Physiology Final

T/F The kidneys can conserve fluid

T

T/F Glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical Na+ glucose SGLT symporter

T

T/F-Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium.

T

TSH

TRH

Potassium secretion is linked to ___ a. sodium reabsorption b. sodium secretion c. chloride reabsorption d. chloride secretion e. glucose reabsorption

A

Steps of transmission at the cholinergic synapse (a bunch of orders)

3 2 4 5 1

Steps in the generation of an action potential (a bunch of random orders)

4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 5, 3

Action potential order

5 2 4 1 3

If a female has a blood pressure of 120/80, her mean arterial pressure would be a.200 mm Hg. b.100 mm Hg. c.93 mm Hg. d.80 mm Hg. e.40 mm Hg.

C

The thickest protein fibers from the following group are... a. microtubules. b. neurofilaments. c. microfilaments. d. myosin molecules. e. keratin filaments.

A

A buffer a.moderates changes in pH. b.always increases pH. c.always decreases pH. d.binds or releases bicarbonate ions.

A

A person who has a tidal volume of 400 ml, a respiratory rate of 14, and an anatomic dead space volume of 150 ml will have an alveolar ventilation rate of a.3,500 ml/minute b.3,920 ml/minute c.4,260 ml/minute d.5,600 ml/minute e.6,240 ml/minute

A

Activation of a particular class of receptors results in an immediate increase in intracellular calcium. Which of the following signal transduction mechanism is MOST likely to produce this effect? a. phospholipase C b. phospholipase A2 c. adenylyl cyclase d. tyrosine kinase e. protein kinase A

A

All of the following would result in lower oxygen saturation of hemoglobin except a.an increase in b.an increase in temperature c.an increase in d.a decrease in pH e.an increase in DPG

A

An explorer has been lost in the desert for two days with very little water. As a result, you would expect to observe a.increased vasopressin levels. b.decreased blood osmolarity. c.normal urine production. d.increased blood volume. e.cells enlarged with fluid.

A

Autorhythmic cells a.are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat. b.are the same size as myocardial contractile cells. c.have organized sarcomeres. d.contribute to the force of contraction. e.None of the answers are correct.

A

Capillaries are best described as a.microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid. b.thick walled vessels that convey blood away from the heart. c.thin walled vessels that convey blood toward the heart. d.thick walled vessels that carry blood rich in oxygen. e.thin walled vessels that carry blood deficient in oxygen.

A

Caveolae and clathrin-coated pits are both used in a.endocytosis. b.exocytosis. c.phagocytosis. d.All of the answers are correct. e.None of the answers are correct.

A

Chief cells secrete a.pepsinogen. b.gastrin. c.mucus. d.hydrochloric acid. e.intrinsic factor.

A

Differences between arterioles and metarterioles include the idea that arterioles a.have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls. b.allow blood to bypass capillary beds. c.have an endothelial lining. d.have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls and allow blood to bypass capillary beds. e.All of the answers are correct.

A

During meiosis, the chromosome number is halved a.during the first meiotic division. b.during the second meiotic division. c.prior to the first meiotic division. d.prior to the first mitotic division.

A

During ventricular ejection, a.the ventricles are in systole. b.the QRS complex is just starting. c.the semilunar valves are closed. d.the AV valves are open. e.blood is forced into veins.

A

Following post-translational modification, any misfolded protein will be destroyed by... a. ubiquitin. b. chaperones. c. methylation. d. ribonucleases.

A

If the renal clearance of a substance X is less than the GFR, which of the following is true? a. there is a net reabsorption of X b. there is a net secretion of X c. X is neither reabsorbed nor secreted d. substance X is not filtered by the glomerulus

A

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions are a.IgA. b.IgD. c.IgE. d.IgG. e.IgM.

A

In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the blood levels of a. secretin rise b. cholecystokinin fall c. gastrin rise d. all of the above

A

In the late follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, LH is ________ FSH. a.greater than b.less than c.equal to

A

Kidneys regulate a.water loss only. b.water gain only. c.both water loss and gain.

A

Kidneys respond relatively ________ to changes in blood volume. a.slowly b.quickly

A

Passive immunity is a type of ________ immunity. a.acquired b.innate

A

Peroxisomes a. use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell. b. are a type of lysosome. c. are responsible for the atrophy of unused muscles. d. are sites for synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids. e. All of the answers accurately describe peroxisomes.

A

Reactive hyperemia is triggered by a.local accumulation of paracrines due to reduced blood flow. b.reflex contraction of smooth muscle following a period of dilation. c.stress and the hormones released during stress. d.toxins or allergens, such as bee venom or pollen. e.None of the answers are correct.

A

Referred pain arises from a. multiple primary sensory neurons that synapse on the same secondary neuron b. multiple secondary neurons synapse on the same third order c. multiple motor neurons synapse on same secondary neuron d. nociceptors with large receptive fields

A

Regional movements within the small intestine that are considered mechanical digestion include a. segmentation contractions b. peristaltic contractions c. pendular contractions d. mass movements e. mastication

A

Sperm cannot fertilize an egg unless they have been in the female reproductive tract for several hours. This enhanced ability of the sperm to fertilize the ovum is called capacitation. In vitro studies indicate that the sperm can fertilize the ovum if they are first washed before being introduced to the ovum. These observations suggest that a.capacitation involves the removal of some inhibiting substance(s) from the sperm. b.capacitation is temperature-dependent. c.in capacitation, secretions of the female reproductive tract are taken up by the sperm. d.pH is an important factor in the process of capacitation. e.only sperm that come into contact with vaginal secretions are capable of fertilizing an ovum.

A

Stem cells that will form B lymphocytes are found in the a.bone marrow. b.liver. c.spleen. d.thymus. e.kidneys.

A

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle results in a.the formation of cAMP. b.decreased rate of contraction. c.decreased force of cardiac contraction. d.increased sensitivity to acetylcholine. e.All of the answers are correct.

A

Swelling and soreness of the lymph nodes indicate that a.immune cells are fighting infection. b.the immune system is incapable of working. c.dangerous cancerous changes are occurring in the immune system. d.too much or improper exercise has been undertaken. e.None of the answers are correct.

A

The P wave of an ECG corresponds to a.the depolarization of the atria. b.the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization. c.the repolarization of the ventricles. d.atrial repolarization. e.None of the answers are correct.

A

The action potentials of myocardial autorhythmic cells, are due to a combination of increasing Na2+ ________ and decreasing K+________. a.influx, efflux b.efflux, influx c.influx, influx d.efflux, efflux

A

The anatomical arrangement of the kidney that allows transfer of solutes from one blood vessel to another is called the a.countercurrent exchange system. b.portal system. c.capillaries. d.countercurrent heat exchanger.

A

The beta cells of the pancreas produce a.insulin. b.glucagon. c.renin. d.cortisol. e.digestive enzymes.

A

The brain and spinal cord together compose the a.central nervous system. b.autonomic division system. c.somatic motor division of the nervous system. d.peripheral nervous system. e.visceral nervous system.

A

The cell membrane acts as a good a.electrical insulator. b.electrical conductor. c.electrical gradient. d.source of ions.

A

The cells that are actively involved in immunological surveillance are the a.NK cells. b.plasma cells. c.B lymphocytes. d.helper T cells. e.suppressor T cells.

A

The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of H2O and CO2 to H2CO3 is called a.carbonic anhydrase. b.bicarbonate ion. c.carbonic acid. d.renin.

A

The fibrous skeleton of the heart is important because it a.forces electrical activity to be conducted through the atrioventricular node. b.transmits electrical activity from the atria to the ventricles. c.helps guide the blood into the proper chambers in sequence. d.directs the flow of blood into the arteries.

A

The hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron is the a.loop of Henle. b.proximal tubule. c.distal tubule. d.vasa recta. e.minor calyx.

A

The hormone that directly controls water reabsorption by the kidneys is a.vasopressin. b.aldosterone. c.epinephrine. d.ANP. e.angiotensin.

A

The inspiratory neurons a.activate the phrenic nerve, bringing about contraction of the diaphragm b.are stimulated by stretch receptors c.are inhibited by the DRG when the DRG is stimulated by the apneustic area d.have characteristics a and c e.have characteristics b and c

A

The largest lymphoid tissue(s) is/are the a.spleen. b.thymus. c.GALT. d.lymph nodes. e.tonsils.

A

The layer of connective tissue between the digestive epithelium and a layer of smooth muscle is the a.lamina propria. b.muscularis mucosae. c.submucosa. d.submucosal plexus. e.myenteric plexus.

A

The osmolarity in the bottom of the loop of Henle is ________ mOsM. a.1200 b.100 c.300 d.900 e.None of these answers are correct.

A

The primary stimulus for renin release is: a. decreased MABP b. increased MABP c. hyperkalemia d. hypokalemia e. hypernatremia

A

The residual volume is a.important in helping prevent lung collapse b.the normal volume of air inhaled c.the normal volume of air exhaled d.the maximum volume of air that can be inspired e.the minimum volume of air that can be inspired

A

The rising phase of the action potential is due to a.Na+ flow into the cell only. b.Na+ flow out of the cell only. c.K+ flow out of the cell only. d.K+ flow into the cell only. e.Na+ flow out of the cell and K+ flow into the cell.

A

The structure that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the a.ductus deferens. b.rete testis. c.seminal vesicle. d.ejaculatory duct. e.corpus cavernosum.

A

Two hours before major surgery, the patient is stressed, with increased heart rate and blood pressure. These symptoms are the result of a.sympathetic activation. b.decreased levels of epinephrine in the blood. c.decreased activity of sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. d.increased parasympathetic activity. e.All of these mechanisms.

A

Urea is formed in the a. liver b. stomach c. kidneys d. small intestine e. large intestine

A

Ventilation is increased the most by a.increases in arterial b.decreases in arterial c.increases in arterial d.decreases in arterial e.none of the above

A

What effect on cardiac function would you expect an MAO inhibitor to have? a. increase HR b. decrease HR c. no change in HR

A

What happens to ventilation during metabolic acidosis a. increase b. decrease c. no change

A

What is the main determinant of a hormone's length of activity? a. half-life b. permissiveness c. synergism d. antagonism

A

When allowed to develop, the Müllerian ducts become the a.fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina. b.distal vagina, clitoris, and labia. c.epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. d.penis and scrotum. e.fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina, distal vagina, clitoris, and labia.

A

When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably a. a peptide b. estrogen c. testosterone d. a steroid e. aldosterone

A

Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis? a.hypothalamus b.thalamus c.pituitary gland d.brain stem e.medulla

A

Which is greater? a.blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases b.blood pressure when parasympathetic stimulation to the heart increases

A

Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? a. rough endoplasmic reticulum b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum c. mitochondria d. nucleoli e. Golgi apparatus

A

Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? a.rough endoplasmic reticulum b.smooth endoplasmic reticulum c.mitochondria d.nucleoli e.Golgi apparatus

A

Which of the following is an example of a membranous organelle? a. lysosome b. cilia c. centriole d. ribosome e. cytoskeleton

A

Which of the following is an example of a membranous organelle? a.lysosome b.cilia c.centriole d.ribosome e.cytoskeleton

A

Which of the following would decrease diffusion of a gas across the alveolar/pulmonary capillary membrane? a.An increase in thickness of the membrane b.An increase in surface area of the membrane c.An increase in the partial pressure gradient d.a and c only e.a, b, and c

A

Which parameters are associated with increased resistance? a.reduced flow b.reduced friction c.increased blood vessel diameter d.decreased viscosity e.decreased length

A

Which proteins assist in the movement of vesicles along microtubules? a. kinesins b. mitochondria c. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. ribosomes e. Golgi complex

A

________ are pacemakers for slow wave activity. a.Interstitial cells of Cajal b.Intrinsic neuron cells c.Extrinsic neuron cells d.G cells e.Chief cells

A

________ interstitial osmolarity allows urine to be concentrated. a.High medullary b.Low medullary c.High cortex d.Low cortex

A

Vasopressin acts on the cells of the collecting duct to increase which of the following?

All of the Above

95% of thyroid hormone released by the follicular cells are in what form? a. T3 b. T4 c. Reverse T3 d. MIT e. DIT

B

A change in pH that has a respiratory cause is associated with an abnormal concentration a. H2O b. CO2 c. HCO3- d. NH3 e. NH4+

B

A heart rate of 125 beats per minute could be correctly termed a.bradycardia. b.tachycardia. c.an arrhythmia. d.fibrillation. e.a normal resting heart rate.

B

A molecule positioned on the high-concentration side of a concentration gradient stores ________ energy. a. chemical b. potential c. kinetic

B

A molecule positioned on the high-concentration side of a concentration gradient stores ________ energy. a.chemical b.potential c.kinetic

B

A molecule that loses electrons during a reaction is a.reduced. b.oxidized. c.dehydrated. d.hydrated.

B

A primary target tissue for insulin is the a.brain only. b.liver only. c.intestine only. d.brain and liver. e.brain, liver, and intestine.

B

Adipocytes secrete the hormone a.ghrelin. b.leptin. c.neuropeptide Y. d.orexin. e.insulin.

B

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that a. glycogenolysis b. levels of blood glucose are elevated c. ketone bodies may be formed d. fat mobilization e. gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver

B

Approximately what percent of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood dissolved in dissolved form? a.1.5 b.10 c.35 d.60 e.100

B

Before converting amino acids into intermediates for energy metabolism, they must first undergo a.denaturation. b.deamination. c.detoxification. d.depeptidization. e.delousing.

B

Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets. a.generating b.emulsifying c.absorbing d.digesting fats within

B

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the a.level of oxygen at the tissue increases. b.level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases. c.pH increases. d.vessels constrict. e.All of the answers are correct.

B

Centrioles a. function as pipelines to move fluid through the cell. b. direct the movement of DNA during cell division. c. hold the cell's ribosomes in place. d. are white blood cells out of vessels. e. provide shape and stability to a cell.

B

Chemotaxins function in a.digesting invading cells. b.attracting additional immune cells. c.poisoning and killing invading cells. d.digesting invading cells and attracting additional immune cells. e.digesting invading cells, attracting additional immune cells, and poisoning and killing invading cells.

B

Substances that readily dissolve in water and do not readily dissolve in lipids are a.hydrophobic and lipophobic. b.hydrophilic and lipophobic. c.hydrophobic and lipophilic. d.hydrophilic and lipophilic.

B

Convective heat loss occurs when a.water evaporates from the skin's surface. b.warm air rises from the body's surface. c.a cooler object rests on the body's surface. d.one swims in water below body temperature. e.All of the answers are correct.

B

Digestion is essentially completed in the a.stomach. b.small intestine. c.large intestine. d.anus.

B

Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are a.sympathetic blocking agents. b.sympathomimetic. c.parasympathetic blocking agents. d.parasympathomimetic. e.autonomic blocking agents.

B

During the cardiac cycle, a.the P wave of the ECG occurs between the first and second heart sounds. b.the QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure. c.the third heart sound occurs during atrial systole. d.the second heart sound coincides with the QRS complex of the ECG. e.the greatest increase in ventricular pressure occurs during the ejection phase.

B

Fainting is also known as a.eclampsia. b.vasovagal syncope. c.infarction. d.reactive hyperemia. e.orthostatic hypotension.

B

Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by a.diffusion. b.symport with sodium. c.cotransport. d.countertransport.

B

If the pulmonary ventilation rate is 3200 ml/minute with a tidal volume of 400, the respiratory rate is ____ breaths per minute. a.6 b.8 c.14 d.16 e.20

B

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B lymphocytes and may play a role in regulation of the humoral immune response are a.IgA. b.IgD. c.IgE. d.IgG. e.IgM.

B

In the absence of a signal sequence, a newly synthesized protein localizes to the a. mitochondria. b. cytoplasm. c. peroxisome. d. nucleus. e. plasma membrane.

B

In the absence of a signal sequence, a newly synthesized protein localizes to the... a. mitochondria. b. cytoplasm. c. peroxisome. d. nucleus. e. plasma membrane.

B

Measuring blood levels of this substance can give the clinician a very accurate measurement of how much insulin was released from the pancreas of a patient a. insulin b. C peptide c. glucagon d. preproinsulin

B

Most absorbed nutrients first enter the blood of the ________ system. a.lymphatic b.hepatic portal c.arterial d.immune

B

Nicotinic receptors a.bind with acetylcholine released from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers b.respond to acetylcholine released from sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers c.are found primarily in the heart d.bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers e.are found on certain effectors of the parasympathetic nervous system

B

Opsonins function by a.poisoning and killing invading cells. b.marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them. c.digesting invading cells directly. d.poisoning and killing invading cells and marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them. e.poisoning and killing invading cells, marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them, and digesting invading cells directly.

B

Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger? a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. local control d. nociceptive feedback

B

Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger? a.negative feedback b.positive feedback c.local control d.nociceptive feedback

B

Parasympathetic stimulation a.increases heart rate. b.increases gastric motility. c.causes sweat glands to secrete. d.causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. e.causes the pupils to dilate.

B

Receptor potentials a.are always depolarizations b.are graded potentials c.have refractory periods d.are always action potentials e.are not any of the above

B

Slow waves are a.cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. b.cycles of depolarization and repolarization. c.reflexes that originate and are integrated in the enteric nervous system. d.peristaltic contractions. e.segmental contractions.

B

Specific responses to changes in body temperature are regulated by the a.thermoreceptors. b.hypothalamus. c.medulla oblongata. d.skin. e.cardiac output.

B

Steroid hormones are synthesized in the ________ of the cell. a.rough endoplasmic reticulum b.smooth endoplasmic reticulum c.Golgi apparatus d.mitochondria e.nucleus

B

Sweat glands contain ________ receptors. a.nicotinic cholinergic b.muscarinic cholinergic c.alpha d.beta e.adregeneric

B

The AV node is important because it a.directs electrical impulses from the ventricles to the atria. b.delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting. c.serves as the pacemaker in a normal heart. d.electrically opens the AV valves. e.None of these answers are correct.

B

The accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space is called ________. a.swelling b.edema c.myocardial infarction d.bursitis

B

The afferent neuron that carries the sensation to the CNS is a ________ neuron. a.receptor b.first-order c.second-order d.third-order e.fourth-order

B

The all-or-none principle states that a.all stimuli will produce identical action potentials. b.all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce action potentials of identical magnitude. c.the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the intensity of the action potential. d.only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials. e.only motor stimuli can activate action potentials.

B

The amount of oxygen unloaded from Hb at the tissue level increases when a. in the tissue increases b.the concentration of DPG in the red blood cells increases c.the concentration of CO2 in the red blood cells decreases d.a and b occur e.a and c occur

B

The apneustic center a.is located in the medulla b.stimulates the inspiratory neurons c.inhibits inspiratory activity d.stimulates the pneumotaxic area e.performs c and d

B

The brain consumes about half of the ________ circulating in the body. a.oxygen b.glucose c.sodium d.potassium e.fatty acids

B

The brain region that provides output to the respiratory muscles is located in the a.pons b.medulla c.cerebral cortex d.cerebellum e.hypothalamus

B

The brain's interpretation of sensory stimuli is called a.proprioception. b.perception. c.cognition. d.lateralization. e.emotion.

B

The entire sequence of events involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the body cells and the surrounding environment is known as a.internal respiration b.external respiration c.ventilation d.breathing e.ventilation and breathing

B

The falling phase of the action potential is due to a. calcium influx b. potassium efflux c. chloride influx d. sodium efflux e. the action of Na+/K+ pumps

B

The hepatic portal vein carries blood away from the a.digestive tract. b.liver. c.kidneys. d.spleen. e.pancreas.

B

The hormone primarily responsible for the milk let-down reflex is a.progesterone. b.oxytocin. c.prolactin. d.estrogen. e.growth hormone.

B

The ion that plays a key role in initiating electrical signals in neurons is a.K+. b.Na+. c.Cl-. d.Ca2+.

B

The medical term for heart attack is a.heart failure. b.myocardial infarction. c.heart murmur. d.fibrillation. e.heart block.

B

The most significant difference between a paracrine and an autocrine is a.the cell that releases it. b.the cell that responds to it. c.the method of transport. d.the route of transport. e.There are no differences—they are the same.

B

The motor activity of the muscularis externa is controlled by the a. submucosal plexus b. myenteric plexus c. migrating motor complex d. extrinsic neurons e. motilin

B

The partial pressure of oxygen a.in the atmospheric air averages 79 percent of total atmospheric pressure b.in blood is the most important factor that determines percent O2 saturation of Hb c.in arterial blood decreases when Hb preferentially combines with CO rather than O2 d.is both b and c e.is none of the above

B

The percent of hemoglobin saturation decreases as a. increases b. increases c.H+ decreases d.body temperature decreases e.blood pH decreases

B

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is a.TSH. b.ACTH. c.FSH. d.LH. e.STH.

B

The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the a.loop of Henle. b.proximal tubule. c.distal tubule. d.collecting duct. e.minor calyx.

B

The primary route for ion loss from the body is the ________ system. a.respiratory b.urinary c.digestive d.integumentary e.cardiovascular

B

The primary route for water loss from the body is the ________ system. a.respiratory b.urinary c.digestive d.integumentary e.cardiovascular

B

The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called a. osmosis b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. endocytosis e. exocytosis

B

The process of forming mRNA is called a.replication. b.transcription. c.translation. d.ribolation. e.protein synthesis.

B

The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the a.smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. b.Golgi complex for packaging. c.lysosome for modification. d.cell membrane for secretion. e.nucleus for cellular use.

B

The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the... a. smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. b. Golgi complex for packaging. c. lysosome for modification. d. cell membrane for secretion. e. nucleus for cellular use.

B

The term meaning "programmed cell death" is a.necrosis. b.apoptosis. c.oncogenesis. d.diuresis. e.cytocide.

B

The term meaning "programmed cell death" is... a. necrosis. b. apoptosis. c. oncogenesis. d. diuresis. e. cytocide.

B

The vital capacity is a.the volume normally entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath b.the difference in volume between maximum inspiration and maximum exhalation c.the maximum volume the lungs can hold d.the minimum volume the lungs can hold e.none of these

B

These cells are essentially the immune cells of the nervous system a. astrocytes b. microglia c. oligodendrocytes d. Schwann cells e. satellites cells

B

What is the potential yield of ATP molecules for each FADH2 molecule entering the electron transport system? a.1 b.1.5 c.2 d.2.5 e.3

B

What is the primary ECF buffer against noncarbon acid change? a. protein b. bicarbonate c. hemoglobin d. phosphate

B

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, a.the cell membrane becomes less permeable. b.a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. c.the cell becomes inactive. d.the hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA. e.None of the answers are correct.

B

When a quantity is expressed as "4 cm/sec," what is being described is the a.flow rate. b.velocity of flow. c.pressure. d.pressure gradient. e.volume.

B

When adenylyl cyclase is activated, a.calcium ions are released from intracellular stores. b.cAMP is formed. c.cAMP is broken down. d.protein kinases are metabolized. e.steroids are produced.

B

When adenylyl cyclase is activated, a.calcium ions are released from intracellular stores. b.cAMP is formed. c.cAMP is broken down. d.protein kinases are metabolized. e.steroids are produced.

B

When baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies sense increased blood pressure, this results in a.increased vasopressin secretion. b.decreased vasopressin secretion. c.increased glomerular filtration. d.decreased urine production. e.increased thirst.

B

When blood pressure is normal, the receptors in arterial walls fire action potentials a.very seldom. b.continuously.

B

When the pH of body fluids decreases, proteins will a.become more active. b.lose three-dimensional structure. c.fold into tertiary structures. d.not be affected.

B

When venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated. This results in a.increased vasopressin secretion. b.decreased vasopressin secretion. c.increased glomerular filtration. d.decreased urine production. e.increased thirst.

B

When voltage-gated K+ channels of a resting neuron open, a.K+ enters the neuron. b.K+ leaves the neuron. c.the neuron depolarizes. d.K+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes. e.K+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.

B

Which effect would a decrease in pH have on the amount of potassium ion in the urine? a.increase b.decrease c.no effect

B

Which factor would reduce the amount of oxygen transfer across the respiratory membrane? a.a higher partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere b.an abnormally high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere c.a reduced partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere d.a low pulmonary capillary partial pressure of oxygen e.None of the above

B

Which is not characteristic of sympathetic pathways? a.Fibers originate from the thoracic and lumbar levels b.Preganglionic fibers release norepinephrine c.Some postganglionic fibers release ACh d.Short preganglionic fibers e.Most preganglionic fibers synapse in the chain ganglia

B

Which of the following components of the ECG corresponds to the plateau phase of ventricular muscle action potential? a. PR interval b. QT interval c. QRS complex d. RR interval e. PR segment

B

Which of the following events result in the first heart sound? a.The AV valves open. b.The AV valves close. c.The semilunar valves close. d.The semilunar valves open. e.The atria contract.

B

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? a. stomach b. pancreas c. spleen d. colon e. esophagus

B

Which of the following responses of cardiac muscles cells will increase heart rate? a. increased IP3/ DAG production b. increased cAMP production c. decreased cAMP production d. decreased IP3/ DAG production

B

Which of the following statements best describes the receptor potential? a. the receptor potential is always constant b. the greater the intensity of the stimulus, the greater the change in receptor potential c. any change in the receptor potential will induce an action potential d. receptor excitation always involves hyperpolarization of the receptor

B

Which of the following will increase flow in a vessel the most? a.decrease length by 1 unit b.increase radius by 1 unit c.decrease viscosity by 1 unit d.All have the same effect on flow.

B

Which of the following would decrease NT release a synapse? a. inhibition of MAO b. presynaptic inhibition c. postsynaptic inhibition d. calcium channel agonist e. AChE inhibitors

B

Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal? a.Chemical signals are only delivered to specific cells. b.Some cells lack the necessary receptors. c.Some cells are completely without receptors. d.Some cells are completely without ligands. e.Signal chemicals often break down before reaching a distant target.

B

Within a single fiber, the tension developed during a twitch depends upon the a. amplitude of the action potential b. length of the sarcomeres prior to contraction c. length of the thick filament d. duration of the stimulus

B

_______ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane. a.Nuclear b.Transmembrane c.Cytoskeletal d.Peripheral e.Glycolipid

B

________ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates. a. Epidermis b. Glycocalyx c. Connective tissue d. Focal Adhesion e. Cadherin

B

________ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates. a.Epidermis b.Glycocalyx c.Connective tissue d.Focal Adhesion e.Cadherin

B

ACE converts a.renin to angiotensinogen. b.angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. c.angiotensin I to angiotensin II. d.angiotensin II to aldosterone. e.renin to aldosterone.

C

Activation energy is a.the energy lost or gained in a reaction. b.the energy required for an endergonic reaction. c.the energy required to bring molecules into a position where they can interact. d.required to convert an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.

C

All of the following are types of mediated transport EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. a. facilitated diffusion b. primary active transport c. simple diffusion d. secondary active transport

C

An inflammatory response is triggered when a.red blood cells release pyrogens. b.T lymphocytes release interferon. c.mast cells release granules containing histamine and heparin. d.neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. e.blood flow to an area increases.

C

Angiogenesis is a.an examination of the arteries and veins. b.having blood drawn into a tube for tests. c.the growth of new blood vessels. d.surgical restructuring of the coronary arteries. e.being able to detect a pulse in arteries.

C

Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence. 1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A secretory vesicle is formed. 3. A transport vesicle is formed. 4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex. a.1, 2, 3, 4 b.1, 3, 2, 4 c.1, 3, 4, 2 d.4, 3, 1, 2 e.3, 1, 4, 2

C

As the charge on the membrane of a typical neuron approaches 0 from -70 mV, the cell is a.only repolarizing. b.only hyperpolarizing. c.only depolarizing. d.only becoming more difficult to stimulate. e.hyperpolarizing and becoming more difficult to stimulate.

C

At an intercalated disc, a.the cell membranes of two cardiac muscle fibers are completely separated by a synapse. b.the myofibrils are loosely attached to the membrane of the disc. c.two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions. d.t-tubules unite the membranes of the adjoining cells. e.All of the answers are correct.

C

Autoimmune diseases are an example of a(n) ________ response by the immune system. a.lack of b.overactive c.incorrect d.None of the answers are correct.

C

Before the entire muscle can change length, the force generated by the muscle must stretch the a. eccentric contractile elements b. parallel elastic elements c. series elastic elements d. contractile elements

C

Cell membranes are said to be... a. impermeable barrier. b. freely permeable barrier. c. selectively permeable barrier. d. only permeable to water soluble molecules. e. None of the answers are correct.

C

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, a.the stomach responds to distention. b.secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells. c.there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach. d.the intestine reflexively inhibits gastric emptying. e.production of gastric juice slows down.

C

During ventricular systole, a.the atria are contracting. b.blood is entering the ventricles. c.the AV valves are closed. d.the pressure in the ventricles declines. e.the ventricles are relaxed.

C

ECGs a.provide direct information about the heart function. b.are most useful in diagnosing heart murmurs. c.show the summed electrical potentials generated by all cells of the heart. d.have two major components: waves and nodes. e.measure the mechanical activity of the heart.

C

Enzymatic digestion of fats involves ________, which breaks down ________. a.amylase, carbohydrates b.bile, cholesterol c.lipase, triglycerides d.pepsin, proteins

C

Exocytosis of secretory products from neuron terminals is triggered by the entry of ____ into the ____. a. K+, cytosol b. Na+, ECF c. Ca2+, cytosol d. ATP, plasma membrane e. A-, ECF

C

For each NADH molecule that moves through the electron transport system, what is the potential yield of ATP molecules? a.1 b.2 c.2.5 d.3.5 e.4

C

Functions of the large intestine include a.chemical digestion of chyme. b.temporary food storage. c.absorption of water and compaction of feces. d.absorption of most products of digestion. e.All of these answers are correct.

C

Gametes are produced by a.internal genitalia. b.external genitalia. c.gonads. d.autosomes. e.sex chromosomes.

C

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to... a. prevent the external environment from changing. b. prevent the internal environment from changing. c. quickly restore changed conditions to normal. d. ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest. e. prevent excessive blood loss.

C

If 20% of the air is composed of O2, the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude of 20,000 feet where atmospheric pressure is 350 mm Hg is a.20 mm Hg b.760 mm Hg c.70 mm Hg d.350 mm Hg e.152 mm Hg

C

If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to... a. synthesize lipids. b. produce enzymes. c. digest cellular wastes and bacteria. d. destroy H2O2. e. transport water-soluble molecules.

C

If a person is in bed for several days, the baroreceptor reflex may fail upon standing. Why? a.Blood pools in the feet and legs. b.There is decreased blood flow to the brain. c.The kidneys have decreased the blood volume. d.Blood pools in the feet and legs and there is decreased blood flow to the brain. e.All of the statements are correct.

C

If the alveolar is 100 mm Hg, the blood leaving the pulmonary capillaries in a normal person will have a of a.40 mm Hg b.46 mm Hg c.100 mm Hg d.760 mm Hg e.none of these

C

Immunoglobulins that attach to mast cells and are involved in allergic reactions are a.IgA. b.IgD. c.IgE. d.IgG. e.IgM.

C

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are a.immunodeficiency diseases. b.autoimmune diseases. c.allergies. d.the result of stress. e.common in the elderly.

C

Information stored in the nucleus is translated into a.carbohydrates. b.lipids. c.proteins. d.phospholipids. e.None of the answers are correct.

C

Information stored in the nucleus is translated into... a. carbohydrates. b. lipids. c. proteins. d. phospholipids. e. None of the answers are correct.

C

Insulin secretion a.is stimulated by sympathetic neurons. b.decreases in response to elevated amino acid concentrations. c.is stimulated by parasympathetic neurons. d.is inhibited by GLP-1. e.None of these answers are correct.

C

Interneurons are found a.only in the brain. b.only in the spinal cord. c.only in the CNS. d.throughout the nervous system. e.only in spinal nerves.

C

Most products of fat digestion are absorbed by a.capillaries. b.veins. c.lymphatic vessels. d.arterioles

C

Nicotinic receptors a.respond to epinephrine. b.respond to norepinephrine. c.open chemically-gated sodium ion channels. d.can be either excitatory or inhibitory in function. e.are found at synaptic junctions of the sympathetic nervous system.

C

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the a.lateral gray horns of the cervical cord. b.anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. c.lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. d.anterior gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. e.lateral gray horns of T1 to S2 of the spinal cord.

C

Receptors a.experience action potentials in response to stimuli b.receive signals from the afferent division of the PNS c.can initiate action potentials in afferent neurons d.sends efferent information to the CNS e.perform all of the above

C

Receptors that monitor blood pressure are called ________. a.mechanoreceptors b.chemoreceptors c.baroreceptors

C

Rugae, plicae, and villi are all features that accomplish a.secretion of enzymes. b.secretion of hormones. c.an increase in surface area. d.immune function. e.mechanical digestion.

C

Sensory encoding of the perceived location of a stimulus depends on a.the frequency of action potentials. b.which labeled line is active. c.the specific location of the cortical neuron that is stimulated. d.the specific sensitivity of the peripheral receptor. e.the number of receptors stimulated.

C

Several blood-borne chemicals affect the lumen size of arterioles. Which are NOT paired correctly? a.kinins - vasodilation b.histamine - vasodilation c.serotonin - vasodilation d.epinephrine - vasoconstriction with alpha receptors

C

Slow waves originate in modified smooth muscle cells called a.mucous cells. b.smooth muscle sphincters. c.interstitial cells of Cajal. d.goblet cells.

C

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls. a.nociceptors b.chemoreceptors c.baroreceptors d.elasticeptors

C

The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ________. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a ________. a. proteolysis, phosphatase b. phosphorylation, phosphatase c. proteolysis, kinase d. phosphorylation, kinase

C

The brain neurotransmitter that is an important stimulus for food intake is a.ghrelin. b.leptin. c.neuropeptide Y. d.orexin. e.insulin.

C

The cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the a.B lymphocytes. b.plasma cells. c.T lymphocytes. d.suppressor T lymphocytes.

C

The concentration gradient for a. K+ favors its movement into the ICF b. Na+ favors its movement out of the cytosol c. K+ and Na+ are maintained by active transport d. Na+ opposes the electrical gradient for Na+ e. Cl- favors its movement out of the cytosol

C

The falling phase of the action potential is due primarily to a.Na+ flow in the cell only. b.Na+ flow out of the cell only. c.K+ flow out of the cell only. d.K+ flow into the cell only. e.Na+ flow out of the cell and K+ flow into the cell.

C

The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1. tissue 2. cell 3. organ 4. molecule 5. organism 6. organ system The correct order from the smallest to the largest is... a. 2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5 b. 4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5. c. 4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5. d. 4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5. e. 6, 4, 5, 2, 3, 1.

C

The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in a.preventing overstretching of the cells. b.enhancing the efficiency of oxygen use by the cells. c.preventing tetanus. d.preventing fibrillation. e.regulating Ca2+ availability to the cells.

C

The inner lining of blood vessels is called a.endocardium. b.endoangium. c.endothelium. d.basal lamina. e.endostatin.

C

The lymphatic system a.has heart-like pumps called lymph node b.stores blood when circulatory demand is low. c.empties the lymph vessels into the veins near the collarbones. d.can be removed without health consequences. e.All of the answers are correct.

C

The means by which a cell transports large molecules out of the cell is called a.phagocytosis. b.endocytosis. c.exocytosis. d.diffusion. e.active transport.

C

The minimum volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration is termed the a.tidal volume b.functional residual capacity c.residual volume d.vital capacity e.None of the above

C

The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the a.arterioles. b.venules. c.capillaries. d.arterioles and capillaries. e.venules and capillaries.

C

The posterior pituitary gland secretes a. TSH b. MSH c. ADH d. FSH e. ACTH

C

The role of the pituitary hormone FSH in males is to a.stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone. b.stimulate the Sertoli cells to produce inhibin. c.initiate sperm production in the testes. d.develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics. e.influence sexual behaviors and sex drive.

C

The smaller the receptive fields in a region a. the lower the density of receptors in the region b. the lower the sensory acuity in the region c. the better two-point discriminations d. all of the above e. only a and b are true

C

The smaller the receptive fields in a region, a.the lower the density of receptors in the region b.the lower the acuity in the region c.the more likely of feeling two separate stimuli occurring close together on the skin d.all of the above will be true e.only a and b will be true

C

The specificity of an antibody is determined by a.the fixed segment. b.the antigenic determinants. c.the variable region. d.the size of the antibody. e.the antibody class.

C

The total amount of neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal is directly related to a.the amplitude of the action potential. b.the length of the axon. c.the total number of action potentials. d.the amplitude of the graded potential.

C

The vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in the circulatory system, and that contribute more than 60% of the total resistance, are the a.muscular arteries. b.elastic arteries. c.arterioles. d.venules. e.veins.

C

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the a.end-diastolic volume. b.end-systolic volume. c.stroke volume. d.cardiac output. e.cardiac reserve.

C

These glial cells act as scavengers. a.Schwann cells b.astrocytes c.microglia d.oligodendrocytes e.ependymal cells

C

This protein is activated by the Ca2+ calmodulin complex to phosphorylate the myosin light chain protein a. tropomyosin b. myosin heavy chain c. myosin light chain kinase d. myosin light chain phosphatase

C

Tonic receptors a.adapt rapidly b.frequently exhibit an "off-response" c.can measure the degree of joint flexion d.exhibit all of the above characteristics e.exhibit none of the above characteristics

C

Urine is produced by the a.gallbladder. b.urinary bladder. c.kidney. d.ureter. e.urethra.

C

Ventricular contraction a.begins during the first part of the P wave. b.begins just after the T wave. c.begins just after the Q wave. d.begins during the latter part of the P wave. e.None of the answers are correct.

C

What loss would result from cutting through the medial lemniscus on the right side? a.loss of pain sensation on the left side of the body b.loss of pain sensation on the right side of the body c.loss of fine touch sensation on the left side of the body d.loss of fine touch sensation on the right side of the body e.complete hemiplegia (paralysis) on the left side of the body

C

When a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder a.can be returned to the circulation directly. b.can be returned to the circulation after moving back into the kidneys. c.will still be expelled from the body in the urine.

C

When an enzyme is working as fast as it can because its active site is continually refilled with substrate, the condition is referred to as a.allosteric modulation. b.equilibrium. c.saturation. d.the Ricardo-Mertz phenomenon. e.specificity.

C

When more action potentials arrive at the axon terminal, how is the postsynaptic cell affected? a. NT release increases, but does not change the graded potentials b. NT release does not change, thus the postsynaptic cell behaves the same way c. NT release increases, thereby increasing the frequency or magnitude of graded potentials in the postsynaptic cell d. Voltages applied to the postsynaptic cell increases

C

When the immune system creates a response that is overblown in relation to the threat it has been exposed to, the response is called an a.autoimmune response. b.immunodeficiency. c.allergic reaction.

C

Which body fluid compartment contains high levels of K+, large anions, and proteins? a.plasma only b.interstitial fluid only c.intracellular fluid only d.both plasma and intracellular fluid e.both plasma and interstitial fluid

C

Which is characteristic of fast pain? a.poorly localized b.occurs upon stimulation of polymodal nociceptors c.impulses carried along myelinated fibers d.persists for a long period of time e.produces burning sensation

C

Which of the following decreases Hb's affinity for oxygen? a.increased blood pH b.low partial pressure for CO2 c.high BPG d.high partial pressure for O2 e.decreased concentration of H+

C

Which of the following diffuse modulatory systems is believed to mediate awareness, attention, and arousal? a. serotonin (5-HT) b. dopamine (DA) c. norepinephrine (NE) d. acetylcholine (ACh) e. GABA

C

Which of the following have antagonistic effects on the same second messenger pathway? a. alpha 1/ alpha 2 b. alpha 1 / beta 2 c. alpha 2 / beta 2 d. beta 1 / beta 2

C

Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? a.fatty acids b.steroids c.proteins d.lipids e.All are synthesized in the SER.

C

Which of the following is NOT involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron? a.diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell b.diffusion of sodium ions into the cell c.resting membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions d.resting membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions

C

Which of the following is the most common location where action potentials originate? a.dendrites b.cell body c.axon hillock d.synaptic cleft e.synaptic bouton

C

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE? a.It is normally equal to zero volts. b.The inside of the membrane is positively charged compared to the outside. c.It results, in part, from the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+. d.It is due in part to the presence of extracellular proteins.

C

Which of the following types of the sensory nerve fibers has the fastest transmission rate of action potentials? a. type C b. type A gamma c. types A beta d. type A delta

C

Which of the following would you expect in response to metabolic acidosis? a. activation of type B intercalated cells b. more alkaline urine c. increased reabsorption of bicarbonate d. decreased respiratory rate

C

Which substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes? a.air b.water c.acid d.enzymes e.base

C

Which would NOT cause an increase in blood pressure? a.an increase in arterial resistance b.a decrease in arterial diameter c.a decrease in cardiac output d.an increase in sympathetic activity

C

ACTH

CRH

What hormone stimulate gluconeogenesis?

Cortisol

A doctor places drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils for an examination. The type of drug that is used is a(n) ________ drug. 1. sympathomimetic 2. parasympathomimetic 3. adrenergic activating 4. cholinergic activating a.1, 2 b.3 c.4 d.1, 3 e.2, 4

D

A scorpion sting contains a toxin that specifically blocks voltage gated potassium channels on post-ganglionic PSNS neurons. What would be the most likely effect of this toxin? a. increase NE b. decrease NE c. increase ACh d. decrease ACh

D

A substance that induces fever is known as a(n) a.opsonin. b.chemotaxin. c.acute phase protein. d.pyrogen. e.cytokine.

D

A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell lasts ________ millisecond(s). a.less than 1 b.1-5 c.50-100 d.at least 200 e.at least 500

D

ATP synthase transfers the ________ energy of the H+ ions to the high-energy phosphate bond of ________. a.potential, NADH b.potential, ATP c.kinetic, NADH d.kinetic, ATP e.None of the answers are correct.

D

According to Fick's law of diffusion, which of the following changes would decrease the rate of net diffusion of X across the membrane? a. An increase in the X's concentration gradient b. An increase in the permeability of the membrane to X c. An increase in the surface area of the membrane d. An increase in the thickness of the membrane e. A decrease in the size of X

D

According to the gate theory of pain a. nonpainful stimuli can diminish the pain signal b. with strong pain, C fiber activation stops inhibition of the pathway c. pain can be modulated by simultaneous sensory input d. all of the above

D

An increase in plasma potassium levels is properly called a.hypernatremia. b.hyperpotassemia. c.hyperpotasseplasmia. d.hyperkalemia. e.hypercalcemia.

D

Angiostatin and endostatin may be useful in the treatment of a.myocardial infarction. b.hypertension. c.hypotension. d.cancer. e.vasovagal syncope.

D

Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others. a. hydrophilic b. a physical barrier c. structural d. selectively permeable e. metabolically active

D

Coding of sensory information may result from a. the intensity of the stimuli b. the location of the stimuli c. the stimulus modality d. all of the above e. a and c only

D

Compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is a.at least 10 times faster. b.at least twice as fast. c.about the same. d.much slower. e.impossible to predict without more information.

D

Compared to skeletal muscle, contraction of smooth muscle cells is a. a slower response to a stimulus b. sustained without fatigue c. controlled by the somatic nervous system d. a slower response to a stimulus and sustained without fatigue e. a slower response to a stimulus and sustained without fatigue, and controlled by the somatic nervous system

D

During inspiration, a.intra-alveolar pressure falls below atmospheric pressure. b.the diaphragm contracts. c.the internal intercostal muscles contract. d.conditions a and b exist e.conditions a, b, and c exist

D

During the plateau phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, which ion(s) is/are crossing the membrane? a.Ca2+ only b.K+ only c.Na+ only d.both Ca2+ and K+ e.both Na+ and K+

D

Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true except one. Identify the exception. a. The mitochondrial cristae form the inner membrane forming separate compartments. b. The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. c. The intermembrane space plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production. d. The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA. e. The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

D

Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true except one. Identify the exception. a.The mitochondrial cristae form the inner membrane forming separate compartments. b.The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. c.The intermembrane space plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production. d.The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA. e.The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

D

Endorphins and enkephalins a.are endogenous morphine-like substances b.are important in the body's natural analgesic system c.stimulate the release of substance P by binding with opiate receptors d.exhibit both a and b characteristics e.exhibit both a and c characteristics

D

Gated channels for sodium ions may include a.mechanical gates, which respond to pressure. b.chemical gates, which respond to ligands. c.voltage gates, which respond to electrical signals. d.All of the answers are correct. e.None of the answers are correct.

D

Heat loss is promoted by a.sweating. b.dilation of cutaneous blood vessels. c.nonshivering thermogenesis. d.sweating and dilation of cutaneous blood vessels. e.sweating, dilation of cutaneous blood vessels, and nonshivering thermogenesis.

D

If channels are permeable to a.Na+ only b.K+ only c.Ca2+ only d.Na+ and K+ e.Ca2+ and K+

D

Immunoglobulins that attach to mast cells and are involved in allergic reactions are a.IgA. b.IgD. c.IgE. d.IgG. e.IgM.

D

In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must a.be phagocytized by the lymphocyte. b.enter the cytoplasm of the lymphocyte. c.bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. d.bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte membrane. e.depolarize the lymphocyte.

D

Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from peripheral tissues to the liver are called a.very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). b.low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). c.intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs). d.high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). e.very high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs).

D

Lymphocytes and plasma cells a.mediate the acquired immune response. b.are found primarily in lymphoid tissue. c.all function and behave the same way. d.mediate the acquired immune response and are found primarily in lymphoid tissue. e.mediate the acquired immune response, are found primarily in lymphoid tissue, and all function and behave the same way.

D

Lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or body cells infected with viruses are a.B lymphocytes. b.plasma cells. c.helper T cells. d.cytotoxic T cells. e.suppressor T cells.

D

Myelin is formed by a.axons only. b.Schwann cells only. c.oligodendrocytes only. d.Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.

D

Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both a.are released by neurons. b.affect only cells with a specific receptor. c.travel in the blood to their target cell. d.are released by neurons and affect only cells with specific receptors. e.are produced by all cells.

D

Osmotic pressure resulting from presence of plasma proteins in blood is called ________ pressure. a.oncotic b.colloid osmotic c.hydrostatic d.oncotic and colloid osmotic e.colloid osmotic and hydrostatic

D

Paracrine feedback from the ________ in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of ________. a.sympathetic neurons, epinephrine b.granular cells, renin c.liver, angiotensinogen d.macula densa, renin

D

Phasic receptors a.exhibit an "off-response" b.signal a change in stimulus intensity c.are rapidly adapting receptors d.exhibit all of the above characteristics e.exhibit none of the above characteristics

D

Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called a.nociceptors. b.chemoreceptors. c.baroreceptors. d.proprioceptors. e.thermoreceptors.

D

Relaxation of the antagonistic muscle group during a movement is accomplished by a. lateral inhibition b. labeled-line coding c. rhythmic excitation d. reciprocal inhibition e. alpha gamma co-activation

D

Sister chromatids a.are found in cells called primary gametes. b.contain twice the normal amount of DNA. c.occur during ovum formation. d.are found in cells called primary gametes and contain twice the normal amount of DNA. e.are found in cells called primary gametes, contain twice the normal amount of DNA, and occur during ovum formation.

D

Smooth muscle is present in the walls of a.veins only. b.arteries only. c.muscular arteries only. d.all vessel types except capillaries and venules. e.all vessel types.

D

Stem cells that will form T lymphocytes are modified in the a.bone marrow. b.liver. c.spleen. d.thymus. e.kidneys.

D

Symptoms of low plasma pH may include a.CNS depression only. b.confusion and disorientation only. c.numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches only. d.CNS depression and confusion and disorientation. e.CNS depression; confusion and disorientation; and numbness, tingling, or muscle twitches.

D

Tariq suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which drug mechanism might help his problem? A drug that a.stimulates α1 receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. b.blocks α2 receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. c.stimulates cAMP formation in cardiac muscle tissue. d.blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue. e.blocks muscarinic receptors in cardiac muscle tissue.

D

Technically, the kidneys are located a.in the thoracic cavity. b.in the abdominal cavity. c.behind the pleural membranes. d.behind the peritoneal membrane. e.in the pelvic cavity.

D

Tetrodotoxin is a toxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. What effect does this substance have on the function of neurons? a. neurons depolarize more rapidly b. action potentials lack a repolarization phase c. the absolute refractory period is shorter than normal d. the neuron is not able to propagate action potentials e. the toxin does not interfere with neuron functions

D

Thalamic neurons that project to the primary sensory cortex are ________ neurons. a.receptor b.first-order c.second-order d.third-order e.fourth-order

D

The Nernst equation predicts a.intracellular ion concentrations. b.extracellular ion concentrations. c.the membrane potential resulting from all permeable ions. d.the membrane potential resulting from permeability to a single ion. e.the threshold membrane potential.

D

The ________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes, but NOT of nutrients. a.mouth b.stomach c.small intestine d.large intestine e.None of the answers are correct.

D

The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ________. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a ________. a. proteolysis, phosphatase b. phosphorylation, phosphatase c. proteolysis, kinase d. phosphorylation, kinase

D

The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ________. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a ________. a.proteolysis, phosphatase b.phosphorylation, phosphatase c.proteolysis, kinase d.phosphorylation, kinase

D

The afferent and efferent axons together form the a.central nervous system. b.autonomic division system. c.somatic motor division of the nervous system. d.peripheral nervous system. e.visceral nervous system.

D

The brain has a ________ (high or low?) demand for oxygen, and receives about ________% of the total blood volume in circulation. a.hig, 35 b.low, 35 c.low, 15 d.high, 15 e.high, 50

D

The conversion of stimuli into neuron potentials a.requires an adequate level of stimulus b.is called transduction c.stems from generation of receptor potentials d.all of these e.none of these

D

The end of the plateau phase is due to the ________ of Ca2+ channels and ________ of K+ channels. a.opening, opening b.closing, closing c.opening, closing d.closing, opening

D

The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combination of ________ K+ permeability and ________ Ca2+ permeability. a.increasing, increasing b.decreasing, decreasing c.increasing, decreasing d.decreasing, increasing

D

The hormone that is released to enhance the fight-or-flight response is a. thyroid hormone b. prolactin c. oxytocin d. epinephrine e. antidiuretic hormone

D

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually a.cAMP. b.cGMP. c.adenylyl cyclase. d.a G protein. e.calcium.

D

The loss of heat energy by vaporizing water is called a. radiation b. conduction c. convection d. evaporation e. transmission

D

The posterior pituitary gland secretes a.FSH. b.TSH. c.ACTH. d.ADH (Vasopressin). e.MSH.

D

The primary osmoreceptors are located in the a.pons. b.kidney. c.stomach. d.hypothalamus. e.medulla.

D

The release of many GI tract hormones is stimulated by a particular food or substance. Which hormone is INCORRECTLY paired with its stimulus? a.CCK — fatty foods b.secretin — acid in the small intestine c.GIP — glucose in the small intestine d.motilin — acid in the stomach e.gastrin — peptides and amino acids

D

Which of these results in a REDUCED molecule? a.loss of phosphate b.gain of phosphate c.loss of electrons d.gain of electrons

D

The resting membrane potential results from a.uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane only. b.differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ only. c.activity of the sodium/potassium pump only. d.uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability to Na+ and K+. e.None of the answers are correct.

D

The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the a.fasciculus gracilis. b.fasciculus cuneatus. c.spinocerebellar. d.spinothalamic. e.thalamocortical

D

The type of protein found in gap junctions is the a.claudin. b.occludin. c.cadherin. d.connexin. e.integrin.

D

These cells are important for myelination in the peripheral nervous system a. astrocytes b. microglia c. oligodendrocytes d. Schwann cells e. satellites cells

D

Thirst is a.controlled by centers in the hypothalamus. b.stimulated by decreased osmolarity. c.relieved only when plasma osmolarity is increased. d.controlled by centers in the hypothalamus and stimulated by increased osmolarity. e.controlled by centers in the hypothalamus, stimulated by increased osmolarity, and relieved only when plasma osmolarity is decreased.

D

Two-thirds of water and sodium reabsorption in the nephron always occurs in the a. descending LOH b. ascending LOH c. collecting duct d. proximal convoluted tubule e. distal convoluted tubule

D

Typically, when steroid hormones bind to their receptors, a.adenylyl cyclase is activated. b.cyclic nucleotides are formed. c.G proteins are inhibited. d.gene transcription may increase or decrease. e.protein kinases are activated.

D

What stops the rising phase of the action potential? a. K+ gate closes b. Na+ activation gate opens c. Na+ inactivation gate opens d. Na+ inactivation gate closes e. the sodium activation gate closes

D

When an antigen complex is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a a.B cell. b.plasma cell. c.helper T cell. d.cytotoxic T cell. e.NK cell.

D

When comparing action potentials to graded potentials, an/two important distinguishing characteristics is/are a. graded potentials can undergo summation b. action potentials can undergo summation c. the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period d. graded potentials can undergo summation and the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period e. not the right answer

D

When the diaphragm contracts, a.the volume of the thoracic cavity increases b.lung volume increases as the lungs are forced to expand c.the intra-alveolar pressure increases d.both a and b occur e.a, b, and c occur

D

When the neuron is at rest, which statements are true? a. the activation gate is closed b. the inactivation gate is open c. no Na+ crosses the membrane is the only observation d. the activation gate is closed and the inactivation gate is open e. the activation gate is closed and no Na+ crosses the membrane

D

When voltage-gated Na+ channels of a resting neuron open, a.Na+ enters the neuron. b.Na+ leaves the neuron. c.the neuron depolarizes. d.Na+ enters the neuron and the neuron depolarizes. e.Na+ leaves the neuron and the neuron depolarizes.

D

When you lose your balance and begin to fall, you try and catch yourself. This reflex is called a. stretch b. tendon c. flexion d. crossed extensor e. reciprocal

D

Which brain area is considered to be a key integrating center for homeostasis? a. thalamus b. pituitary gland c. brain stem d. hypothalamus e. medulla

D

Which effector is not dually innervated? a.salivary glands b.urinary bladder c.pancreas d.radial muscle of iris e.bronchioles in lungs

D

Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier? a.glomerular capillary endothelium b.basement membrane c.Bowman's capsule epithelium d.juxtaglomerular apparatus

D

Which of the following acts as the earliest form of defense against exogenous pathogens in the list? a.inflammation b.lymphocytes c.macrophages d.skin

D

Which of the following can be measured to determine a person's metabolic rate? a.only heat released from body in sealed chamber b.only oxygen consumed by body in sealed chamber c.only carbon dioxide produced by body in sealed chamber d.heat released from body in sealed chamber, oxygen consumed by body in sealed chamber, and carbon dioxide produced by body in sealed chamber e.None of these answers are correct.

D

Which of the following is/are sometimes called "prickling pain"? a.mechanical damage b.proprioception c.extremes of temperature d.fast pain e.fast and slow pain

D

Which of the following promotes elastic recoil of the lungs? a.Elastic fibers in the lung b.Surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli c.Pulmonary surfactant d.Both a and b e.All of the above

D

Which of the following statements is true? a.A basolateral GLUT5 transporter moves glucose out of the intestinal epithelial cell. b.Fructose moves across the apical membrane by active transport. c.Glucose and galactose use different transporters in absorption. d.Glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical Na+-glucose SGLT symporter. e.None of the statements are true.

D

Which of these will increase the heart rate? a.only sympathetic stimulation to the SA node b.only the application of epinephrine to the SA node c.only the application of acetylcholine to the SA node d.both sympathetic stimulation and application of epinephrine to the SA node e.both sympathetic stimulation and application of acetylcholine to the SA node

D

Which type of receptor binds norepinephrine on cardiac muscle, thus increasing cardiac activity? a.cholinergic b.nicotinic c.alpha d.beta-1 e.beta-2

D

_____ is the backup energy molecule that can be rapidly converted to ATP in active skeletal muscle a. protein b. glucose c. fatty acid d. phospocreatine

D

________ capillaries are very porous and allow high volumes of fluids to pass through them, whereas ________ capillaries consist of more tightly joined cells that allow selective materials to pass. a.Fenestrated, transcytotic b.Continuous, fenestrated c.Transcytotic, continuous d.Fenestrated, continuous e.Transcytotic, fenestrated

D

________ is the immunoglobulin class that comprises 75% of antibodies in adult blood. a.IgA b.IgD c.IgE d.IgG e.IgM

D

________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. a. Nuclear b. Transmembrane c. Cytoskeletal d. Peripheral e. Glycolipid

D

________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. a.Nuclear b.Transmembrane c.Cytoskeletal d.Peripheral e.Glycolipid

D

Lipophilic hormones a.bind to receptors on the surface of the cell. b.function by way of a second messenger system. c.cannot diffuse through the cell membrane. d.bind to receptors inside the cytoplasm or nucleus. e.function by activating cAMP.

D - NOT SURE

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors. a.nicotinic cholinergic b.muscarinic cholinergic c.alpha-1 adrenergic d.alpha-2 adrenergic e.beta-1 adrenergic

E

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood is a.cortisol. b.parathormone. c.thymosin. d.somatotropin. e.aldosterone.

E

A zygote with the genotype XO will a.develop into a female. b.have Turner's syndrome. c.develop into a male. d.die. e.develop into a female and have Turner's syndrome.

E

Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to a.body temperature. b.emotional responses. c.blood oxygen levels. d.body temperature and emotional responses. e.body temperature, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels.

E

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in a.propriospinal tracts. b.ventral root ganglia. c.ventral horns. d.dorsal horns. e.dorsal root ganglia.

E

Diacylglycerol is produced from a.cyclic AMP. b.phospholipase C. c.a G protein. d.protein kinase A. e.phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.

E

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase ion flow through ________ channels. a.Na+ only b.K+ only c.Ca2+ only d.If only e.If and Ca2+

E

Expiratory neurons a.are found in both the DRG and VRG b.send impulses to the expiratory muscles during normal quiet breathing c.are stimulated by the phrenic nerve d.are stimulated by the apneustic area e.are inactive during quiet breathing

E

Glial cells a.only provide structural and metabolic support. b.only guide neurons during growth and repair. c.only help maintain homeostasis of the brain's extracellular fluid. d.provide structural and metabolic support and help maintain homeostasis of the brain's extracellular fluid. e.All of the answers are correct.

E

Identify the true statement(s): a.NE causes most blood vessels to constrict. b.ACh causes the pancreas to release glucagon c.Binding of a neurotransmitter to a beta-1 receptor on the heart would result in a faster heart rate. d.Both a and b are true e.Both a and c are true

E

If 20% of the air is composed of O2, the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level where atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg is a.20 mm Hg b.760 mm Hg c.70 mm Hg d.350 mm Hg e.152 mm Hg

E

Immunoglobulins that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are a.IgA. b.IgD. c.IgE. d.IgG. e.IgM.

E

In addition to gas exchange, the respiratory system plays a key role in a.enhancing venous return b.water and temperature balance c.body defense d.enhancing venous return and body defense e.all of the above

E

In most excitable cells, the rising phase of the action potential is due to a. calcium efflux b. potassium efflux c. chloride influx d. potassium influx e. sodium influx

E

In order to cause vasodilation of most vascular smooth muscle, a.acetylcholine combines with nicotinic receptors. b.acetylcholine combines with muscarinic receptors. c.norepinephrine combines with alpha receptors. d.norepinephrine combines with β1 receptors. e.sympathetic stimulation is removed.

E

Insulin affects liver hepatocytes by increasing a. glycogenolysis b. expression of GLUT2 c. lipolysis d. gluconeogenesis e. glycogenesis

E

Intermediate filaments a. provide the cell with strength. b. stabilize the position of organelles. c. transport materials within the cytoplasm. d. form the neurofilaments in nerve cells. e. All of the answers are correct.

E

Lymphoid tissues include a.thymus. b.bone marrow. c.lymph nodes. d.spleen. e.All of the answers are correct.

E

Microtubules a. are composed of tubulin. b. are hollow, filamentous structures. c. form cilia that aid in cell movement. d. are the largest cytoplasmic fibers. e. All of the answers are correct.

E

Microtubules a.are composed of tubulin. b.are hollow, filamentous structures. c.form cilia that aid in cell movement. d.are the largest cytoplasmic fibers. e.All of the answers are correct.

E

Molecules that attract immune cells are known as a.interferons. b.lysozymes. c.antigens. d.opsonins. e.chemotaxins.

E

Most products of fat digestion are absorbed by a.capillaries. b.veins. c.lymphatic vessels. d.arterioles

E

Phosphate groups may be transferred from one molecule to another during a.hydrolysis reactions only. b.addition reactions only. c.dehydration reactions only. d.exchange reactions only. e.addition and exchange reactions.

E

Pulmonary surfactant a.is secreted by Type II alveolar cells b.decreases surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli c.resists elastic recoil of the lungs d.is a combination of lipids and proteins e.has all of the above characteristics

E

in the blood is a.the pressure exerted by the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood b.the most important factor determining the percent saturation of hemoglobin c.normal in carbon monoxide poisoning d.only a and b e.a, b, and c

E

Regarding the cardiovascular system, the main role(s) of the kidneys is/are to a.restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure. b.minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure. c.reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure. d.restore lost fluid to the blood and therefore raise blood pressure, and minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure. e.minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure, and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure.

E

Saliva secretion is primarily a result of a.increased sympathetic stimulation. b.decreased parasympathetic stimulation. c.increased somatic motor stimulation. d.decreased somatic motor stimulation. e.increased parasympathetic stimulation.

E

Steroid hormones are synthesized in the _____ of the cell a. rough ER b. nucleus c. mitochondria d. golgi apparatus e. smooth ER

E

Stretching a myocardial cell a.only decreases the force of a contraction. b.only allows more Ca2+ to enter. c.only increases the force of contraction. d.decreases the force of a contraction and allows more Ca2+ to enter. e.allows more Ca2+ to enter and increases the force of a contraction.

E

The parasympathetic nervous system a.has long preganglionic fibers that end on terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ b.dominates in quiet, relaxed situations c.releases a postganglionic neurotransmitter that binds with muscarinic receptors d.has neurons that display nicotinic receptors e.has all of the above characteristics

E

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and metabolism in many tissues is a.ACTH. b.MSH. c.prolactin. d.insulin. e.somatotropin.

E

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is a.TSH. b.ACTH. c.growth hormone. d.FSH. e.prolactin

E

The primary problem in hyperkalemia is a. neurons are harder to excite b. the neurons are hyperexcitable because their resting potential is closer to threshold c. neurons respond too quickly to smaller graded potentials d. a and c e. b and c

E

The process of disassembling fatty acids into two-carbon units inside mitochondria is called a.oxidative phosphorylation. b.deamination. c.ketonization. d.chemiosmosis. e.beta-oxidation.

E

The process of glycogen formation is known as a. glycolysis b. gluconeogenesis c. cellular respiration d. glycemia e. glycogenesis

E

The suprarenal medullae secrete a.medullin. b.epinephrine. c.norepinephrine. d.renin. e.both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

E

The sympathetic nervous system a.releases NE from most of its preganglionic neurons b.has some postganglionic fibers that release acetylcholine c.has preganglionic neurons that originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord d.has characteristics a and b e.has characteristics b and c

E

This type of muscarinic receptor influences post-synaptic cells by formation of IP3 and DAG a. M1 b. M2 c. M3 d. both a and b e. both a and c

E

Water will ALWAYS move from ________ areas to ________ areas, even if the membrane is permeable to solutes. a.hyperosmotic, isosmotic b.hypertonic, hypotonic c.hyperosmotic, hyposmotic d.hyperosmotic, hyposmotic e.hypotonic, hypertonic

E

What do mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone do? a. stimulate release of growth hormone b. play a role in glucose metabolism c. impact sexuality and libido d. reduce blood sugar levels e. influence electrolyte balance

E

What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer in the cellular membrane? a. the absorption of fats only b. the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules only c. to provide a framework for membrane proteins only d. to carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment only e. the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins

E

What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer in the cellular membrane? a.the absorption of fats only b.the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules only c.to provide a framework for membrane proteins only d.to carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment only e.the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins

E

Which of the following immune cells are also known as Langerhans cells? a.basophils b.eosinophils c.mast cells d.lymphocytes e.dendritic cells

E

Which of the following is/are (a) possible treatment(s) for hypertension? a.calcium channel blockers b.ACE inhibitors c.ANP blockers d.chloride leak channel blockers e.calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors

E

Which of the following molecules can move across the phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion? a.lipids b.steroids c.water d.lipids and water e.All of the answers are correct.

E

Which of the following will cause an IPSP in a post synaptic cell a. influx of Cl- b. influx of Na+ c. influx of K+ d. efflux of K+ e. both a and d

E

________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system. a.Veins b.Venules c.Capillaries d.Arterioles e.Arteries

E

T/F The parathyroid hormone enhances kidney Ca2+ excretion

F

Growth hormone

GHRH

FSH

GnRH

LH

GnRH

Osteoclast precursors stem from what cell type?

Macrophage stem cells

T/F The apical membrane contains H+ ATPase pumps on the Type A intercalated cells

T

Prolactin

PrRP

Osteoblasts are in control of osteoclast activity by adjusting the ratio of what molecules?

RANK-L and OPG

Amylases, the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, are secreted by

Salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine

Gastrin

Stimulates HCl secretion

Secretin

Stimulates bicarbonate secretion

Cholecystokinin

Stimulates gall gladder contraction

GLP-1

Stimulates insulin release

Growth hormone hypersecretion after aldosterone produces what condition?

acromegaly

Lipoproteins that are formed within the intestinal epithelium to transfer dietary fats into circulation are called

chylomicrons

What two factors that influence plasma cortisol concentrations?

diurnal rhythm and stress

Which of the following is NOT an action or cortisol?

increases Ca2+ intestinal reabsorption

ANP acts on its target tissue to accomplish...

inhibition of aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

ACTH is synthesized from a large glycoprotein called

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Mucus functions in

protection and lubrication

Bile is

secreted by hepatocytes only

The filtration coefficient (Kf) used to calculate the GFR is determined by:

slit surface area and filtration barrier permeability

The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin which functions to

stimulate hunger

Chemical digestion refers to

the enzymatic breakdown of food

What enzyme is responsible for conjugation of iodine to thyroglobulin?

thyroid peroxidase