Piaget and Erikson Theory

Impacts of A vs S/D on child development

- As they learn to do things for themselves, they establish a sense of control over themselves as well as some basic confidence in their own abilities. - Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt.

Impact of I VS Isolation on development

- Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. Adults who struggle with this stage experience poor romantic relationships· - Those who struggle to form intimacy with others are often left feeling lonely and isolated. Some individuals may feel particularly lonely if they struggle to form close friendships with others.

Impacts of TVM on child development

- Those who learn to trust caregivers in infancy will be more likely to form trusting relationships with others throughout the course of their lives -If a child successfully develops trust, they will feel safe and secure in the world -caregivers who are inconsistent and emotionally unavailable contribute to feelings of mistrust which result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.

Centration

- tendency to focus, or center, on only one aspect of a situation, usually a perceptual aspect, and ignore other relevant aspects of the situation

Impact od I VS I on child development

-Children who struggle to develop this sense of competence may emerge from this stage with feelings of failure and inferiority, this can effect later in development as ppl who don't feel competent in their ability may be less likely to try new things etc -Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their abilities -· The events of this stage can help build or undermine self-confidence- this stage is vital in developing self-confidence

How can I vs I be applied

-Friends and classmates play a role in how children progress through the stage. Through proficiency at play and schoolwork, children are able to develop a sense of competence and pride in their abilities. - · It is important for both parents and teachers to offer support and encouragement, · especially those who may struggle with feelings of inferiority - Olivia finds science lessons difficult, but her parents are willing to help her each night with her homework. She also asks the teacher for help and starts to receive encouragement and praise for her efforts.

Impact of I VS C on development

-Successfully completing this stage leads to a strong sense of self that will remain throughout life. -Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will remain insecure and confused about themselves and the future. -According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life.

Weaknesses of Piaget's Theory

1. Cross- cultural psychologists' question whether Piaget stages are unique to western children, as he primarily examined white, middle-class children from developed countries in his work. As a result, his findings may be skewed to this subset of people, and may not apply as directly to other groups or locations. 2. Researches argue that Piaget underestimated the ability of children, by using confusing terms and particularly difficult tasks in his observations 3. The theory also expects children of a certain stage to primary be st that stage across the board with the task presented to them, however all children have different cognitive abilities; thus some children may excel or struggle in one area over the other.

Strengths of Erikson's Theory

1. Erikson's found that his eight stages serve as a guide that holds across time and culture, and many people can relate to his theory about various stages of life through their own experiences 2. The theory provides insight into the direction of a healthy lifespan, the theory clearly indicates what is healthy development of an individual during their lifespan 3. The theory has drawn attention to older stages of life, as middle and later life is no longer considered irrelevant and are now viewed as active and significant time periods of personal growth

Strengths of Piaget's Theory

1. Piaget's focus on the qualitive development had an impact on education, many educational programs are now built upon the belief that children should be taught at the level for which they are developmentally prepared. 2. Piaget's theory has improved the understanding of cognitive development -Ability to communicate with children has increased -Methods for studying children have increased

Weaknesses of Erikson's Theory

1. Sometimes in different cultures the timing can be rather off when being compared to the eight stages. E.g - in some cultures/places of the world babies are potty trained by nine months of age, and some kids are breastfed up until the ages of five. - In some cultures people marry (usually girls) are married as early as thirteen and start having children early - this means that identify vs confusion is not there and sometimes its forced so not even intimacy or isolation is there compared to Australian culture we have the tendency to hold off marriage until the age of thirty which aligns with his theory more 2. The theory is more applicable to boys than it is for girls, this can be linked back to the fact that he agreed with Freud's belief that personality differences between boys and girls are biologically bases

Erikson Social Factors

1. theory desrcibes the impact of social experiences across the whole lifespace

How can Trust vs Mistrust be applied

1. · when a baby cries, does the caregiver attend to their needs? When a baby cries it is usually a form of communication, thus when an appropriate response of given by caregivers a foundation of trust is established. Response to cry --> could be providing food, safety, a fresh diaper, or a comforting cuddle 2. · When they are frightened, will someone comfort them. 3. When she is hungry, does she receive nourishment from her carigivers. 4. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or reject the child contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for.

Identity vs confusion: Age and Important Event

Age: 12-18 years (adolescence) Important Event: Social Relationships

Intimacy vs isolation: Age and Important Event

Age: 18-40 years (adulthood) Important Event: Relationships are close and intimate

Autonomy vs Shame/doubt: Age and Important Event

Age: 2-3 years (early childhood) Important Event: Toilet Training

Initiative vs Guilt: Age and Important Event

Age: 3-5 years old Important Event: Exploration

Generatively vs. Stagnation: Age and Important Event

Age: 40-65 years (middle age adulthood) Important Event: Work and Parenthood

Industry vs. InferioritY: Age and Important Event

Age: 6-11 (school age) Important Event: School

Integrity vs Despair: Age and Important Event

Age: 65-death ( Old age) Important Event: Reflection on life

Trust vs Mistrust: Age and Important Event

Age: Birth- 18 months (Infancy) Important Event: Feeding

Second Stage of Erikson's Theory

Autonomy vs shame and doubt - children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control. -start to begin a developing sense of personal independence and control as they become less dependent upon others for their care and safety

What is Erikson's theory?

Erikson's physiological theory of development - At each stage of psychosocial development, people are faced with a crisis that acts as a turning point in development. Successfully resolving the crisis leads to developing a psychological virtue that contributes to overall psychological well-being - Ego quality/strengh

Fifth Stage of Erikson's Theory

Identity vs confusion - Development of ego identity, which is constantly changing due to new experiences and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. - · As they seeks to establish a sese of self, teens may experiment with different roles, activities and behaviors -Friends, social groups, schoolmates, societal trends, and even popular culture all play a role in shaping and forming an identity.

Eighth Stage of Erikson's Theory

Integrity vs Despair -· The key conflict centers on questioning whether or not the individual had led a meaningful, satisfying life - · During the integrity versus despair stage, people reflect back on the life they have lived and come away with either a sense of fulfillment from a life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent. -· Successfully resolving crisis at this stage leads to the development of ego integrity, those who fee proud of their accomplishments will feel a sese of integrity. Those who done will be left with feelings or bitterness and despair

How can A vs S/D be applied

Provide opportunities for children to be independent- allow them to make food, clothing and toy choices and provide reassurance that they have done a good job - Be supportive during potty training, but no punitive for accidents. - Offer safe outlets where children are able to play independently with the support and guidance of a trusted caregiving Offering reassurance and having faith in your child's abilities is crucial to the development of a sense of autonomy and confidence.1 Parents who are negative or who punish a child for simple mistakes can contribute to feelings of shame or self-doubt.

substages of sensorimotor stage

Reflexes (Age: 0-1 month) · Understanding the environment is attained through reflexes such as crying and sucking Primary circular motion (Age: 1-4 months) · New schemas and sensations are combined allowing children to engage in pleasurable activities such as sucking on thumb. Secondary Circular motions (Age 4-8 months) · Children are now aware that their actions influence the environment and purposefully perform actions into order to achieve desired results. Coordination of reactions (Age 8-12 months) · Children explore their environment and often imitate the behaviors of others. Tertiary circular reactions (Age 12-18 months) · Children begin to experiment and try out new behavior. Early respiration thought (Age 18-24 months) · Children begin to recognise and appreciate symbols that represent objects or events e.g they use simple language catalog like doggies, horsey etc.

Egocentrism

inability to take another person's perspective or point of view. Children in this stage think egocentrically. · Piaget's suggests that at this stage, the children are so caught up in egocentric thoughts that they believe their view of the world is shared by everybody else.

Fourth Stage of Erikson's Theory

industry vs inferiority - is about mastering of knowledge and intellectual skills, school and social interactions play an important role during this time. - Children develop a sense of pride and accomplishments in their abilities though social interactions, however those who struggle to develop this may emerge with feelings of failure and inferiority. - This stage can help build or undermine self-confidence.

Third Stage of Erikson's Theory

initiative vs guilt -· children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction -· They need to try new things on their own and explore their own abilities, by doing this they can develop ambition and direction - children who are successful feel capable and able to lead others, whilst those whose who don't feel sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative

sixth Stage of Erikson's Theory

intimacy vs isolation - centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. -· Learning to be open and sharing with others is an important part of stage -· A sense of self contributes to I V I, having a fully forms sense of self (developed in identity vs confusion) is essential to being able to form intimate relationship.

First Stage of Erikson's Theory

trust vs mistrust -· children learn whether or not they can trust the world- it is the care they receive from their parents and other adults that is critical to forming this trust. -· Infant is entirely dependent on caregivers, the quality of care the child receives plays an important role on the shaping of the child's life. - the most fundamental stage in life

Conservation

which means that two equal quantities remain equal even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted- water etc · Children understand object permeance very well but struggle with the concept of conservation. This means that they don't understand that changing an objects appearance doesn't change its qualities or properties.

Seventh Stage of Erikson's Theory

· Adults strive to create or nurture things that will oulast them; often by parenting children or contributing to positive changes that benefit other people. · Contributing to society and doing things to benefit future generations are important needs at the generavity vs stagnation

Formal Operational Stage

· Children are more capable of abstract, hypothetical, and theoretical reasoning · They can approach and resolve problems systematically by formulating hypothesis and methodically testing them out.

Pre operational stage

· Children can understand language but not logic · When children enter the preoperational stage, they learn how to think abstractly, understand symbolic concepts, and are able to use language in a more sophisticated way

Concrete Operational stage

· Children can understand much more complex abstract concepts such as time, space, and quantity. From this they can apply this thinking/ concepts to concrete situations, however they still have trouble thinking about them independently of those situations. · Children are able to use inductive logic, the type of reasoning that starts from a specific ide and leads to generalisation. · The idea of reversibility, children understand that some objects can be altered and then shaped back into its original shape

Applying Piaget's Theory; Pre operational

· Children learn best by doing. Allow them to actively interact with a variety of things in their environments, including books, people, games, and objects. · Ask questions while children are engaged in daily routines and allow them to come up with their own ideas. · Point out new things and encourage children to question you about those things.

Applying Piaget's Theory; Concrete Operational

· Create timelines, three dimensional models, science experiments, and other ways to manipulate abstract concepts. · Use brain teasers and riddles to foster analytical thinking. · Focus on open-ended questioning.

sensorimotor stage

· During this stage babies like to explore, they want to touch, taste, watch and hear things around them. · Here they learn about their environment through sensation, by watching, grasping, sucking and manipulating things they can get their hands and eyes on · However, they generally they are not thinking about what they are doing- just doing - · Toward the end of the Sensorimotor stage, children will begin to understand and learn the concept of object permanence

Applying Piaget's Theory; Formal Operational

· Offer step-by-step explanations of concepts and utilise charts and other visual aids. · Explore hypothetical situations. You may relate them to current events or social issues. · Broaden concepts whenever possible. For example, if talking about the Civil War, discuss other issues that have divided the country since that time

Development of Schemas

· Schemas are frameworks that develop to help organize knowledge · Assimilation (assimilate similar features) - process of taking new information or a new experience and fitting into an already existing schema · Accommodation (so different that its new information) - process by which existing schemas are change or new schemas are created in order to fit new information

Impact of G VS S on development

· Those who are succecesful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. · Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world

Applying Piaget's Theory; Sensorimotor

· Use real objects in play activities. · Connect play to the five senses. · Implement routines for the youngest children. They are predictable and may be highly useful with developing communication.

Irreversibility

child cannot mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations back to the starting point - kid and volcano vid

How can I vs G be applied

children have their sense of initiative reinforced by being given the freedom and encouragement to play thus it is important for caregivers to encourage exploration and to help children make appropriate choices. Caregivers who are discouraging or dismissive may cause children to feel ashamed of themselves and to become overly dependent upon the help of others.1

Experiments/ approach Piaget

Piaget's primary method was to ask children to solve problems. He is commonly known for his experiments to test the lack of the concept of conservation in the pre operational stage. To illustrate this, Piaget performed an experiment on children who were at the pre operational stage: In the experiment, Piaget poured the exact same amount of water into two identical glasses and asked the children whether the glasses contained the same amount of water. The children said that both glasses contained the same amount of water. Piaget then poured the water in one glass into a tall, narrow beaker and repeated the question. This time, the children said there was more water in the cylinder because it was taller.

Applying Piaget's Theory; Teaching

Piaget's theories have had a major impact on the theory and practice of education. The main teaching implications drawn from Piaget · A focus on the process of children's thinking, not just its products · Recognition of the crucial role of children's self-initiated, active involvement in learning activities · A de-emphasis on practices aimed at making children adultlike in their thinking · Acceptance of individual differences in developmental process.