Playpostit questions

How many carbons from the glucose molecule do you have left at the end of Kreb's cycle?

0 (by the end of the Kreb's cycle, all the carbons in glucose are now forming CO2, which you breath out).

Which form of adenosine has the most energy?

ATP.

Which of these is a postulate of cell theory?

All cells come from a previous cell. Cells are the smallest unit of life. All living organisms are composed of at least one cell.

Which cells have DNA and RNA?

All cells.

Select three statements that are within the core concept of Systems and Interactions in Biology:

Biological molecules, genes, cells, tissues, organs, individuals, and ecosystems interact to form complex networks. Emergent properties result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system. A change in one component of the network can affect many other components.

Which process in aerobic respiration yields the most ATP?

Chemiosmosis.

What is transferred from glucose to ATP?

Energy only.

How does gene expression work?

First, information in the DNA is transcribed into RNA, which in turn is translated into an amino acid sequence, which goes through a folding process to become a functioning protein.

What is the process of converting information from a gene to its cellular product?

Gene expression.

Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing glucose into CO2 and water. Based on this, you can assume:

Glucose is losing electrons.

Which of the best describes the process of aerobic respiration?

Glucose is oxidized, its electrons are used to create a proton gradient which then is used to make ATP.

What determines the secondary structure of a protein?

Hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups.

Where do photosynthetic prokaryotes carry out photosynthesis?

In the plasma membrane.

Which of the following will increase enzymatic activity?

Increase substrate concentration. Increase enzyme concentration. Gradually increase the temperature.

Which of these are true about DNA?

It has deoxyribose as the sugar. It codes the information for proteins. It's usually double stranded.

Which are the two primary macromolecules for energy storage?

Lipids, Carbohydrates.

According to the laws of thermodynamics, what happens when you leave a banana to rot?

Microorganisms will convert the sugars into CO2 and use some of the energy released in the process.

Which of these components do you see in all types of cells?

Plasma membrane, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm, DNA.

What is the hierarchy in population level?

Population, Species, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere.

Which of these are monosaccharides?

Ribose, Fructose, Glucose (sucrose is not one).

Which cell structure makes proteins?

Ribosomes

Which of these fatty acids are more likely to be solid?

Saturated fats.

What determines the primary structure of a protein?

The amino acid sequence.

Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?

Their activity varies with pH and temperature. They can be reused multiple times. The speed of the reaction increases with both enzyme and substrate concentration. They reduce the activation energy of a reaction.

Which of these statements is true about isomers?

They have the same chemical formula but different structure. Even a small change in structure can affect the function.

What happens to the carbons in glucose after cellular respiration?

They now form part of CO2.

Carbohydrates have the same number of carbon was they have oxygen atoms. Oxygen is a very electronegative atom, attracting electrons towards it. What can you conclude about carbohydrates?

They will be polar.

What is the hierarchy in organismal level?

Tissue, Organ, Organ systems, Organisms.

If you want a cell membrane to be more fluid, which fatty acids would you add to it?

Unsaturated fats.

Which of the following best explains the purpose of chemiosmosis?

Use the proton gradient to power the synthesis of ATP.

What determines the tertiary structure of a protein?

Weak bonds and interactions between R groups.

Which of the following will cause a protein to denature?

A pH outside the protein's range. Temperature higher than the range of that protein.

A scientific theory is:

A statement of how things work that has been tested and it's in agreement with all available data.

Which of these groups do you find in all proteins?

Amino, Carboxyl.

What is the hierarchy in cellular level?

Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelle, Cells.

Why are proteins also called polypeptides?

Because amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

Which structures are common to both plant and animal cells?

Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Nucleus.

How do cells perform endergonic reactions?

Couple them with exergonic reactions.

Which of the following are true about The Central Dogma?

DNA contains all the information that is inherited from parents to offspring. DNA has the information to make proteins. The DNA has to be transcribed into RNA before it can be translated into proteins.

Which of the following ideas were proposed by Darwin and Wallace?

Individuals with traits most suited for that environment will produce more offspring, passing their traits to their offspring. Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. Overtime, favorable traits will become more common in the population.

Where is the energy of the glucose molecule going?

Into ATP and heat.

Which of these are true about RNA?

It transfers information from the nucleus to the ribosome. It uses Uracil as one of its four bases.

Proteins can perform a variety of functions. What determines the function of a proton?

It's tridimensional structure.

Like dissolved in like. Water is a polar substance. Polar substances dissolve in water. On the contrary, water and oil don't mix. This means that oil is:

Non-polar.

When we burn fat in exercise, how do we lose the weight?

The fat turns into CO2 that we breathe out.

Which of the following best explains the purpose of fermentation?

Oxidize NADH back to NAD+ to keep glycolysis going.

This person is saying that you lose mass by converting it to energy, why is that wrong?

Because energy can't be created or destroyed.

Why is the understanding of evolution so important in biology?

Because it explains how diversity of living forms originated.

How come if larger cells have more volume and more surface area than small cells, large cells have a lower surface-area-to volume ratio?

Because the volume of the cell increases faster than its surface as the cell gets bigger.

How is surface-area-to-volume ratio related to the efficiency of cells?

Cells need large surface-area-to-volume to speed diffusion of substances.

What are emergent properties?

Characteristics that arise when simpler components interact to form a more complex system.

When you breathe you inhale oxygen and exhale CO2. Which of the following processes directly uses oxygen that you breathe in?

Electron Transport Chain.

Oxygen is so called the electron acceptor, for its role in cellular respiration. What would happen in an eukaryotic cell without oxygen?

Electrons from electron carriers, such as NADH and FADH2 cannot be accepted anymore. There will be no movement of protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. The electrons won't be transferred to oxygen, thus, there will be no movement of electrons.

Which of these statements are true according to the laws of thermodynamics?

Energy can be transformed from one form into another. Entropy is a form of energy that is not usable. When energy is transferred from one form into another, some energy is lost as entropy.

Which of these belong to the five Core Concepts in Biology?

Energy flows and is transformed within cells and between organisms. All living organisms evolved from a common ancestor. The complexity of biology is based on multiple components interacting in systems resulting in new characteristics. Information in the DNA is used to make RNA which then is used to make protein, DNA is passed on from parent to offspring. The structure of a biological component determines its function.

The effects of cyanide poisoning are very similar to a person experiencing anoxia (lack of oxygen). Which of the following processes will be the main source of ATP for a person experiencing anoxia?

Glycolysis.

Where is the mass of the glucose molecule going?

Into CO2 and water.

Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose into carbon dioxide and water. Glucose has more energy than water and carbon dioxide. What can you infer about cellular respiration?

It involves a decrease in free energy.

Photosynthesis is the process of using carbon dioxide and water to form glucose. Glucose has more energy than water and carbon dioxide. What can you infer about photosynthesis?

It involves an increase in free energy. It requires energy input.

Which of the following are polar molecules?

Moleculares that are positively charged. Molecules that have a negative charge. Neutral molecules with uneven distribution of charges.

Select from the following concepts the ones that are part of the Core Concept of Energy Flow and Energy Transformations in Biology:

Moving, growing, reproducing, and the various cellular activities of life are work, and work requires energy. Energy and matter can not be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another. Energy captured by primary producers is necessary to support the maintenance, growth, and reproduction of all organism.

Both, starch and cellulose are made of glucose. However, they use different isomers of glucose. Can you use the same enzyme to breakdown starch and cellulose?

No, because they use different isomers.

Based on the definition of life explained earlier, would you consider viruses alive?

No. Seven characteristics are needed: 1) Cellular organization 2) Ordered complexity 3) Sensitivity to respond to stimuli 4) Growth, development, reproduction 5) Energy utilization 6) Homeostasis 7) Evolutionary adaptation

Which of these macromolecules stores the genetic information in a cell?

Nucleic acids.

Which of these observations from other scientists helped Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace shape their ideas of evolution?

Organisms compete for limited resources, those best suited are most likely to survive. The earth has been around for a long time provides ample time for evolution to occur. Species change and go extinct over time.

What are the two main observations that Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace made during their expeditions?

Organisms in each island are adapted to the particular conditions of each island. Organisms in remote islands are somewhat similar to each other indicating common descent.

Which of the following statements indicate events that occur during the Electron Transport Chain?

Oxidize NADH and FADH2 back into NAD+ and FADH so they can be used again. Transport electrons from electron carriers, such as NADH and FADH2, and deliver them to oxygen. Take the electrons that were harvested from glucose and give them to oxygen, forming water. Take protons from the mitochondrial matrix and move them into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.

Which is the first level of proteins structure that will be affected if there is a mutation in the DNA?

Primary structure.

Which levels of protein structure are affected in the hemoglobin protein with the sickle cell mutation?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quarternary.

Some chemicals, such as DNP, create pores in the mitochondrial membrane that let protons "leak" through. What would happen in a cell with DNP poisoning?

Protons moved into the intermembrane space will quickly diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix disrupting the proton gradient. ATP production will drop substantially.

What would happen in a cell that doesn't make a specific chaperone?

The proteins won't fold correctly and therefore won't function.

Which statement is true about the reactants and the products of cellular respiration?

The reactants and the products have the same number and type of atoms.

For a reaction in which the products contain more energy than the reactants, which of the following is true?

The reaction requires energy output.

Which statements are true about the relationship between structure and function?

The structure of a molecule, such as a protein, determines its function. We can predict the function of a molecule by looking at its structure. The structure of something determines its function at any level of biology, from molecules, to cells, to organs, etc.

Which of the following statements are true about phospholipids?

The tails don't mix with water. The tails are lipid bases, non-polar. The heads are polar and interact with water.