Plant Cells

Primary growth

This growth causes the plant to get taller this growth happens by elongation this growth happens in apical meristem

Secondary growth

This increases plant diameter producing growth rings this growth happens in lateral meristem

Xylem

Transports water and nutrient ions up from the roots

Phloem

Transports water, sugars, and other materials produced by plant both upward and downwards

Vacuole

Vacuoles are little pockets in the cytoplasm of a cell where a cell stores food. You can see them with a good light microscope. Vacuoles are mostly made of water and amino acids. They have a lipid membrane around them to keep out the salty water of the cytoplasm.

Evaporation process of

Water from leaf surface in combination with water,s unique chemicals properties is what draws water into the vascular system

suberin

an inert impermeable waxy substance present in the cell walls of corky tissues. Suberin is a waterproofing waxy substance found in higher plants. Suberin is a main constituent of cork, and is named after the cork oak, Quercus suber. Its main function is as a barrier to movement of water and solutes.

Aquaporins & transport proteins

embedded in the membrane assist water and nutrients ions in entering the cell, while keeping unwanted material out

Casparian strip

is a band of cell wall material deposited in the radial and transverse walls of the endodermis, and is chemically different from the rest of the cell wall - the cell wall being made of lignin and without suberin - whereas the Casparian strip is made of suberin and sometimes lignin

Peroxisomes

A major function of the peroxisome (a Organelle) is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids through beta-oxidation. Peroxisomes contain at least 50 different enzymes, which are involved in a variety of biochemical pathways in different types of cells. Peroxisomes originally were defined as organelles that carry out oxidation reactions leading to the production of hydrogen peroxide. Because hydrogen peroxide is harmful to the cell, peroxisomes also contain the enzyme catalase, which decomposes hydrogen peroxide either by converting it to water or by using it to oxidize another organic compound.

Ribosomes

A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes protein. Protein is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Lysosomes

A simple description of lysosomes is that they are tiny sacs filled with fluid containing enzymes (i.e. proteins that act as biological catalysts) which enable the cell to process its nutrients and are also responsible for destroying the cell after it has died. Lysosomes are the main sites of digestion, that is the break-down of structures, within cells. There are, however, some circumstances (diseases/conditions) in which lysosomes begin to 'break-down' living cells - not just useless parts of cells or potentially harmful structures. A defining characteristic of lysosomes is that each one is bounded by only a single membrane

Organelles

An organelle is a tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell. Organelles are are embedded within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. In the more complex eukaryotic cells, organelles are often enclosed by their own membrane. Analogous to the body's internal organs, organelles are specialized and perform valuable functions necessary for normal cellular operation. Organelles have a wide range of responsibilities that include everything from generating energy for a cell to controlling the cell's growth and reproduction

Outer cell wall & plasma membrane

Barriers that regulate what can enter a cell

Plasmodesmata

Between plant cells, we see the formation of plasmodesmata. A plasmodesma (plural plasmodesmata, singular plasmodesma) is a channel through the cell wall that allows molecules and substances to move back and forth as needed.

Phospholipid

Cells are surrounded by a very important type of lipid, called phospholipids. Phospholipids consist of a hydrophilic (or 'water loving') head and a hydrophobic (or 'water fearing') tail. Phospholipids like to line up and arrange themselves into two parallel layers, called a phospholipid bilayer. This layer makes up your cell membranes and is critical to a cell's ability to function. The most important function for a phospholipid is to form the phospholipid bilayer. In this bilayer, the phospholipids are arranged so that all the hydrophillic heads are pointing outward and the hydrophobic tails are pointing inward. This arrangement comes about because the areas both outside and inside your cell are mostly water, so the hydrophobic tails are forced in. Since lipids do not get broken down by water, the bilayer provides a barrier around the cell and only lets in certain molecules. Some small molecules, like carbon dioxide and oxygen, pass through the phospholipid bilayer quite easily. This is good because these gases are involved in cellular respiration, which is how your body makes energy from the food you eat.

Chromoplasts

Chromoplasts are what the name describes, a place for the pigments to be stored and synthesized in the plant. These are found in flowering plants, fruits, and aging leaves. The chloroplasts actually convert over to chromoplasts. There are carotenoid pigments here that allow for the different colors you see in fruits and the fall leaves. One of the main reasons for these structures and the colors is to attract pollinators.

Nucleus

Command center where DNA is housed

Microtubules & Actin filaments

Communication centers &I transportation infrastructures

Vascular

Composed of Xylem and phloem

Meristematic

Composed of undifferentiated cells that can become any type of cell in the plant by dividing a trait most plant cells lose at maturity. Two types shoot apical meristems and root apical meristems

Protein molecules

Constructed on ribosomes located on the endoplasmic reticulum or floating in the cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Has tunnels that connect all cell in a plant

Stomata

Leaf pores that let in carbon dioxide and let out water vapor

Leucoplasts

Leucoplasts are further subdivided into three different plastids: Amyloplasts, Proteinoplasts , and Elaioplasts Amyloplasts are the largest of the three and are charged with storing starch. Then there are the proteinoplasts that help to store the proteins that a plant needs and are typically found in seeds. Finally, the elaioplasts are used to store fats and oils that are needed by the plant, specifically in seeds.

Cytoplasm

Liquid part of cell along with organelles, the structures in a cell that perform special jobs

Integral membrane proteins (IMP)

Make up 50-75% of surface of the plasmalemma

Ground tissue

Makes up bulk of plant body

pH

Measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution: the more of these the lower the pH and more acidic the solution.

Root hairs

Specialized dermal cells that extend into soil and are the main points of nutrients uptake

Groups of plant cells

Organized into Meristematic, vascular, dermal, and ground tissue

Leaves

Organs that specialize in photosynthesis which is the production of sugars from carbon dioxide, water, and the energy captured from the sun

Plastids

Plastids are double membrane bound organelles found inside plants and some algae, which are primarily responsible for activities related to making and storing food. Many plastids are photosynthetic but some are not. Some of the most common plastids include: Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts , Gerontoplasts, and Leucoplasts

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Dermal

Provides protection to outer surfaces of plant

Lysosomes & Peroxisomes

Recycling centers of cell

Plasmalemma

Regulates what comes into and exits a plant cell it enables the cell to keep a balance between the outside and inside. It helps to maintain and adjust cellular turgidity by regulating amount of water held in the cell

Chloroplasts

Sites of photosynthesis

Mitochondria

Sites of respiration the process that produces energy from the sugars made elsewhere

apoplast

Structurally, the apoplast is formed by the continuum of cell walls of adjacent cells as well as the extracellular spaces, forming a tissue level compartment comparable to the symplast. The apoplastic route facilitates the transport of water and solutes across a tissue or organ.

Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is an organelle present in most eukaryotic cells. It is made up of membrane-bound sacs, and is also called a Golgi body, Golgi complex, or dictyosome. The job of the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell. The Golgi apparatus is sometimes compared to a post office inside the cell since one major function is to modify, sort, and package proteins to be secreted.

Vacuole

The central storage facility

Chloroplasts

The chloroplasts are probably the most known of the plastids. These are responsible for photosynthesis. The chloroplast is filled with thylakoids, which is where photosynthesis occurs, and chlorophyll.

Cytoplasm

The gel like fluid inside the cell

symplast

The symplast of a plant is the inner side of the plasma membrane in which water and low-molecular-weight solutes can freely diffuse. The plasmodesmata allow the direct flow of small molecules such as sugars, amino acids, and ions between cells. ... It is contrasted with the apoplastic flow, which uses cell wall transport

Tonoplast

The tonoplast is a stretchy membrane, and its main function is to protect the vacuole and isolate it from harmful substances. The tonoplast membrane controls ionic movement in and around the cell. Water flowing in and out of the vacuole is regulated by the tonoplast. Some animal and bacterial cells also contain vacuoles that are bound by vacuolar membranes. The size and structure of the vacuole varies depending on the cell.