plan 1010 midterm
monacans
Significant part in the history of city planning Through colonization, they struggled to preserve the heart of the Manacan nature, identity, and culture These Indian villages were significant to the establishment of city planning as they lived in villages with palisaded walls and homes that were dome shaped (advanced technology for their age)
The Spiral Tower
A 65 story skyscraper under construction in Hudson Yards Manhattan neighborhood Connects interior and exterior green spaces to create natural and practical workspaces
Walking School Bus
A group of children walking to school with one or more adults Help encourage children to be active, outside Creates a sense of community, as parents take turns walking kids to school
Columbia, MD
A planned community consisting of 10 self-contained villages Designed and created by James W. Rouse who saw the community in terms of human values, rather than just economics and engineering Has consistently been ranked by CNN as a top 10 place to live in US
Out of Reach Report
A study that conducts side-by-side comparisons of wages and rents across different regions and areas in the US Report calculates amount of money a household must in earn in order to afford a given rental unit Study consistently demonstrates the mismatch between the cost of living, ability of rental assistance, and wages earned by renters With more households choosing renting over home ownership, demand for affordably priced rental housing is surging (making rents go up and vacancy down) Cost of living is much higher than minimum wage
Park(ing) Day
Annual open source global event where citizens, artists, and activists collaborate to temporarily transform metered parking spaces into Parks to call attention to need for more urban/open space/greenery and generate critical debate around how public space is created and allocated
Monterrey Housing
Another version of the "half house" in another place with green elements in the middle Similar concept to Quinta Monroy
naturally occurring retirement community (NORC)
Along the theme of "aging in place" One of the best examples is Beacon Hill Village The community wasn't originally designed for seniors, but has a large population of older adults Help seniors stay connected and maintain vibrant community lives
Skyville at Dawson
Apartment complex in Singapore, uses large inclusion of Green Space and interconnected walkways throughout vertical space of building These features make residents more connected with their surroundings (nature) and each other
Pearl District (Portland)
Apartment complex with only 19 parking spaces and 144 bicycle spaces to promote alternate modes of transportation and sustainable mobility
Edward Glaeser
American economist and Professor of economics Published papers on economic growth, law, and economics of cities Work has focused on the determinants of city growth and the role of cities as centers of idea transmission
Form Based Codes
An answer to combining housing/shops etc Idea is that you flesh out the physical form in the place you actually want to see Tells width of sidewalks, height of buildings, retail on ground, housing/office above that, etc. This is a visual model of what you would like to see Means of regulating development to achieve a specific urban form Response to the challenges of urban sprawl
Ultra Small Vehicles
An idea to have a smaller car than the SUV Credit to William J. Mitchell because didn't think you need such fast vehicles in a city when you don't go too fast, and the parking/space issue
Daniel Burnham
Architect/urban designer who panned the World Columbian Exposition Leading roles in the creation of master plans for the development of a number of cities, including Chicago and DC
Urban Sprawl
Auto oriented, low density development Outward spreading of a city and its suburbs Often associated with decentralization, single zoning Residents of sprawling neighborhood emit more pollution per person Consumes much more land per-capita Reliance on car for most activities In areas characterized by sprawl there are many shopping malls, strip malls, fast food chains All opposed to sprawl: new urbanism, smart growth, compact city, urban growth boundary, transit/bike/pedestrian oriented development
Radburn, NJ
An unincorporated planned community founded in 1929 Aimed to incorporate ideas from England's Garden Cities Designed to separate traffic by mode, with a pedestrian path system that doesn't cross any major roads - emphasis on pedestrianism Can serve as a model for the car-free movement Incorporated some of the earliest culs-de-sacs in the US Town in New Jersey that uses the garden cityidea. It was never completed but there is still a portion of it that is a very popular place to live Has qualities of the garden city such as; large green space, a front yard of residential homes, green space in the front, cars in the backyard and front of homes are just pedestrian ways Began construction in 1928 - tailored the idea of a garden city to American life
Majora Carter
An urban strategist who founded and directs Sustainable south Bronx and seeks to address the disproportionate environmental and public health burdens experienced by the residents of South Bronx
climate mitigation
Actions to limit the magnitude/rate of climate change Generally involves reduction of greenhouse gases Some examples of mitigation are switching to low-carbon energy sources, expanding forests to remove greater amount of CO2 from the atmosphere, and energy efficiency
Rachel Carson
Active role in the environmental movement Concern about the planet: especially pesticides/herbicides Her book, Silent Spring led to a reversal in nationwide pesticide policy, which led to nationwide ban on DDT and other pesticides Helped inspire the creation of the US Environmental Protection Agency
Southern megapolis
Big giant urban development from Atlanta to Charlotte that is expected to form if urban growth continues as normal
Brownfields, Greenfields, Greyfields
Brownfields are land previously used for industrial purposes or commercial uses. Land may be contaminated by waste or pollution, but has potential to be reused once cleaned up Greyfields are economically obsolescent, outdated, failing, or underused real estate assets or land, usually applied to formerly viable retail and commercial shopping sites, not environmentally contaminated Greenfields are undeveloped land in a city or rural area either used for agriculture, landscape design, or left to naturally evolve. Usually land being considered for urban development. Disappearing with increased sprawl and suburbanization
Street permeability
Central principle of New Urbanism- favors urban designs based upon the "traditional" street grid Extent to which urban form permits (or restricts) movement of people/vehicles in different directions Generally considered a positive attribute of urban design- permits ease of movement and avoids severing neighborhoods Urban forms that lack permeability (like a row of many long cul-de-sacs) may discourage movement on foot/bike and encourage longer journeys by car
Roundabouts
Circular intersection in which road traffic is slowed Reduce fatal accidents at intersections, very efficient, greatly reduce cost and energy
Intersection repair
Citizen-led conversion of an urban street intersection into a public square Usually, the only public space in neighborhoods are streets but those are for cars With intersection repair, public space is reclaimed for the whole community Becomes a place for people to come together Can have a public square shared by cars and pedestrians
Greenbelt, MD
Constructed in the 1930s to provide housing for low-income families as well as construction work for the unemployed Design meant to encourage resident interaction, strong community life: residents had to be willing to participate in the life of the town (cooperative community) Homes grouped into superblocks, series of walkways, homes facing garden-side
Ebenezer Howard and garden cities
Court stenographer Wrote a book Garden Cities Tomorrow: the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature Publication resulted in the founding of the Garden City Movement: influenced the development of several model suburbs such as Forest Hills and Radburn, NJ Garden cities surrounded by "green belts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture Howard envisioned a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city, linked by road and rail
Zoning
Designating permitted uses of land based on mapped zones which separate one set of land uses from another Purpose is to segregate uses that are thought to be incompatible Used to prevent new development from interfering with existing residents/businesses and to preserve the "character" of a community Important factors that gave rise to zoning Public health: huge numbers of immigrants crowding into cities which were unprepared to cater to their basic needs Technological factors: electricity increased the spread of the streetcar suburbs - the escape route of the middle class from the horrors of the insanitary and congested city **The safeguarding of the new suburbs from the blight which had stimulated their development: zoning provided long-term security against change Some purposes of zoning: Lessen congestion in the streets Secure safety from fire, panic, and other dangers Promote health and general welfare Prevent overcrowding of land
Frederic Law Olmsted
Designed Central Park Prominent landscape architect Worked on City Beautiful Movement and tried to include green spaces in emerging cities
Live Work Units
Designing structures from the beginning to be used for both living and working Dutch examples of entire neighborhoods for designated live work houses which have different spaces for customers/patients. The Dutch call these "kangaroo housing," there is a main unit with a smaller unit attached ("a pouch") A good/new way of thinking of how to use a house Also a live-work unit in Kentlands, MD
The Neighborhood Design Concept (Clarence Perry)
Diagrammatic planning model for residential development in metropolitan areas Designed to be a framework for urban planners attempting to design functional, self-contained and desirable neighborhoods in industrializing cities
ecological footprint
Ecological footprint of a city is a measure of the "load" on nature imposed by the meeting the needs of the population The footprint represents the land area necessary to sustain current levels of resource consumption and waste discharged by that populatoin Reducing the footprint of a city is a positve contribution toward sustainability Reducing the metablish of the city and making it more efficient is essential Ways to reduce footprint: restore negative feedback loops, reduce greenhouse emissions, managing population growth, reducing city sprawl. And reducing consumption patterns
Community Land Trusts
Ex: Burlington, Vermont Affordable housing, community gardens/other assets, civic buildings, etc Goal is to protect land but also leave room for affordable housing Trust owns land: as land increases in value, the added value goes to the trust owner Organization or nonprofit that is concerned about the natural land are the trusts (want to protect it)
Bus Rapid Transit
Ex: LA's Orange line Specialized design, services, and infrastructure to improve system quality and remove bus delay Aims to combine speed of light rail or metro system with the flexibility, cost, and simplicity of the bus system Operate on a designated lane (busway) in order to avoid traffic congestion Less expensive than building heavy railway system
Vancouver, BC
Example of EcoDensity Not unlike Portland's methods. Want to create an urban environment that is desirable to people, especially families Encourage a form of densification that is environmentally friendly and helps to reduce the city's ecological footprint Encourage development in low to medium density areas that will allow for increased number of residents (ex: along transit corridors, light industrial areas) Reuse of existing buildings Development of secondary housing units Have a "Living First" policy
Baldwin Park, FL
Example of New Urbanism Took an existing site and recycled it Problem with new Urbanism projects is they are usually in bad locations: either car dependent or took over a Greenfield site This area is a recycled naval base with recycled building materials
Freiburg, Germany
Example of sustainability (green in appearance and practice) Areas of transportation, energy, waste management, land conservation, and green economy Auto-independent (car sharing, tram, bicycles, and roads built for train track not cars) Successful in incorporating nature into urban spaces (green spaces, narrow channels of water) Vibrant, liveable, green city Has a charter with its goal of Sustainable Urbanism (diversity, tolerance, walkability, good public transport, high quality design)
Shrinking Cities
Examples: Detriot, Cleveland, New Orleans Dense cities that have experienced significant population loss Emigration is a common factor Since the infrastructure of these cities was built to support a larger population, its maintenance can become a serious problem Addressing the problem: revitalization of core areas to attract residents/businesses, setting an urban growth boundary to limit sprawl (to prevent this problem of shrinking cities before it happens)
Janette Sadik-Khan
Former commissioner of New York City department of transportation Advises people how to improve lives for residents of city
Reston, VA
Founded in 1964 and was influenced by the Garden City Movement which emphasized planned, self-contained communities and green spaces, residential neighborhoods, and commercial development
Visual Preference Survey
Go out and take pics of city and arrange in slideshow to show a big group, and you score reaction to images being shown Asked to give your "gut reaction" and scored with a -/+ Organizers collect this information to come up with ideas of what people like/dislike about city planning Often used when designing zoding coes, planning redevelopment, and doing urban planning research
Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)
Growth management strategy that establishes a market for the exchage of developmental rights between property owners Property owners in a growth restricted area are issued credits in compensation for any loss in development rights Goal is to maintain fairness between landowners, while allowing a governing authority to manage land use
Nightingale Housing
Housing that incorporates a lot of environmental features The Commons, Melbourne Australia Residents can grow some of their own food Socially and environmentally stable intentions and reduce environmental footprints No garage (reduce cost of transportation), solar oriented (no AC) to reduce cost of units (like no tiles to reduce transport costs), no chrome plating—reduce ENERGY USE incorporates multiple families into 1 building (not single family homes)
Cohousing
Idea comes from Denmark Supposed to be suitable for people's busy lives Everyone has own kitchens/full house, but agree to cook for the community every once in a while (there is a common house to facilitate community) No cars, emphasis on social interaction, good for families (safe) Usually residents involved in the design/plan in the beginning There has been an idea of elder cohousing ("aging in place" idea) Ex is Bakken, Copenhagen Ex in takoma village Ex tool bank in Atlanta (idea of sharing)
Pocket Neighborhoods/ Cottage Housing
Idea like the Dutch Hofjes Centered around something common (pretty area) and have homes that are closer together/clustered/smaller to emphasize a sense of community Corral the cars to the side, individuality, space for interaction in the middle space An alternative to sprawl, isolation, and commuter/auto focus
Seaside, FL
Idea of a town/village community and a beach town Was the Truman Show (like they lived in a bubble, everything was perfect) Ex of new urbanism
Flexible Architecture
Idea that you can change your house overtime For ex: potential for home office, attics, with multiple uses for rooms
Incremental Building
Idea used in the Monterrey Housing, where housing can be built in increments (as the families can afford it)
Leiden
In Holland (city) in Netherlands Beatley moved there for a year and liked that it was a walkable, likable community Canals through city, third places (not work/home- restraunts, barber shop, etc), streets and sidewalks as shared place, closeness to nature, sense of history, car has lower priority than pedestrians, family friendly, integrated transportation system (easy to get anywhere) Permeability of streets and neighborhoods Accessibility Compact urban form (promotes high residential density with mixed land uses- based on efficient public transit systems and opportunity for social interaction) Urban ecology Beauty and visual diversity Sense of place and emphasis on humans Overall a pretty sustainable city
Eco-Density
In Vancouver was a proposal to attempt to increase population in neighborhoods in a way that was both environmentally friendly and reduced the city's ecological footprint
Perth, Western Australia
In anticipation of urban growth, Perth planners mapped out what it would look like if they did entirely greenfiling (Dispersed City), entirely infilling (contained city), and a mix of both (connected city)
Village Homes
In california Ecological community and 1970s ecological emphasis to everything in this neighborhood Relatively narrow streets that go to the backdoor, and front door looks out onto green spaces (they collect stormwater, so didn't have to do sewers) Lots of agriculture, parks, trees, nature, etc Idea of edible landscape→ all fruit trees, vineyard on site
Traffic Calming
Increased traffic in communities have led to heightened concerns over safety and livability of a community Many communities have initiated traffic calming programs Seek to alter behavior of drivers and their vehicles Any change in street alignment or the installation of various barriers designed to reduce traffic speeds on local streets Goal: make residential streets less attractive and and desirable than neighborhood streets by increasing amount of travel time in residential neighborhoods Goal is accomplished by speed humps, traffic circles, etc Ex: neighborhood traffic control program in Seattle that was designed to reduce accidents and speed on residential streets
dumb-bell tenement design
Industrial Revolution led to major shift of population to cities Many immigrants that came to cities lived in tenements Led to a series of tenement reform acts and initiatives Dumbbell tenements: law requiring that uninhabitable rooms have windows opening to plain air Thought to be a great improvement of tenement plans. 10 - 14 rooms would have access to light, still pretty dismal living conditions, 3-4 people slept in the same room, housed 1.5 million people
Boulder, CO
Infrastructure development limits urban growth Uses the danish plan: allocates permissible growth annually on a point system basis (point sistem- allocated points based on positive/green developments to guide growth and construction) Greenbelt surrounds city: access to nature, and protects wildlife (common plan for managing growth)
Robert Moses
Jane Jacob's enemy (activist against proposals for NYC) Antiseptic view of the city Favored highways over public transit and helped create the modern suburbs of long island Major contribution was New York's large parkway network
Jane Jacobs
Journalist, author, and activist who became passionate about laws in NYC Wrote The Death and Life of Great American Cities: argued that urban renewal did not respect the needs of most city-dwellers Efforts to protect existing neighborhoods from "slum clearance" Opposition to robert moses who planned to overhaul her neighborhood of Greenwich Village Her ides have had the largest influence on urban villages concept (medium density development, mixed use zoning, good public transit, emphasis on public space)
Ian McHarg
Landscape architect, planner, writer of Design with Nature Meshing communities with ecology Environmental approach to design
Pruit Igoe
Large urban housing project first occupied in 1954 in Saint Louis, MIssouri Living conditions declined after its completion in 1956: famous for its poverty, crume, and segregation Eventually almost everything went vacant and decayed, dangerous crime infested neighborhood Eventually all of the 33 buildings in the complex were demolished Icon of urban renewal, architectural and public policy planning failure
Granny Pods
Manufactured small unit that can be placed next to a primary house (not meant to stay forever, can be moved around) Has all kinds of features to help you live there (wheelchair design, universally accessible) and many that would be in a nursing home Address the major problem of the aging population Company that makes these is based in Virginia
Linear Metabolism / Circular Metabolism
Most cities are linear metabolic systems in which resources flow in and waste flows out, unlike natural ecosystems in which resources are cycles in the system Cities need to close material cycles and adopt a more circular metabolism: recycling, reuse of water, composition of organic wastes on farmland Tying together inputs and outputs so waste and be re-entered into the system instead of just thrown away permanently
Pioneer Courthouse Square
Most visited site in Oregon's most visited city Public spaces that hosts many programmed events each year Has 4 different transit lines surrounding the park which allows for accessible and effective public transportation Was a reclaimed parking lot, shows the importance of reclaiming the streets and sense of community
Inclusionary Zoning
Municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes Seek to counter exclusionary zoning practices, which aim to exclude low income housing from a municipality through the zoning code Goals: ensure housing in an area predominantly commercial, and to increase supply of lower cost housing Cause: increased cost of housing, affordability problem Ex: Montgomery county, Maryland and Boulder, CO
settlement houses
Neighborhood-based organization that provides services and activities designated to identify and reinforce the strengths of individuals, families, communities Programs such as job training, early childhood education, afterschool youth programs, arts education and performances, language classes, housing etc. At least 100 settlement houses around US Example: Hull House Around 400 settlement houses at its height. Made to make better lives for poor with better living conditions
The New urbanism
Neo-traditional town design Basic idea is that you rethink the suburb and go back to the design qualities of an American town in 1900s/1920s (more of a village feel, smaller homes, no driveways in front, alleyways in back, sidewalks, town center, walkable) Picket fences, porch Supposed to foster social connection Some negatives are that people have other lives and spend a lot of time away from home, and don't have so much time to hang out/go to the park - so not all of the space is used Also critique that it is a little too perfect Ex Celebration, Florida (originally a Disney community) Positives: responds to important market segments, new attention given physical form and physical design, has stimulated discussion about what constitutes a good community, and identifying the obstacles created by present zoning and code standards Concerns: locational problems, nostalgic/highly romanticized notions of neighborhoods and communities, not functionally complete, concerns about affordability, belief in physical determinism, inadequate concern about ecological issues
Via Verde (the Bronx)
New model for affordable, green, healthy living Green buildings: energy efficient, recycled materials used in construction, green roofs, stormwater reclamation system recycles water for irrigation, landscaped courtyards, etc Green apartments: energy efficient appliances and lighting, high efficiency windows, water conserving fixtures, etc Located 2 blocks away from the subway
Vauban (in Freiburg)
New neighborhood planned for 5,000 inhabitants and 600 jobs to the south of the town center Built as a "sustainable model district" Sustainable buildings (low energy consumption houses: first housing community in the world in which all homes produce a positive energy balance) Transport is primarily by foot or on bike, all walking distance from tram stop
Mobile Libraries
Offers free books housed in small containers to members of the local community "Take a Book, Leave a book"
Beacon Hill Village (Boston)
One of the earliest ideas of NORC Group of older people wanted to stay where they were as long as they could in their neighborhood You pay a fee and you get services (meals, cleaning, excursions, etc.) Structure mechanism for allowing aging folks to stay in place
Portland, OR
One of the most sustainable and environmentally friendly cities in the US Strong land use planning controls: seek to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way - requirements are setting urban growth boundaries, using urban land wisely, and protective natural resources Requirement for an Urban Growth Boundary (reduces urban sprawl) Efforts to create economic developing zones (led to development of a large portion of downtown, large number of mid and high rise development, and density) Good example of a tight urban form, density, walkable downtown, and eco friendly Public transit as the alternatives to cars (lightrail system) Supports green initiatives and first US city to create a Green Investment fund Are addressing the housing issue there Changed zoning to make single family homes illegal Recognize that duplex, and other types of housing should be the housing and recommended cap on size of new homes
city beautiful movement
Philosophy (flourished in the 1890s and 1900s) that beautification can promote a harmonius social order that will increase the quality of life Cities as places of beauty, to also create places of moral and civic virtue among urban population Ex: world columbian exposition (1893) in Chicago: celebrated the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of America. Called the "White City" and displayed a model of grand scale. Focused on beautifully designed buildings, streets, public spaces, art
1956 Interstate Highway Act
Post WW2 period, suburbs were the new hype of urban settlement This change wouldn't have been possible without higways providing easy access to cities One of biggest public works ever Highways would link cities to other cities Established a Highway Trust Fund of revenues from fuel taxes, thus providing money for more road building Enabled the development of truck and long-distance bus travel Suburbs became the new center Highway system allows people to commute in and out of cities, creating a large market for urban areas and more sprawl (significant decline in public transportation)
Urban Renewal
Program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use Involves the relocation of businesses, demolition of structures, relocation of people, and use of eminent domain (government purchase of property for public purpose) Can have positive or negative results
The High Line
Public park built on a historic rail line elevated above streets on West Side Good example of reuse and revitalization of old spaces into places for enjoyment Demonstrates possibility of having a compact city connected to green spaces and nature and encourages walking
bike share / deckles bikeshare
Purpose it to cover daily routes within the city in a climate-friendly way, eliminating the pollution, roadway noise, and traffic congestion that motor vehicles create Bicing is the name of it in Barcelona
Third Places
Refers to social surroundings separate from the two usual social environments of home and work place It is argued that they are important for establishing a sense of place, community life, and creative interaction
naked streets and intersections
Refers to the latest dutch planning fad of removing all traffic lights, signals, and painted lines, curbs or other guidance from an intersection and letting every user figure out how to use the space Results: good cooperation and communication between drivers and pedestrians that didn't exist before Shared space develops abilities ot negotiate movement, resolve conflict, and engage with each other and slows drivers down
Urban Growth Boundary
Regional boundary set to control on urban sprawl by mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for urban development and the area outside to be preserved in its natural state for agriculture
Climate adaptation
Responding and adapting to effects of climate change, such as high temperatures, rising sea levels, and unpredicted natural disasters Especially important in developing countries since they are expected to get hit by climate change the hardest Example is incorporating nature into cities to adapt to urban heating issue
Car Sharing
Rethinking automobile problem Model for car rentals where people can rent cars for short periods of time Benefits of private cars without the costs and responsibility of ownership Benefits: reduces congestion and pollution, reduces demand for parking spaces, reduces traffic congestion, avoid the sunk costs of owning a vehicle Ex zipcar
Dutch Hofjes
Rich benefactor made construction of almshouses (cluster of houses constructed around beautiful courtyards) Have made new housing based on this similar ideas
Historic Preservation Tax Credits
Seek to protect buildings, parks, and monuments that have historical significance These areas often become public and tourist spaces, and provide city with character and a "sense of space" Usually refers to preservation of the built environment (not nature)
Density Bonuses
Serves as an incentive to developers to construct affordable housing and additional occupancy (providing a public ammenity) A density bonus is a tool that offers developers a bonus of building over the maximum allowable residential density if they agree to construct a certain percentage of below market-rate housing units Example: Portland's green room, eco-roof density bonus
Jane Addams and Hull house
She was a prominent reformer of the Progressive Era First American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Helped turn the US to issues of concern to mothers such as the needs of children, public health, and world peace Role model for middle-class woman who volunteered to uplift their communities Her group moved into working-class neighborhoods, and from their outposts in the slums they tried to transform the urban landscape Observed millions crowded into poor housing, disease and death Fought against child labor and tried to improve housing Leaders in progressive education Ultimate goal: eliminate poverty and promote equal opportunity Began Hull House in an industrial area of Chicago where many European immigrants lived Main purpose: provide social and educational opportunities for working class people in the surrounding neighborhood (most were Euro immigrants) Offered classes, clubs, activities, daycares, kindergarten etc.
Spanish law of the Indies
Spain's influence on city planning in the New World: governing code of the city development Seen as first wide ranging guidelines towards design and development of communities Regulations were specific and practical, designed to plan inspiring and functional towns. Form and order was essential Royal Ordinances Concerning the Laying Out of New Towns (plaza in center from which 12 straight streets and built in a rectilinear grid) Ex: St. Augustine, Santa Fe (Plaza Mayor)
Copenhagen
Suburban copenhagen is planned according to the Finger Plan To develop among 5 fingers centered on commuter rail lines, which extend from the palm (dense urban fabric of central Copenhagen), and in between the fingers, the green wedges are supposed to provide land for agriculture and recreational purposes
Kentlands, MD
There is an office/shop below that the owner owns, and he lives above this Ex of new urbanism Not very suburban, homes closer together and to the street (want to moderate cars) and pedestrian oriented
Quinta Monroy and Half a House
These are adaptable houses and you can increase the value of the house over time and allows upward mobility for people This is subsidized housing Half of the house is already installed (plumbing, electricity, etc) and the other half of the house is not already installed, can come along later when the family can afford it Model of "self-help"
Accessory Dwelling Units
Townhome style developments with a seperate entrance in the back "In-law" suites All inclusive terminology used for other things such as "kangaroo housing", live-work units etc. Offer a method of providing affordable housing Secondary unit is complete, independent living unit with its own entrance There is always a main building and an accessory house made for a variety of reasons (whether it be work, art, etc.) Benefits: allows home owners to gain additional income, allow current housing to be put to more efficient use, allow communities to increase density
High Speed Rail
Type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks
Village of Euclid v. Amber Realty
US Supreme Court case argued in 1926 Ambler Realty owned 68 acres of land in the village of Euclid, a suburb of Cleveland The village developed a zoning ordinance to prevent industrial Cleveland from growing into and subsuming Euclid and prevent the growth of industry that might change the character of the village - hindered Ambler Realty from developing the land for industry Ambler Realty sued the village, arguing that the zoning ordinance had substantially reduced the value of the land by limiting its use The Supreme Court sided with the Village of Euclid: the Court held that the zoning ordinance was not an unreasonable extension of the village's police power Euclidean zoning: everyday uses are separated from each other, and same uses are zoned together (shops in one area, housing in another area). The criticism is that putting everyday uses out of walking distance from each other leads to increase in traffic. Oppose the compact city model
Urban Infill
Use of land within a built-up area for further construction, especially as part of community redevelopment or growth management program or part of smart growth Focus on reuse and repositioning of obsolete or underutilized buildings and sites Essential to renewing neighborhoods and making them prosperous communities Critical to accommodating growth and making our cities sustainable Benefits: reduce distance between places people need to travel (less greenhouse gas and cleaner air), reduce conversion of agricultural land/open space for new development, and bring vibrancy to neighborhoods Giving new meaning to vacant properties
Adaptive Reuse
Want to preserve buildings/historic sites and need to repurpose them Process of reusing an old site or building for another purpose and reduction of urban sprawl Ex of rug factory in Finland being converted to a community arts center Ex of a church becoming a bookstore in maastricht Ex grain silos being converted in netherlands to high end apartments
William (Holly) Whyte
While working in NYC, he used direct observation to describe behavior in urban settings Set up cameras to observe urban public life Concluded that public spaces help bring people together, create interactions between strangers Helped to contradict other conventional beliefs such as the idea that pedestrian traffic and auto traffic should be separated
Design with Nature
Written by Ian McHarg
Death and Life of Great American Cities
Written by Jane Jacobs
Silent Spring
Written by Rachel Carson in 1962, this widely read book documented the detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment, particularly on birds.
Levittown
William Levitt designed this developments built in the post-WW2 era for returning veterans and their new families High demand and the baby boom Long period of growth and prosperity led to suburbanization Homes mass produced at an incredible rate which resulted in lower cost housing The development helped thousands of families realize the American dream of home ownership
monte Alban
archeology site of pre-Columbian history that is significant in history of city planning in Oaxaca, Mexico Oaxaca is built in grid patterns, and a good example of Spanish Colonial town planning (city center is in a partially elevated place, good for defense) Solidity and volume of the city's buildings show they were adapted to earthquakes