Physiology Exams 1&2

Which of the following statements regarding ATP production in skeletal muscle is true? in skeletal muscle

- ATP can be produced from creatine phosphate, by anaerobic glycolysis and by aerobic respiration - creatine phosphate is the first source of energy used to replenish ATP when muscle contraction begins

how many bones are in the middle ear

3

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

A B and C are correct

Acetylcholine binds to

A and B are correct

Neurons come in which different type(s)?

A and B only

The source of phosphate for a phosphorylation cascade is

ATP

The universal energy carrier of the body is

ATP

which of the following types of antigen presenting cells has immunoglobulin that functions as a receptor then the antigen is internalized degraded and presented to T cells

B cell

Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies from maturated ___ and is involved in the elimination of ____ pathogens. Cell mediated immunity is mediated by ____ and is involved in the elimination of ____ pathogens

B lymphocytes; extracellular; T lymphocytes; intracellular

the membrane attack complex consists of

C5b, 6, 7, 8, 9

Carriers are open to both sides of the plasma membrane at the same time but channels are open to only one side of the membrane at a time

False

In human cells, all membrane-enclosed organelles are surrounded by one membrane

False

Production of water molecules for the electron transport system is the key purpose of the Citric Acid Cycle

False

cells use membranes to help maintain set ranges of ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. Which of the following ions is the most abundant inside a typical mammalian cell

K+

Cells use membranes to help maintain set ranges of ion concentrations inside and outside the cell. which of the following ions is the most abundant outside a typical mammalian cell?

Na+

Which of the following does not describe the autonomic nervous system

The effectors are primarily skeletal muscles

CO2 and H2O are generated during the oxidation of food molecules

True

The nonpolar tails of the lipid molecules bury themselves in the interior of the plasma membrane

True

which of the following statements about skeletal muscle components is false

a mature skeletal muscle fiber has a single nucleus located just beneath the sarcolemma

Which of the following statements concerning fatigue is correct

a number of factors contribute to muscle fatigue including the failure of motor neurons to release adequate acetylcholine

which of the following is (1) released by all somatic motor neurons at their synapses, and (2) always excites muscle contraction

acetylcholine

_____ and ______ are the major neurotransmitters released by autonomic nervous system neurons

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

A contractile protein that is part of thin filaments in muscle fibers

actin

contractile proteins in muscle include

actin and myosin

when the alpha subunit f a G-protein is GTP-bound, the G protein is

active

What are the two types of immunity

adaptive, innate

the first phase of phagocytosis, called ____ is enhanced by _____, proteins that coat the surface of a microbe and make it easier for the phagocyte to bind to it

adherence; opsonins

which of the following is a function of muscle

all

The neuron cell is made up of which of the following parts?

all of the above

which of the following is an example of anitbody action

all of the choices

Which of the following features of adaptive immunity is unique to cell-mediated immunity? Only cell-mediated immunity

always involves cells attacking cells

What is a specific term for a bacterial or other foreign protein that initiates antibody production by the body

antigen

A mutation is the gene encoding the dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor reduces the ability of the protein to sense depolarization events. Patients with this mutant form of the DHP receptor

are paralyzed due to an inability to release Ca2+ from the SR in response to an action potential

T cells are made in the _____ and complete their differentiation in the ____

bone marrow, thymus

Phosphorylation _____

can either activate or inactive a protein

The brain and spinal cord make up which part of the nervous system?

central nervous system

What is the term used to describe white blood cells migrating toward bacteria

chemotaxis

When a lymphocyte encounters a copy of an antigen and receives stimulatory cues, it subsequently undergoes ___ to give rise to ____ cells and ___ cells

clonal selection; effector; memory

Which of the following is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor and is also known as a cytotoxic T cell

cluster of differentiation 8 ((CD8+)

which of the below does NOT describe the sympathetic division

cranial-sacral output (axons exit the CNS through cranial and sacral nerves)

which of these cell types can play a primary role in attacking and killing cancer cells

cytotoxic T cells

___ cells have long, branching projections, are located in the skin and in other organs of the body, and serve as antigen-presenting cells

dendritic

what is the term applied to white blood cells squeezing between endothelial cells lining the blood vessel to reach the site of an infection

diapedesis

The conversion of light energy into a receptor potential occurs in synaptic terminal of a photoreceptor

false

hyperpolarization is a state when membrane becomes less polarized than at resting potential

false

mitochondria convert CO2 and nutrients into adenosine triphosphate

false

to function, all extracellular signal molecules must be transported by their receptor across the plasma membrane into the cytosol

false

which of the following skeletal muscle fiber types generate the most lactate

fast glycolytic fibers

for which of the following activities is the sympathetic nervous system generally responsible

fight of flight response

Which of the below answers is NOT correct concerning a preganglionic neuron.

form a gap junction with the postganglionic neuron

the human immune system has the ability to recognize and bind to at least a billion different epitopes because of

genetic recombination of a few hundred versions of several small antigen receptor gene segments

Which of the following do not take place in the mitochondria?

glycolysis

When light activates a photoreceptor, what is the effect on the membrane potential in outer segment of the cell

hyperpolarization

cells infected with viruses produce proteins called ___ that diffuse to uninfected neighboring cells where they induce synthesis of antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication

interferons

Which cytoskeletal elements help resist mechanical stress?

intermediate filaments

the eye is very sensitive to bright light, while at the same time, it isn't very easy to see things in insufficient light. And so it is necessary to control the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil. It should be just enough to see things clearly, but not so much as to damage the eye. What is the assembly of smooth muscle which controls the amount of light entering the eye called?

iris

which of the following statements regarding smooth muscle is true? smooth muscle

is found mainly in the walls of hollow organs and tubes

Which immune cell is responsible for the quickest release of histamine that causes the red itchy welts associated with allergies

mast cells

Region of a muscle fiber that includes acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, which bind ACh released by synaptic end bulbs of somatic motor neurons

motor end plate

a motor neuron together with the muscle fibers (cells) it stimulates

motor unit

A protein which has an ATPase activity

myosin

a contractile protein that is part of thick filaments in muscle fibers

myosin

The human nervous system is capable of a wide range of functions. What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

neuron

Smooth muscle tissue is

non striated and involuntary

which of the following statements concerning muscle is true

none

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase is located ______ and catalyzes the _____ of acetylcholine

on the end plate membrane; degradation

which is a difference between the nucleus and the mitochondria?

one helps to determine what a person looks like the other does not

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains ____ while the ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

only sensory (afferent) axons; only motor (efferent) axons

Which of the following statements regarding cell signaling is true?

paracrine signaling allows neighboring cells to communicate over relatively short distances

An individual is bitten by a dog with rabies and begins to develop antibodies against the rabies. These antibodies are harvested and transferred to unimmunized individuals to confer protection more rapidly for these individuals. This is an example of

passive immunity

Which of the following statements about phagocytic cells in animals is false

phagocytic cells are important in the gut to take up large particles of food

what is the correct sequence that visual information travels in the retina

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

which of the following produce large amounts of antibodies and differentiate upon stimulation from CD4+ cells

plasma cells

The barrier that separates and control movement between the cell contents and the extracellular fluid is the

plasma membrane

____ lymphoid organs include ___ and are he sites where stem cells divide and develop into mature B cells and T cells

primary; bone marrow and the thymus

The final metabolite produced by glycolysis is

pyruvate

a postganglionic neuron

releases neurotransmitter at the effector cell

A contractile unit in a striated muscle fiber (cell) extending from one Z disc to the next Z disc

sarcomere

______ lymphoid organs and tissues include _____ and are the sites where most immune responses occur

secondary; lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid nodules

The plasma membrane serves many functions, many of which depend on the presence of specialized membrane proteins. Which of the following roles of the plasma membrane could still occur if the bilayer were lacking these proteins?

selective permeability

An original signal to cause your muscle to contract, pulling your hand away from a hot object, would travel along

sensory neurons

In a spinal reflex pathway, axons of ____ neurons enter the dorsal gray horn and synapse with interneurons that in turn synapse with ____ neurons

sensory; motor

A motor unit consists of

single somatic motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates

These voluntary muscles are striated

skeletal

Which of the following is an example of a first line of defense against pathogens

skin

These muscles are controlled by the autonomic muscle system and are involuntary

smooth

This type of involuntary muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as stomach, blood vessels, and air ways

smooth

myosin needs to be phosphorylated in order for the thick filaments to interact with actin molecules on the thin filament in

smooth

which of these is not a taste your tongue can detect

spicy

Which of the following would be a function of both the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex?

synthesize and/or modify proteins

which of the following statements concerning muscle contraction is false? during muscle contraction

the I band and A band narrow and eventually disappear when the muscle is maximally contracted

The _____ is a bilobed organ located just above the heart that consists of large numbers of T cells and scattered dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages. It acts as the site where T cells mature

thymus

What cell junctions prevent the intestines from leaking intestinal contents to body

tight junctions

what is the function of the somatic nervous system

to stimulate skeletal muscles

what is the function of the middle ear

transforms sound waves into vibrations

what is the function of the inner ear

transmit vibration to the brain

small, cylindrical invaginations of the plasma membrane of striated muscle fibers that conduct muscle action potentials toward the center of the muscle fiber

transverse (T) tubules

When Ca2+ binds to _______, ________ moves away from blocking position over actin's cross bridge binding sites

troponin, tropomyosin

Action potentials will travel faster through myelinated axons than through non myelinated axons

true

what do olfactory receptors respond to

water soluble chemicals