physiology exam bio 151

due to severe injury from a car crash, a woman's ovaries would be expected to stop ovulating following complete surgical removal of which tissues? CHOOSE A IF REMOVAL WOULD STOP THE OVARIES FROM OVULATING, CHOOSE B IF REMOVAL WOULD NOT STOP OVULATION -Adrenal Medulla: -Anterior Pituitary -Uterus -Hypothalamus

-Adrenal Medulla: B -Anterior Pituitary: A -Uterus: B -Hypothalamus: A

T or F: if these major veins were transposed as in the question above, blood pressure in the systemic circulation would be much less than normal

F

it Is final examination week and you are feeling stressed. you decide to at a candy bar and drink a 32 oz. of soda, in the hopes that it'll make you feel better. indicate if the following are true or false: -soon after eating and drinking your circulating levels of insulin will increase. -gastrin secretion will be maintained at the same level until all food and drink leaves your stomach. -as the acid hype enters the small intestine, secretin released by the duodenum will cause the pancreas to decrease production of digestive enzymes -bicarbonate production in pancreas will increase soon after the secretin release -glycogen levels in your liver will increase about 2 hours after you ate and drank -CCK released in duodenum will stimulate the release of bile from the gallbladder

F F T T T

T/F: a muscular heart serves as a pump to push blood through the human circulatory system. which of the following properties does the human heart have? T/F: the heart 2 way valves to ensure that blood can flow in two directions T/F: 11 Ca++ flow through gap junctions produces a wave of depolarization leading to contraction in surrounding cardiac cells T/F: heart displays audtorhythmicity or the ability to contract cyclically on their own.

F T T

a nearby lightning strike and associated thunder startle you. in this situation, which of following would be likely to occur? (A = likely, B = not likely) 1) heart rate increases 2) parasympathetic responses are activated 3) epinephrine is released from adrenal gland 4) ACTH concentrations in blood decrase

1) A 2) B 3) A 4) B

T/F: injecting anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) into a person would cause: 1) decreased urine volume 2) decrease in # of functioning aquaporin 2 water transporters in collecting ducts

1) T 2) F

BoNTs are metalloproteases that prevent functioning of neuroexocytosis machinery at the nerve terminal. BoNTS exert long lasting blockade of synaptic transmission at both peripheral and central nervous system synapses. BoNTs are being used for treatment of several neuromuscular and autonomic disorders characterized by hyper excitability of peripheral nerve terminals including muscle twitching, bad cramping, stiff muscles, fatigue, neuropathic nerve pain in both lower leg; however, BoNTs can also be toxic + produce deadly effects in neurons by blocking: A) voltage gated Ca++channels B) Na/K pumps C) ligand gated Na+ pumps D) voltage gated Na+ channels E) K+ channels

A

a physiologist was examining digestion and was startled to find that the veins coming out of small intestine had no different levels of fatty acids than the blood supply going in, whereas glucose and AA levels were much higher in blood coming out of intestinal capillaries toward liver. this occurs bc: A) fat doesn't get absorbed into capillary network associated with small intestine, but rather goes in lymphatic system draining to heart B) fat doesn't get absorbed into capillary network associated w small intestine, but is transported into blood stream thru capillary networks in colon and large intestine C) fat doesn't get absorbed into capillary network associated w small intestine, but it diffuses across walls of stomach bc its soluble in cell membranes

A

in loop of henle, what best describes movement of water out of lumen of descending limb? a) water moves from descending limb passively via aquaporin 1 enabled osmosis b) water is actively pumped form descending limb via aquaporin 2 C) aquaporins do not exist in this part of the loop, so there's no water movement D) water movement requires increased # of Na+K+ pumps, K+ leak channels and Na+/Cl- channels E) as in prox. tubule, the water movement here is dependent on active transport of NaCl and expression of aquaporins

A

preventing mid cycle surge of LH during menstrual cycle would produce which of the following consequences? A) failure to ovulate B) immediate demise of corpus luteum C) loss of uterine endometrium lining and start of menstrual flow D) increased production of progesterone by ovary E) all

A

the neural target for testosterone negative feedback A) neurosecretory cells/neurons in the hypothalamus B) anterior pituitary gland C) posterior pituitary gland D) estradiol/estrogen E) progesterone

A

which statement is greater? A) BP in the blood at the arterial end of a capillary bed B) blood pressure in the blood at the venous end of a capillary bed

A

calcium ion channel blockers are frequently used in treatment of hypertension or high BP. such drugs diminish the inflow of calcium ions through voltage gated ca+ ion channels. given this, which would be T or F after treatment w/ Ca+ ion channel blocker? A) heart rate and force of contraction of both atria and ventricles will be increased B) neurotransmission from 1 neuron to next in body will be reduced C) when action potentials are generated in axon hillocks of neurons in brain, depolarization of axon will occur as it would without the blocker

A) F B) T C) T

in rare cases, babies are born with transposition of major arteries leaving heart such that the pulmonary artery receives blood pumped from left ventricle and the aorta (that leads to systemic circulation) receives blood pumped from right ventricle. babies can survive from some time due to hole or gap between the left and right atria that permits partial mixing of blood returning to both left and right sides. this hole is present during fetal life and can be slow to close. surgeons usually correct it. which is T or F regarding this condition? A) the blood in aorta contains very little oxygen B) BP in pulmonary circulation is higher than normal

A) T B) T

The target organ for peptides synthesized in the brain and released into portal vein circulation A) neurosecretory cells/neurons in the hypothalamus B) anterior pituitary gland C) posterior pituitary gland D) estradiol/estrogen E) progesterone

B

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEls) are typically prescribed to treat alzeimers and other dementias. by inhibiting the AChEls enzyme from breaking down ACh released from neurons in brain, AChEls leads to increased levels of ACh available for action following release from a neurotransmitter. however, significant side effects of prolonged use of AChEls including action on heart. from what you know about opposing system regulation of heart function, what do you think will be a likely side effect of taking AChEls for a few months? The opposing system to AChEl in heart will not be able to compensate, so the heart rate consequences of AChEl will be obvious (normal heart rate: 60-100 beat/min, tachycardia = overly fast heart rate, bradycardia - overly low heart rate) A) tachycardia, increased force of ventricle contraction and low BP B) bradycardia decreased force of ventricle contraction and low BP C) normal heart rate, but increased force of ventricle contraction and high BP D) bradycardia, increased force of ventricle contraction and high BP E) tachycardia, decreased force of ventricle contraction and low BP

B

during menstrual, a progesterone producing corpus luteum (CL) on an ovary normally undergoes apoptosis and dies about 14 days after formed during mid cycle LH surge. progesterone is crucial for maintaining a secretory, embryo supportive endometrium and preventing menstruation. such a demise of the CL doesn't prevent women from supporting a pregnancy should fertilization occur after ovulation. why? select from the following to explain how menstrual cycles stop in order for a pregnancy to establish and continue: A) fSH form embryo's anterior pituitary prolongs CL survival B) hCG from embryo's immature placenta prolongs survival of CL C) progesterone from embryo's immature and placenta prolongs survival of the CL D) cortisol form embryo's immature adrenal cortex prolongs survival of CL E) hCG from mother's anterior pituitary prolongs CL survival

B

perform reabsorption of an insulin regulated monosaccharide into epithelial cell cytoplasm A) tight junctions B) Na+/glucose contransporters C) Na+/AA cotransporters D) Na+/K+ pumps E) aquaporin 1

B

the most commonly used dental anesthetic is lidocaine. lidocaine blocks voltage gated Na+ channels. where along facial nerve would you expect lidocaine to be active? A) along dendrites and cell body only B) along dendrites, axon hillock, cell body, and axon C) along dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon, nerve terminal D) nerve terminal E) axon hillock

B

what is the effect of ADH on collecting duct? A) aquaporin 1 channels become inserted into apical membrane B) aquaporin 2 water channels become inserted into apical membrane C) aquaporin 2 channels become closed D) Na+/K+ pumps become activated E) increased volume of filtrate remaining in collecting duct and moving to bladder

B

which statement is greater? A) salt (NaCl) concentration in kidney juxtamedullary nephron filtrate just as it leaves proximal tubule B) NaCl concentration in kidney juxtamedullary nephron filtrate as it passes through inner medulla

B

you're a doctor who examines a swollen and warm puncture wound on the hand of a patient. b/c the wound was made by a rusty nail, you are concerned about infection by _____________ bacteria, which cause tetanus. you're relieved to see that the patient received a tetanus vaccine at her last checkup. The vaccine: a) exposed the patient to _______ bacteria so that she contracted a mild version of tetanus b) expose the patient to deactivated bacteria, so that her B cells would produce antibodies to the bacteria wit minimal risk of contracting disease c) stimulated the production of mast cells by her bone marrow d) exposed the patient to other types of bacteria, so that her immune system would be prepared for infection by prokaryotes

B

18 y/o woman is concerned about absence of menstrual cycles. she has gone through puberty, but never bled. a blood sample is taken from vein in left arm. 3 days later, lab finds 2 very unexpected values on analyzing blood sample. testosterone levels are really elevated and LH levels are also elevated. the woman has intra-abdominal testes but no ovaries. this is because the T and LH findings involve: A) defective, nonfunctional GnRH receptors B) defective, nonfunctional LH receptors C) defective, nonfunctional androgen receptors D) a functioning tumor that secretes hormone without the need for any stimulation devoid of response T negative feedback E) functioning pituitary gonadotrope cell tumor devoid of response to T negative feedback

C

a person suffers from genetically based disorder resulting in MHCII deficiency. this person has drastically fewer MHC II. this person has recurrent viral and bacterial infections. which deficiency in immune function does this individual have? A) reduced ability of cytotoxic T cells to bind to cells infected with virus B) reduced ability of macrophages to phagocytize bacteria and viruses in extra cell fluid C) reduced ability of helper T cells to bind to antigen presenting dendritic cells D) reduced ability of B cells to bind to bacteria or viruses E) reduced ability of cytotoxic T cells to bind to antigen presenting dendritic cells

C

based on knowledge of menstrual cycle in women, oral contraception birth control pills, usually a mix of estrogen and progesterone, prevent pregnancy by what means? A) they act as spermicides (kill sperm) B) prevent an already fertilized embryo from implanting in endometrium C) diminish release of GnRH, FSH, LH, preventing ovulation D) induce premature reactivation of meiosis in oocyte E) alter membrane of egg, which prevents fertilization

C

delay in calcium ion transmission at the atrioventricular (AV) node functions to: A) induce a resting period to allow all chambers of the heart to fill with blood B) set the heart rate (ex. number of beats per unit time) C) make sure the atria fully contract before the ventricles go into systole D) provide the force for ejecting blood from the ventricles into aorta while the atria are in systole E) allow the atria to relax

C

function of critical tissue or structure prevents the growth of new ovarian follicles during luteal phase of menstrual cycle...what is the tissue or structure? A) sertoli cells B) uterine endometrium C) corpus luteum D) large, dominant follicles E) leading cells

C

in ascending loop of henle in human kidney, the ability of this part of nephron to lose salt from filtrate to blood circulation while retaining water in the filtrate (and not increasing filtrate volume) depends on presence of tight junctions b/w nephron epithelial cells and one of the following: A) lack of Na+/K+ pumps, Na+/Cl- cotransporters and aquaporin 1 B) abundant Na+/K+ pumps and Na+/Cl- cotransporters and aquaporin 1 C) abundant Na+/K+ pumps and Na+/Cl- cotransporters but lack of aquaporin 1 D) abundant Na+/K+ pumps and Na+/Cl- cotransporters and aquaporin 2 E)lack of Na+/K+ pumps and Na+/Cl- cotransporters but abundant aquaporin 1

C

listeria is a bacteria commonly found in unpasteurized milk and can contaminate dairy products/ uncooked meat/veggies. the bacterium escapes a phagosome (intra cellular vesicle with digesting enzymes) within a macrophage and replicates within a macrophages cytoplasm. listeria proteins are degraded by macrophage and attached to macrophage MHC I molecules as are fragments of macrophage synthesized proteins. complete elimination of listeria bacterial infection will require activation and engagement go which acquired immune cells: A) B cells and helper T cells B) helper T cells and cytotoxic killer T cells C) B cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic Killer T cells D) neutrophils and macrophages

C

several students come to UHS in early march w/ high fever and feeling Lousy. they've been this way for 4 days. a blood test reveals elevated levels of cytokines, IgM, IgG, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells. which is most likely an explanation? A) stress from a big workload B) staph infection that is bacterial and is antibiotic resistant C) cold virus contracted from a generous, neighboring student in class D) a bacterial infection from eating contaminated blood at one of local restaurants E) HIV infection contracted a year earlier (but unknown to student)

C

which is crucial to activation of cytotoxic T cells in primary or first response to a cold virus? A) memory cells B) somatic hypermutation C) presentation of pathogen antigen on MHC I of an infected cell D) phagocytosis of antibody antigen complex on MHC II by macrophages at site of infection E) histamine release by ECL cells adjacent to gastric pits

C

CCK - a hormone released from I cells in duodenal wall, stimulates ___________ A) the release of gastrin from enterocytes stimulating HCl (hydrochloric acid) release from parietal cells in wall of duodenum B) release disaccharidases from pancreas C) release of secretin from S cells in duodenal wall D) release of amylase from pancreas E) options C and D

D

a mix of chemical produced from extracting natural gas from underground shale deposits contaminates water in neighboring wells and enters the water supply of local town. the contaminated water increases heart rate and BP to make people feel agitated. The contamination could be: A) molecules that bind to ACTH receptors B) molecules that bind to androgen (testosterone) receptors C) molecules that bind to histamine receptors D) molecules that bind to adrenergic (norepinephrine) and adrenalin receptors E) molecules that act like glucose and bind to Na+/glucose cotransporters

D

a person shows no ability to regulate high blood glucose levels unless insulin is artificially administered. this is most likely a result of: -a failure of body tissue cells to respond to glucagon -defective receptors or lacking receptors for insulin -a defect in the alpha cells of pancreas -a defect in the beta cells of the pancreas

D

a pt has been taking very large doses of prednisone, a glucocorticoid anti inflammatory drug for 6 months to treat ulcerative colitis auto immune disease. this drug binds to glucocorticoid (cortisol) receptor but is not detected by cortisol assay (and will not be registered as cortisol in assay). which lab hormone values will be expected in morning blood sample? note: we can measure CRH levels in portal vein. A) high cortisol, high ACTH and high CRH B) high cortisol, low ACTH and low CRH C) low cortisol, high ACTH and high CRH d) low cortisol, low ACTH and low CRH E) normal cortisol, normal ACTH and normal CRH

D

at beginning of a meal, when food enters stomach: A) gastrin stimulates the release of peptide digesting enzymes from pancreas B) G cells release hydrochloric acid, initiating acid hydrolysis C) gastrin stimulates the release of pepsinogen from parietal cells to initiate acid hydrolysis D) chief cells release pepsinogen that is enabled into active enzyme, pepsin, by HCl E) gastrin stimulates the release of HCl from chief cells to initiate acid hydrolysis

D

epithelial cells in proximal tubule perform similar functions to enterocyte cells in duodenum. which is not something they have in common? A) Na/K atp-ase pump B) Na+/AA cotransporter C) Na+/glucose cotransporter D) Na+/fatty acid cotransporter E) tight junction

D

establish and matin an electrochemical gradient across cell membrane (in kidney nephron cells of proximal tubule): A) tight junctions B) Na+/glucose contransporters C) Na+/AA cotransporters D) Na+/K+ pumps E) aquaporin 1

D

given diffusion as means of exchange, which of the following structural adaptations are best suited to improve efficiency of exchange of substance into and out of cell? A) decrease the exchange area and decrease diffusion distance B) increase the exchange area and increase the diffusion distance C) decrease exchange area and increase diffusion distance D) increase exchange area and decrease diffusion distance E) neither decreasing or increasing exchange area or diffusion distance will alter efficiency of exchange in and out of cell

D

this is secreted in large amounts by dominant ovarian follicles and triggers the positive feedback process that leads to ovulation A) neurosecretory cells/neurons in the hypothalamus B) anterior pituitary gland C) posterior pituitary gland D) estradiol/estrogen E) progesterone

D

what would likely result if you detach the vena cava and pulmonary veins from the mammalian heart and reattach them in the opposite locations (ex. reattach the pulmonary veins where the vena cava were and vice versa)? A the left atrium would be receiving oxygenated blood B the left ventricle would be pumping oxygenated blood C the right atrium would be pumping to the left ventricle D the right ventricle would be pumping oxygenated blood E) nothing would change; switching veins doesn't affect the flow of blood

D

a 45 yo man with many years of type 1 diabetes presents at a clinic for overall weakness and lightheadedness for a few weeks. his diabetes is controlled but he has episodes of hypoglycemia. morning cortisol levels are very low and ACTH levels are really high. circulating T levels are normal .what is a viable explanation for these new symptoms? A) chronic stress B)recent onset of dysfunction in ability to synthesize steroid hormones from cholesterol that would diminish circulating levels of cortisol and testosterone C) man has developed anterior pituitary ACTH secreting tumor D) expansion of autoimmune destruction of his pancreatic cells to now include autoimmune destruction of ACTH producing cells in anterior pituitary E) expansion of autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells to include autoimmune destruction in adrenal cortex

E

a drug treatment temporarily reduces the function of Na/K pumps in proximal and distal tubules of juxtamedullary nephrons in the kidney . while the nephron function is reduced, which will completely describe what also will be reduced? A) reabsorption of glucose, only B) reabsorption of AA only C) reabsorption of water only D) reabsorption of glucose, AA, water E) reabsorption of glucose, AA, salt, water

E

a healthy student is infected with EBV , the virus that causes mono. the same student was already infected when she was younger, at which she was merely experiencing a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in neck. this time, though infected, she doesn't get obviously sick. the EBV antigen fragments could be presented by virus infected dendritic cells on ________________ a) CD4 B) antibodies, IgG or IgM C) class I MHC molecules only D) class II MHC molecules only E) both class I and class II MHC molecules

E

a male athlete has been taking large amounts of anabolic steroid for 5 years to help improve and maintain his muscle mass. this anabolic steroid has a chemical structure similar to testosterone and it binds to androgen receptor with androgen typical effect. if a blood sample is taken from a vein in the mans arm, what circulating levels of testosterone (synthesized in testis) will be found compared to those in normal men, and what levels of LH? the testosterone assay cannot detect anabolic steroid the man is taking A) normal levels of T and normal levels of LH B) high levels of T and low levels of LH C) high levels of T and low levels of LH D) low levels of T and high levels of LH E) low levels of T and low levels of LH

E

if person has congenital abnormality resulting in partially defective GLUT4 in muscle cell membranes: A) circulating cortisol levels will be elevated to maintain normal blood glucose levels B) circulating glucagon levels will be elevated to maintain normal blood glucose levels C) circulating oxytocin levels will be elevated to maintain normal blood glucose levels D) circulating insulin levels will be lowered to maintain normal blood glucose levels E) circulating insulin levels will be elevated to maintain normal blood glucose levels

E

ten days after the start of menstrual cycle, an ultrasound scan reveals only a single, growing dominant follicle measuring 20mm in diameter on woman's ovary. all other follicles are small, 2-4mm diameter, non dominant follicles. this selection of a single pre-ovulatory dominant follicle occurs bc: A) this follicle was only one to develop receptors for estrogen on granulosa cells B) this follicle was only one to develop receptors for progesterone on granulosa cells C) this follicle was only one to develop receptors for FSH on granulosa cells D) this follicle was only one to lose functional receptors for LH on granulosa cells E) this follicle was only one to develop receptors for LH on granulosa cells

E

these structures in cell membrane of myocardial cell in SA node are crucial for rapidly depolarizing cell to negative electrochemical gradient of -70 to -90 mV at the end of a cardiac action potential. they're ________________ A) Na+K+ pumps and K+ leak channels B) voltage gated Na+ channels C) voltage gated Ca++ channels D) Cl- channels E) voltage gated K+ channels

E

which of the following DO synthesize and present MHC I molecules? A) B cells B) cytotoxic T cells C) helper T cells D) dendritic cells E) all of the above

E

which of the following do not synthesize and present MHC II molecules? A) macrophages B) dendritic cells C) B cells D) neutrophils E) helper T cells

E

T/F: when viruses infect cells, they take over the cells transcription machinery and use it to make lots of copies of virus. these new viruses break open the host cell and are released into the extracellular fluid and into blood. this is also true for HIV. if all viruses do this, why is HIV so hard to eradicate? - HIV is an RNA virus and the reverse transcriptase enzyme which makes DNA from RNA is highly error prone which makes the offspring viruses different from parent -HIV specifically targets cytotoxic T cells and enters them through CD8 site as a result the cytotoxic T cells are destroyed

T F