Physiology Exam 1 UWF 2022

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells.

Which of the following molecules would not simply diffuse through cell membranes easily?

Na+ ions and glucose explanation: one of these is charged and the other is very large. In order for things to simply diffuse through a plasma membrane easily, or unaided by a transporter, they must meet these criteria: substances must be small, neutral, nonpolar, and lipid soluble. Na+ is a polar substance and it is charged.

Which of the following types of molecules would be most likely to pass through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion?

Oxygen - nonpolar (Polar hard to transport)

Based on what you know about the "integration center" component of most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms, what can you predict will be the general outcome of an error signal at the integration center?

Release of hormones or neurotransmitters will be altered.

Use the following scenario to answer the question. A beaker containing two fluid compartments separated by a semipermeable membrane is filled with distilled water. In compartment A you place 15 mM of NaCl and in compartment B you place 25 mM of NaCl. The membrane is permeable to both sodium and chloride. Initially, which side has the higher osmotic pressure? As time goes on will the water levels change, and if so how?

Side B has a higher osmotic pressure; the water levels will not change.

If the anterior pituitary is responsible for hyperthyroidism, the level of __________ will be __________ along with the levels of T3 and T4, which are the thyroid hormones; the level of TRH from the hypothalamus will be ___________.

TSH; elevated; reduced

When blood glucose levels are low

The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.

When blood glucose concentration rises above 80-110 mg/dL, beta cells of the pancreas sense the increase and secrete the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood to all cells of the body and causes the cells to move glucose from the blood into the cells. Which of the following statements is true of this homeostatic mechanism?

The set point is 80-110 mg/dL.

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? growth hormone (GH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Cortisol and insulin have __________ effects on blood glucose level.

antagonistic (opposite) Submit

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Which of the following molecules is LEAST likely to diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

disaccharide

In a nonfunctioning adenoma of the corticotrophs, which are the cells that secrete ACTH, the CRH level will be __________, and the __________ level will be reduced.

elevated; cortisol

allows the body to predict that a change is about to occur and start the response loop in anticipation of the change.

feedforward control

In people with diabetes mellitus, glucose is not being transported into cells at the normal rate. This buildup of glucose in the plasma causes the extracellular fluid to become __________.

hypertonic and hyperosmotic

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

ip3

A cell containing 300 mOsm of non-penetrating solutes per liter is placed in a solution containing 200 mOsm of non-penetrating solutes per liter and 100 mOsm of the penetrating solute urea per liter. The solution can be said to be __________ with respect to the cell.

iso-osmotic and hypotonic

A primary active transport process is one in which

molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP (example Sodium potassium pump)

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?

phosphodiesterase

When people cut themselves, they have clotting factors in their blood that will be released continuously in a cascade until their blood clots and terminates the bleeding. What mechanism caused their blood to clot?

positive feedback control

Luteinizing hormone-mediated regulation of estrogen during ovulation in women is an example of

positive feedback loop

Which of the following is found in greater concentration inside the cell than outside?

potassium

A ________ detects a change in a regulated variable and sends that information to a(n) ________ which relays signals to a(n) ________, usually a muscle or a gland.

sensor : integrating center : effector

The ultimate problem with cholera that can lead to death is __________.

severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?

tyrosine kinase receptors Submit

__________ increases the production and secretion of the hormone that regulates stress.

ACTH

Which of the following can function as integrators?

ALL of these: The brain An endocrine gland An endocrine cell A neuron

The increased blood glucose concentrations that occur with diabetes can be detected or monitored by measuring __________.

ALL of these: blood glucose levels levels of hemoglobin A1c urine glucose levels

The sodium-potassium pump __________. A utilizes two molecules of ATP for a full cycle: One ATP is spent as Na+ is moved across the membrane and one ATP is spent as K+ is moved across the membrane B has a higher affinity for Na+ when it is open to the side of the membrane where Na+ is in greater concentration C participates in both primary active transport and secondary active transport D binds three K+ ions and two Na+ ions

C participates in both primary active transport and secondary active transport