PIGE FINAL

White-Market Transfers

Refers to the legal sale of weapons by governments or private manufacturers to other countries or governments. While the white market is considered a legal market, a large proportion of trafficked arms are said to originate from government weapons surplus that make their way into the illicit market.

End-User Certificate

An End-user certificate, or EUC, is a document used in international transfers, including sales and arms provided as aid, of weapons and ammunition to certify that the buyer is the final recipient of the materials, and is not planning on transferring the materials to another party.

enabling Norms

As defined by Gregory Flynn and Henry Farrell, "an enabling norm is one that allows, or greatly facilitates, actions that would otherwise be impossible or unlikely to occur." Enabling norms do not occur without collective legitimation.

White Slave Trade

Defines the influx of Asian. European, and American women entering the international sex trade in the late 19th century. They operated along a spectrum of autonomy, from full control over their labor conditions to virtual enslavement.

Commercialization of Sovereignty

Described by Palan, "the way in which certain states have learned to use their sovereign right to write the law as a commercial tool."

FIU

FIU (Financial Intelligence Unit): Egmont Group (the group itself) - cooperative national centers for the receipt and analysis of suspicious transaction/activity reports and other information relevant to money laundering.

Merchants of Death

Merchants of death was an epithet used in the U.S. in the 1930s to attack industries and banks that supplied and funded World War I (then called the Great War).

Antisovereign spaces

Palan uses this term to refer to areas within the offshore economy "where central, legitimate authority is weak or has collapsed" and is thus left open to exploitation.

Operation Gunrunner

Project Gunrunner is a project of the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) intended to stem the flow of firearms into Mexico, in an attempt to deprive the Mexican drug cartels of weapons.[1] The primary tactic of Project Gunrunner is interdiction of straw purchasers and unlicensed dealers to prevent legal guns from entering the black market; between 2005 and 2008, 650 such cases involving 1,400 offenders and 12,000 firearms were referred for prosecution.[2] However, other tactics ("gunwalking" and "controlled delivery") have led to controversy. In early 2011, the project became controversial when it was revealed that Operation Wide Receiver (2006-2007) and Operation Fast and Furious (2009-2010) had allowed guns to "walk" into the hands of Mexican drug cartels.[3][4]

SARs

SARs: Suspicious Activity Report - A document required under the Bank Secrecy Act, that financial institutions are required to file in the event the suspect an incident of money laundering or fraud.

SALW

Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) is a term used in arms control protocols to refer to two main classes of weapons: Small arms: hand-held small caliber firearms, usually consisting of handguns, rifles, carbines, shotguns, manual, semi-automatic, burst mode, and full automatic weapons and man-portable machineguns.

Structuring

Structuring: also referred to as "smurfing", is the practice of making specific financial transactions calculated as not to trigger protocols under which financial institutions are required to file reports.

The 3Ps

The 3Ps: Prevention - criminalization, enforcement, border control (Hard), Protection (Soft), Prosecution (Soft), obligations pertaining to anti-HT enforcement. (refers to the type of obligation)

2013 Arms Trade Treaty

The Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) is a multilateral treaty that regulates the international trade in conventional weapons. It entered into force on 24 December 2014. Ninety-four states have ratified the treaty, and a further 41 states have signed but not ratified it.

Brussels Act

The Brussels Conference Act of 1890 (full title: Convention Relative to the Slave Trade and Importation into Africa of Firearms, Ammunition, and Spiritous Liquors)[1] was a collection of anti-slavery measures signed in Brussels on 2 July 1890 (and which entered into force on 31 August 1891) to, as the act itself puts it, "put an end to Negro Slave Trade by land as well as by sea, and to improve the moral and material conditions of existence of the native races". The negotiations for this act arose out of the Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889-90. The act was specifically applicable to those countries "who have possessions or Protectorates in the conventional basin of the Congo", to the Ottoman Empire and other powers or parts who were involved in slave trade in East African coast, Indian Ocean and other areas.

the NCCT blacklist

The FATF blacklist or OECD blacklist has been issued by the Financial Action Task Force since 2000 and lists countries which it judges to be non-cooperative in the global fight against money laundering and terrorist financing, calling them "Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories" (NCCTs).

Financial Action Task Force

The Financial Action Task Force, also known by its French name, Groupe d'action financière, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1989 on the initiative of the G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering. Its purpose is to Combat money laundering and terrorism financing

Nye Committee

The Nye Committee, officially known as the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, was a United States Senate committee (April 12, 1934-February 24, 1936), chaired by U.S. Senator Gerald Nye (a Republican).

Palermo Protocol

The Palermo protocols are three protocols that were adopted by the United Nations to supplement the 2000 Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (the Palermo Convention). They are: the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children; and the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air. the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition These protocols and convention fall within the jurisdiction of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

T-Visa

The T Nonimmigrant Status (T visa) is a set aside for those who are or have been victims of human trafficking, protects victims of human trafficking and allows victims to remain in the United States to assist in an investigation or prosecution of human trafficking

Severe forms of Trafficking

The Trafficking Victims Protection Act defines "severe forms of trafficking in persons" as (a) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or (b) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.

TIP Report

The Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report is the U.S. Government's principal diplomatic tool to engage foreign governments on human trafficking. It is also the world's most comprehensive resource of governmental anti-trafficking efforts and reflects the U.S. Government's commitment to global leadership on this key human rights and law enforcement issue. In the TIP Report, the Department of State places each country onto one of three tiers based on the extent of their governments' efforts to comply with the "minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking" found in Section 108 of the TVPA. While Tier 1 is the highest ranking, it does not mean that a country has no human trafficking problem. On the contrary, a Tier 1 ranking indicates that a government has acknowledged the existence of human trafficking, made efforts to address the problem, and complies with the TVPA's minimum standards. Each year, governments need to demonstrate appreciable progress in combating trafficking to maintain a Tier 1 ranking.

2001 Firearms Protocol

The UN Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition (2001 Firearms Protocol) was the first global, legally binding instrument on small arms control. It contains important provisions on manufacturing, marking and tracing, record-keeping, and international transfers of firearms. It supplements the 2001 UN Convention on Transnational Organised Crime (UNTOC), also known as the Palermo Convention.

Offshore Economy

The term "offshore" is used to describe foreign banks, corporations, investments and deposits. A company may legitimately move offshore for the purpose of tax avoidance or to enjoy relaxed regulations. Offshore financial institutions can also be used for illicit purposes such as money laundering and tax evasion.

Shadow of Hierarchy

The term hierarchy is used to describe legislative decisions and executive decisions that steer democratic governmental action at the national and European level (Scharpf ). The shadow of hierarchy can involve legislative threat or inducements.

Operation Relentless

This is the incredible tale of OPERATION RELENTLESS, the top-secret mission that Snow and a handful of DEA operatives launched to entrap Viktor Bout

Tier 2 Country

Tier 2 Countries whose governments do not fully comply with an TVPA's minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards. Tier 2 Watchlist Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA's minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards AND: a) The absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; or b) There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or c) The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the next year.

Program of Action

Under the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (PoA), governments agreed to improve national small arms laws, import/export controls, and stockpile management - and to engage in cooperation and assistance.

Viktor Bout

Viktor Bout, a notorious international arms dealer also known as the Merchant of Death, was alleged of trafficking weapons to several African warlords, dictators in the Middle-East and the Colombian FARC. The US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) decided to catch him through a sting operation in which DEA officers posed as FARC fighters and attempted to order about hundred anti-air missiles and weapons "to use against Colombian and United States nationals" in Colombia. The operation succeeded and Bout was caught by police forces in Thailand.

Money Laundering

the concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money, typically by means of transfers involving foreign banks or legitimate businesses.