substrate.

It is ____ that many enzymes are inactive without the presence of cofactors or coenzymes.

true

In the pathway shown, if the product F exhibited allosteric inhibition, then the pathway leading to product F'____ favored.

would be

The figure above shows a series of enzymatic reactions known as a ____ pathway. As in this example, most metabolic pathways are ____ rather than linear. The activities of enzymes at branch points are often regulated by ____ inhibition, where the _____ product of one pathway inhibits the ____ enzyme in that pathway. This inhibition prevents the over production of the product of that pathway and shifts production to the _____ pathway. The mechanism by which the product inhibits the enzyme is known as _____ inhibition. Binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme causes the _____ of the enzyme to change shape so that it can no longer properly bind _____.

metabolic pathway, branching, end product, final, first, alternate, allosteric, active site, substrate.

Cofactors include

metal ions

In endergonic reactions, the ____ contains more free energy than the reactants

more

In a branched metabolic pathway, the product of an intermediate becomes the substrate for _____ enzyme.

more than one

____ metabolic pathways are branched.

most

Universal energy carrier

ATP

Enzymes exhibit peak activity in a ____ pH range called the____. If the pH is not in this range the reaction rate will ____. The pH optimum of an enzyme corresponds to the ____in which it is found. For instance ____has a pH optimum around ____to allow it to work in the extremely ____ gastric juice; whereas trypsin has a pH optimum around ____ to allow it to work in the ____ pH of the pancreatic juice.

narrow, pH-optimum, decrease, body fluid, pepsin, 2, acidic, 9, alkaline.

Where is sucrase found in the human body?

on the microvilli of the small intestine

Enzymes do what?

Increase rate of reaction, don't change the nature of the reaction, lowers activation energy, and are not changed by the reaction (so can be used again)

Adding heat to a reaction does what?

Increases the rate of reactions

Isoenzymes released from damaged tissue include MM, BB, and:

MB

When an atom or molecule lose electrons

Oxidation

What additional test can be done for prostate cancer?

PSA

Electron receiver

oxidation agent

A molecule that loses oxygen is

oxidized

An example of endergonic is

plants need energy from light to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose.

Enzymes are a subclass of?

proteins

Enzymes are?

proteins

When an atom or molecule gains electrons

Reduction (reduced in charge)

Coenzymes NAD and FAD are found in the vitamin niacin and riboflavin. Why is it that excess amounts of these vitamins are removed from the body in the urine?

They are water soluble vitamins and therefore not stored in the body.

The amount of energy required for a reaction to occur is called the?

activation energy

The energy required for the reactants to engage in a reaction is what?

activation energy

When an enzyme is denatured

an increase in temp will increase the rate of reaction of reactions until the temp reaches a few degrees above the normal body temp

The flow of energy in living systems is

bioenergetics

ATP is able to store and release large amounts of energy because of its:

bond with phosphate groups and its ability to couple to exergonic and endergonic reactions.

End-product inhibition acts on the _____ enzyme.

branch-point

In simple terms sucrase

breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Elevated levels of acid phosphatase in the blood would indicate:

cancer of the prostate

It is false that most reactions in the body occur without the need for?

catalysts

Energy is lost with each transformation as heat, so the available free energy ____?

decreases`

Catalysts _____ the heat of a reaction.

do not change

A molecule that gains a hydrogen is

reduced


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