Physiology Lab

connective tissue of the dermis is: hyaline cartilage is found in: fibrocartilage is found in :

1) areolar (loose) 2) trachea, bronchi, nose, ribs, sternum ( 3) symphysis pubis and invertebrate discs (reinforced w/ collagen to resist compression)

examples of connective tissues?

1. cartillage- gives strength + elasticity based on semi-solid matrix 2. blood- fluid matrix (plasma) that suspends and transports blood cells 3. bone- matrix surround ostocytes, and is impregnated w/ calcium phosphate

lower-power objective lens = high-dry power objective lens= oil immersion objective lens =

100 x magnification (10x10) 450 x mag (10x45) 1000 x mag (10x100)

weight of 1 cubic centimeter of water @ max density= temp @ which wate freezes (C)= unit of volume equal to 0.001 cubic meter=

= 1 g 0 C 1 L

The ________ test involves stimulation aof ascending + descending spinal cord tracts.

Babinski; plantar reflex test - requires uninterrupted conduction of nerve impulses along the pyramidal motor tracts, which descend directly from cerebral motor cortex to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord.

compare the neural pathway involved in a muscle stretch reflex w/ that of the plantar (Babinski) reflex:

In a muscle stretch reflex, the synapse b/t the sensory & motor neuron is only at the level of the spinal cord. In the Babinski reflex, the sensory info travels all the way up to sensory cortex by the lumber region of the spinal cord, and then the efferent motor pathways descend from the brain back down to the cord, then to the effector muscle.

define isotonic-

[] of osmotically active solutes is the same on both sides

define osmotic pressure

a measure of the ability of a solution to "pull in" water from another solution seperated by a semi-permeable barrier

pseudostratified epithelium

a single layer of cells w/ uneven nuclei, so as to appear stratified. *may be ciliated. - lining of respiratory passages ie trachae / bronchial tubes

define tissue

an aggregation of cells similar in structure and work together to perform a special activity

which nerve do these test? bicep jerk- tricep jerk- knee jerk- ankle jerk-

bicep jerk- musculocutaneous nerve tricep jerk- radial nerve knee jerk- femoral nerve ankle jerk- medial popliteal nerve

compare/contrast structure & function of cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle:

cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. characterized by striated fibers that are branced and interconnected, allowing conduction of electrical impulses from cell to cell. skeletal muscles are also striated, w/ long thin fibers. have multiplle nuclei and are connected to the skeleton by tendons. allow movement of the body. both are involved in voluntary movements

organelle that organizes spindle fibers during cell division- the major site of energy production- system of membraneous tubules in the cytoplasm; often involved in protein synthesis- location of genetic info- vesicles that contains digestive enzymes site of protein synthesis

centrosomes mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum nucleus lysosomes ribosomes

afferent neurons= efferent neurons=

dorsal; carry info towards CNS ventral; carry info away from CNS ventral root contains efferent neurons, dorsal root contains afferent neurons

free nerve endings- ruffini corpuscle- pacinian corpuscle- meissner's corpuscle- merkel's discs-

free nerve endings- light touch; hot/ cold ruffini corpuscle- sustained pressure pacinian corpuscle- deep pressure; fast vibrations meissner's corpuscle- changes in texture; slow vibrations merkel's discs- sustained touch + pressure

define organ

groups of tissue integrated to perform one or more common functions

what is a common characteristic of connective tissues? 2 examples of connective tissue include:

have a large amount of extracellular material (matrix) and are loose, spread out to allow blood vessels and nerves to enter organs - tendons + ligaments

cholesterol belongs to the general category of molecules known as ________ and to the specific category of molecules known as ____________ high blood cholesterol is a contributing factor in the disease __________

lipids steroids atherosclerosis LDL= bad cholesterol HDL= good cholesterol

most of the plasma proteins are produced by the _________(organ)

liver - albumins (alpha & gamma): -gama globulins

stratified squamous epithelium

multiple layers of flat cells in areas of high wear and tear, top layer is sloughed off and replaced - skin, mouth, esophagus, nasal cavity, ear, anus/ vagina opening

distinguish positive feedback from negative feedback

negative feedback functions by using feedback information to tell the effector to do the opposite action needed to bring levels back w/in the set point range. this means it can either increase or decrease effector activity. positive feedback works only by increasing or accelerating a change. this is seen when a mature egg is being expelled from ovaries or in the promotion of contractions in childbirth

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flat cells for *diffusion, absorption, filtration, excretion* -linning of aveoli / lungs - parts of kidney - endothelium of blood vessels

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of tall columnar cells, able to specialize it's function to absorb nutrients - linning the lumen of GI tract

what are cofactors and conenzymes?

specific, smaller, nonprotein molecules, inorganic ions, or organic compounds that are required for enzymatic activity

muscle spindles are sensitive to________ and is composed of _______________________

stretch specialized thin muscle fibers + sensory neurons

skeletal + cardiac muslce are ________ what type of muscle fiber is found in the walls of blood vessles?

striated smooth muscle fibers in blood vessels

compare/contrast the structure and function of the *epithlium of the skin* and the *epithelium of the intestine* :

the epithelium of the skin is composed of *stratified squamous* cells, which are multiple layers of flat cells. The older layers are pushed to the external, where they are shed + replaced by newer cells produced by mitosis pushing up. - subject to a lot of wear and tear; outermost layer is keratinized dead layer epi of intestine is composed of *simple columnar* cells, which line the lumen. they are especially good at absorping digesed material. mucus producing goblet cells are also present.

define osmosis

the net diffusion of water across a membrane

define an international unit (IU) of enzyme activity

the quantitiy of enzyme req'd to convert one micromole of substrate per minute --> products -under specified pH, temp, & other controls

define pH optimum:

the temperature at which an enzyme displays maximum activity

what is one purpose of the plasma proteins? what can develop from low plasma protein levels?

they maintain *colloid osmotic pressure*, which pulls fluid from the tissue spaces into the capillary blood - this force compensates for the continuous filtration of fluid from the caps into the tissue spaces produced by hydrostatic pressure * edema may develop (accumulation of excess fluid in tissues)

the scientific name of the ear drum= the middle chamber of the cochlea = sensory hair cells in the cochlea are located on the-

tympanic membrane cochlear duct basilar membrane

organ of equilibrium is called the - the structures sensitive to angular acceleration= structures sensitive to linear acceleration= the fluid within these organs = the sense of equilibrium is transmitted by the ______ nerve an illusion of spinning=

vestibular apparatus semicircular cannals utricle and saccule = otolith organs endolymph 8th; vestibulocochlear nerve vertigo

red blood cells in a hypertonic solution will ______

*creanate* ie shrivel up as a result of efflux of water a 0.1 M of NaCl = hypertonic

order of mistosis events:

*prohpahse* - nuclear membrane disappears; spindles appear *metaphase* - chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell *anaphase* -duplicated chromosomes seperate and are pulled toward the centrioles *telophase* - chromosomes elongate into chromatin threads; nuclear membranes & nucleoli appear

what must you add to a sample to measure the activity of a particular enzyme in plasma?

- lots of substrate (so as not to be limited by lack of)- lots of coenzymes + cofactors (so as not to be limited by these either)

define homeostasis define set-point

- the maintenance of dynamic constancy of the internal environment - the average value within a range that the body works to maintain through it's use of negative feedback