PHYSIOLOGY -FINAL

An increase in PCO2 would cause ... A. the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to dilate. B. the bronchioles to dilate and the systemic arterioles to constrict. C. the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to dilate. D. the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to constrict. E. None of the answers are correct.

A

Electrical shock to the heart is usually used to treat A. Ventricular fibrillation. B. Atrial fibrillation. C. Heart block. D. Heart murmur. E. Myocardial infarction.

A

The most primitive region of the cerebrum is probably the A.Limbic system. B.Basal medullary circuit. C.Corpus callosum. D.Reticular system. E.Pons.

A

The segment of the nephron between the proximal and distal tubules that loops down into the medulla of the kidney and returns back to the cortex is called the ________. A. loop of Henle B. Bowman's capsule C. collecting duct D. vasa recta E. minor calyx

A

Under normal circumstances, aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by the A. Spleen. B. Yellow bone marrow. C. Kidneys. D. Digestive tract. E. Thymus gland.

A

Which organ is NOT known to include a special portal system for blood? A. Heart. B. Kidney. C. Liver. D. Brain. E. All of these organs have portal systems

A

Which of the following is/are not occurring during systole? Select all answers that apply. A. Blood pressure increases. B. Pulse pressure decreases. C. More stress is placed on arterial walls. D. Blood pressure increases and pulse pressure decreases E. Blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls

A,B,C,D

Fainting is also known as A. eclampsia. B. vasovagal syncope. C. infarction. D. reactive hyperemia. orthostatic hypotension

B

Osmoreceptors depolarize after they ________ in response to ________ plasma osmolarity. A. shrink, decreased B. shrink, increased C. swell, decreased D. swell, increased

B

The portions of a neuron that extend off of the roughly spherical cell body are usually collectively called what? a. Protrusions. b. Processes. c. Prostheses. d. Projections. e. Cilia.

B

The values obtained when measuring blood pressure, such as 120/80, A. Exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole. B. Reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole. C. Are the same on both the pulmonary and systemic circuits. D. Exactly match the pressures inside the ventricle during systole and diastole and reflect the pressure in the major arteries during ventricular systole and diastole. E. All of the answers are correct.

B

When a peptide hormone binds to its receptors on the surface of a cell A. the cell membrane becomes less permeable. B.a second messenger is generated in the cytoplasm. C.the cell becomes inactive. D.the hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. E.None of the answers correctly complete the sentence.

B

Which of the following statements about hydrostatic pressure is NOT true? A. If a fluid is not moving, the pressure that it exerts is called hydrostatic pressure. B. Force is not equal in all directions. C. The lateral pressure component of moving fluid represents the hydrostatic pressure. D. Hydrostatic pressure does not include the dynamic component of a moving fluid. E. All of the statements are true.

B

Best Match: In general, the nervous system is composed of which two types of cells from the following list of cells? 1. Motor; 2. Neurons; 3. Sensory; 4. Glial; 5. Associative. A.1 and 2. B.1 and 3. C.2 and 4. D.3 and 4. E.3 and 5.

C

Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception. A. Regulation of extracellular fluid volume. B. Maintenance of ion balance in body fluids. C. Regulation of blood protein levels. D. Regulation of blood osmolarity. E. Homeostatic regulation of blood pH.

C

In the medulla oblongata, the nucleus tractus solitarius contains the ________ of neurons. A. pontine respiratory group B. ventral respiratory group C. dorsal respiratory group D. pre-Botzinger complex

C

The total volume of blood in the body of a 70-kg man is approximately ________ liters. A. 25-30 B. 10-15 C. 5-6 D. 2-4 E. 1-2

C

Which of the following statements about colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) is FALSE? A. CSFs are required to induce both cell division and cell maturation. B. CSFs regulate leukopoiesis. C. CSFs are made by epithelial cells. D. CSFs regulate leukopoiesis and CSFs are made by epithelial cells.

C

Each of the following statements concerning peptide hormones is true except one. Identify the one that is false. A. Peptide hormones are first synthesized as prohormones. B.Prohormones can be activated before their release via post-translational modification. C.Peptide hormones remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. D.Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins. E.Peptide hormones interact with receptors on the surface of their target cells.

D

Hypoxia resulting from fluid accumulation in the alveoli that cannot be corrected by oxygen therapy can lead to A. Emphysema. B. Fibrotic lung disease. C. Asthma. D. Adult respiratory distress syndrome. E. Sudden infant death syndrome.

D

Multiple Choice (select the best answer): Each of these statements is true except one. Identify the one that is false. A.Monoamine oxidase is the main enzyme responsible for the degradation of catecholamines. B. β1 receptors respond equally well to both epinephrine and norepinephrine. C. β2 receptors are not innervated by sympathetic neurons, so are more sensitive to epinephrine delivered via the blood. D. Activation of α receptors opens Na+ channels in the cell membrane.

D

Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them: 1. secondary bronchi; 2. Bronchioles; 3. primary bronchi; 4. alveoli; 5. terminal bronchioles. A. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 B. 1, 3, 5, 2, 4 C. 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 D. 3, 1, 2, 5, 4 E. 1, 3, 2, 5, 4

D

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the A. Larynx. B. Glottis. C. Vestibule. D. Pharynx. E. Esophagus.

D

Multiple Choice (select the best answer): Which of the following is/are responsible for a receptor adapting to a stimulus? a. K+ channel inactivation only. b. Na+ channel inactivation only. c. Opening of Na+ channels only. d. Opening of K+ channels only. e. Na+ channel inactivation or K+ channel opening.

E

Which of the following is a mechanism of hormone action? A.Control of enzymatic reaction rates. B.Control of ion or molecule transport across cell membranes. C.Control of electrical signaling pathways. D.Control of gene expression and protein synthesis. E. All are mechanisms of hormone action.

E

Which of the following is/are vasoconstrictors? A. platelet-activating factor B. serotonin C. adenosine diphosphate D. thromboxane A2 E. serotonin and thromboxane A2

E

Which of the following statements concerning the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide is FALSE? A. Atrial natriuretic peptide is produced by cells in the heart. B. Atrial natriuretic peptide promotes sodium loss at the kidneys. C. Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces the sensation of thirst. D. Atrial natriuretic peptide suppresses ADH secretion. E. Atrial natriuretic peptide increases aldosterone secretion.

E

True or False: Mitochondria contain cristae and metabolic enzymes for the production of ATP, but not nucleic acids.

FALSE (mitochondria contain their own DNA distinct from the nuclear genome; it is referred to as mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA or the mitochondrial genome)

True or False: The rate of diffusion across a cell membrane is inversely proportional to the surface area of the cell membrane and directly proportional to the thickness of the cell membrane.

FALSE (the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane is inversely proportional to both the surface area and the thickness of the cell membrane. In other words, the rate of diffusion decreases as the surface area increases OR as the thickness increases; conversely, the rate of diffusion increases as the surface area decreases OR as the thickness decreases)

True or False: A polysynaptic reflex has at least three synapses and two neurons in the reflex pathway.False (the correct answer is: two synapses and three neurons).

False

True or False: Convergence refers to the decrease in one's perception of a stimulus whose intensity has not changed due to higher neural inhibition.False (the correct answer is: habituation).

False

True or False: The neural plate is the earliest discrete embryonic structure from which the entire nervous system eventually develops.False (the correct answer is: neural crest).

False

Elephantitis refers to a parasitic condition resulting in extreme enlargement of one or both legs.

False (correct answer is elphantiasis)

Multiple Choice (select the best answer): What is the potential yield of ATP molecules for each FADH2 molecule entering the electron transport system? a.1.5 molecules. b.3 molecules. c.2.5 molecules. d.1 molecule. e.2 molecules.

a

Multiple Answer (select all that are correct): Which area is/are normally considered to be an autonomic control center? a. Pons b. Medulla c.Amygdala. d. Hypothalamus. e. Neurohypophysis.

a,b,d

Multiple Answer (select all that are correct): Which of the following is/are not generally responsible for attachment of skeletal muscle to bone? a.Fascicles b.ligaments c. Tendons. d. Flexors. e.cartilage

a,b,d,e

Multiple Answer (select all correct answers): Which of the following can serve as a substrate for ATP production? a.Amino acids. b.Carbonic acids. c.Fatty acids. d.cAMP . e.Glucose.

a,c,e

Multiple Choice (select the best answer): Which statement about carbohydrates is FALSE? a.Simple sugars include galactose. b.Glycogen is important for both energy storage and physical cell structure. c.Polysaccharides include cellulose and glycogen. d.Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide made by animal cells. e.Polysaccharides are important for both energy storage and physical cell structure.

b

Multiple Choice: The structure whose abnormal function is associated with Parkinson's disease is referred to as what? a.Efferent proprioreceptor ganglia. b.Basal ganglia. c. Cerebellum. d.Primary motor cortex. e.Skeletal muscle pattern generator.

b

Multiple Answer (select all correct answers): Which of the following is/are NOT activated by the second messenger, cAMP? a.. Protein kinase A. b. Adenylyl cyclase. c. G-protein coupled hormone receptors. d. G-proteins. e. Diacylglycerol.

b,c,d,e

Multiple Choice (select the best answer): The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body: 1. tissue, 2. cell, 3. organ, 4. molecule, 5. organism, 6. organ system. The correct order of these from smallest to largest is . . . a.6, 4, 5, 2, 3, 1. b.4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5. c.4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5. d.2, 1, 4, 6, 3, 5. e.4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5.

c

Multiple Choice (select the best answer): Physiology is the study of what? a. The structure of the body. b.Facial expressions as an indication of personality. c.Growth and reproduction. d.The normal function of living organisms. e.The tissues and organs of the body at the microscopic level.

d

Multiple Choice (select the best answer): Striated muscles are so-called by this name because of a repeating pattern of light and dark bands. One repeating unit of the banding pattern is referred to as what? a. Myofilament. b. Myomere. c. Sarcofibril. d. Sarcomere. e. Crossbridge.

d

Multiple Choice (select the best answer): A liposome is what? a.A medium to deliver drugs. b.A medium to deliver cosmetics. c.A type of lipid. d.A structural part of the cell membrane. e.A medium to deliver drugs and cosmetics.

e

Multiple Choice (select the best answer): What is/are the function(s) of intermediate filaments in cells? a.Stabilize the position of organelles. b.Provide the cell with strength. c.Transport materials within the cytoplasm. d.Form neurofilaments in nerve cells. e.All of the above.

e