PLSO Test 3

___________are materials generally act by slowing, but not stopping, cell division and elongation in sub apical meristems, using without causing stem or leaf malformations

Retardants

In herbaceous perennials, the_________ can remain alive________ but the shoot system may be killed by _______

Roots and shoots// indefinitely// It's complement an environment in which it is growing

If it is ______, It cannot set fruit and seed with its own pollen, but you said requires pollen from _____ ,Usually of a different clone

Self sterile//another plant

_______ is consider to be terminal, Irreversible ____ in living organisms, leading to cellular and tissue breakdown and______

Senescence // deteriorative change // death

the designation as a long or short day plant is not based on the absolute length of day, but rather _______

if the photoperically controlled process is the induced only at day length longer or shorter than specific day length.

as the sun rises the angle of incidence ______, light intensity _____, so does _________ until the photosynthetic machinery is ______. then photosynthetic activity gradually _______.

increases//increases// photosynthetic activity// saturated// declines as the day progressed towards the sunset

The chloroplasts contain pigments capable of _________________________________________ necessary to drive the photosynthetic process.

intercepting light and converting electromagnetic energy into chemical energy

The light intensity at which photosynthesis and respiration rates are equal is called the __________________________

light compensation point

it also affects the amount of _____ and available for the absorption by ________

light entering the leaf// chlorophyll

________ does not refer to how beneficial the light is for the light is for the plant, but rather _________

light quality// to the relative quantity of individual component value lengths contained in an incident beam of light

At low light levels, temperature has ________________________ on the rate of photosynthesis because light is the ______________________

little effect; limiting factor

light that is reflected from the surface of a leaf is _____

lost for photosynthesis

If light is not limiting, the rate of photosynthetic activity _____________________________ for each ____________ in temperature for many plant species, up to a point.

approximately doubles; 10 degrees celcius

Heterotrophs must consume ________________________________________ in order to get the energy-releasing carbohydrates.

autotrophs or other heterotrophs that have fed on autotrophs

_________ in a broad sense, can be defined as the management of biological systems for the benefit of humanity.

biotechnoloy

what are the signals that trigger the action of the regulatory genes

biotic signals include:plant hormones, inorganic ions, coenzymes, and other metabolites

Under condition of ____________________, plants often lose water through transpiration faster than their roots can absorb it. This causes the _________________ to close and the leaves to ______________________.

low soil moisture; stomates; wilt temporarily

heliotropic movements are also used to ____________

lower the amount of light absorbed by reducing the angle of incidence of sunlight on the leaf when overheating might occur

A _________ gene causes the character it controls to be expressed only if both alleles are recessive

recessive

When these pigments are irridated with light containing all the visible wavelengths, they absorb mostly from the __________________________ of the spectrym and reflect or transmit much of the _______________________________________________.

red and blue portions; green portion. which is why leaves are seen as being green

plants compete for light by ________

redirecting growth and development of that they produce leaves that are above the leaves of their neighbors

some plants can compensate for the _______________at low solar angles through ___________ in which leaf angles are ______ so that the suns rays are normal, or ________, to the leaf during most of the day

reduce light intensity and increase reflection// heliotropic movements// adjusted// perpendicular

radiation passing through the earths atmosphere can be_____, resulting in signification of light back into outer space and thus _____.

refracted, scattered // reducing the amount of light for photosynthesis

One of the characteristics of DNA that makes it possible for the chromosomes to transmit genetic information from one cell generation to the next is its ability to _________ itself.

replicate

_________ (RNA) controls the growth processes in a cell.

ribonucleic acid

stages of development include

seed germination growth of vegetative organs and tissues, imitation and maturation of reproductive organ and tissues, fertilization, seed development and maturation and senescence and death.

the control of development through _______ is mediated mostly but not entirely through the action of _________

selective gene actuation and deactivation // transcription factors that turn on and off genes

some plants of tropical origin may be injured at _______. This is referred to as ________.

temperature well above// chilling injury the freezing point for 13 degrees Celsius.

Breeding means selecting a female and male parent with _______ and crossing them to produce offspring with both sets of desirable traits.

unique desirable traits

photoperiodism is the photomorphogenic response to _______

variation in day length

When is a plant light saturated?

when further increases in light intensity increase photosynthesis little or not at all

Photosynthesis occurs in __________________.

chloroplasts

Cultivars originating from a single plant or plant part and maintained in this manner by vegetative propagation are ______.

clones

Photosynthesis is the process of _________________________________________________________.

converting of light energy to chemical energy in the form of reduced carbon compounds

___________ refers to two sets of chromosomes

diploid

A _______ gene is one that causes a certain characteristic to be expressed.

dominant

numerous aspects of plant growth and development are controlled by photoperiod including _____________

flowering induction of bud dormancy in woody speeches; formation of vegetative propagules such as bulbs, tubers, corns, and runners

Growth can be measured as an increase in _______

fresh or dry weight, volume, length, height or service area

The ______ is the ultimate hereditary unit that functions as a certain part of a chromosome determining the development of a particular characteristics.

gene

_______ are still in control of the plant's characteristics, even if an environmental factor drastically alters the phenotype.

genes

When a gene is introduced into a species that otherwise does to have that gene, it is called ________.

genetic engineering

The word BIOTECHNOLOGY, as a generally used now means organisms developed by molecular biology and molecular genetics using advanced ___________.

genetic engineering techniques

__________ compliments but does not ______ traditional breeding techniques.

genetic engineering, replace

The term _________ (GMO) is used to describe genetically engineered plants, but _________ is a more accurate term.

genetically modified organism, genetically engineered

The term __________ refers to the genetic makeup of the plant.

genotype

The larger leaves allow for a ____________________________.

greater area to absorb light

__________ refers to one set of chromosomes

haploid

Organisms, including humans that cannot synthesize those compounds are called _________________.

heteroptophs

In each vegetative cell are pairs of each individual chromosome. These pairs are called __________.

homologous chromosomes

If a plant is so fertile, it produces

Fruit and seed with its own pollen, without the transfer of pollen from another plant

In contrast to some of the other plant hormones, ethylene and ethylene- releasing chemicals have several valuable commercial applications:

Fruit ripening, flower initiation, changing six expression, the greening oranges, lemons, and grapefruit

__________ Starts with pollination, which is the transfer of pollen from an antler to a stigma in angiosperms

Fruit, Grain, and seed formation

Plant growth regulator include _______ -_________ -As well as other chemicals not found naturally in plants but that when applied Two plants, influence their growth and development

Plant hormones//natural and synthetic

A plant hormone is ______The ask to control plant activities

Natural substance

Even though cytokinins are strongly involved in plant growth regulation, _____

No important agricultural uses have been developed for them

Without fertilization,_________; therefore, parthenocarpic fruits are _____

No seeds are produced // seedless

Define transcription factors

Proteins that regulate structural gene activity

the four principal function of roots and higher plants are:

1. Anchoring plants in soil 2. Absorbing water and minerals and nutrients 3. Conducting water and dissolved minerals as well as organic 4. Storing food materials...example: plants such as sweet potatoes, sugar beets, and carrots

To overcome excessive fruit set ___________, either by hand thinning, machine shaking, or chemical sprays

1/2 ( or more) Of the fruits are removed at an early stage

Fruit and seed production involves several phases:

A. Flower induction and initiation B. Flower differentiation and development C. Pollination D. Fertilization E. Fruit set and seed formation F. Growth and maturation of fruit and seed G. Fruit senescence

Some important commercial uses of synthetic auxins are

Adventitious Root initiation, weed control, inhibition of stem sprouting, tissue culture

Define plant growth

And even versible increase in size of a plant

once flowering is induced for whatever reason, there's a change in the

Apical meristem from vegetation to reproductive

Organisms such as plants and the bacteria that can photosynthesize are called _________ because ___________________.

Autotrophs; they can synthesize the compounds that release energy during respiration

__________ were the first group of plant hormones to be discovered

Auxins

There are five traditionally recognized groups of natural plant hormones:

Auxins, gibberellins ,Cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid

The radiant energy is used to synthesize carbon-based molecules called ________from _____ and ____, releasing _____ in the process.

Carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, water, oxygen

_______________ is the basis of many of the fibers that we use for clothing, rope, and the like.

Cellulose

Which group of plant hormones primarily promote cell division but also participates in a great many aspects of plant growth and development

Cytokinins

_________ is a polymer, a very large molecule made up of many repeating units, but the repeating units called _______ can vary.

DNA, nucleotides

Root hairs, which are an extension of the _______ are the site of ________

Epidermal cells of young roots// Most water and nutrient absorption

Most annual and biennial plants ________

Flower and fruit only ones before dying

Vernalization bulbs in coolers then bringing them into the greenhouse where the warm temperatures cause the plants to grow in flower is called

Forcing

________ Are a way to measure heat accumulation

Growing degree days (GDD)

Perennials are either

Herbaceous or woody

Annuals, which are _______ complete their life cycle (seed to seed) in _______

Herbaceous//// One growing season

Examples of cold induced processes include

Imbibition, increase in biological activity, radicle, and shoot emergence

The juvenile phase is characterized by

Inability to reproduce sexually

Vernalization There's any cold temperature treatment that ________

Includes or promotes flowering

When a plants own pollen will not growth through the style into its embryo sac, This is called

Incompatibility

What are the agricultural uses of gibberellins

Increasing fruit size of seedless grapes, stimulating seed germination and seedling growth, promoting male flowers in cucumbers

Pollen transfer from the antler's to the stigmas is principally by

Insects and wind

What are the phases of development that a seedling will undergo

Juvenility, maturation, senescence

________________ is the most common form of sugar transported in the plants and is the sweetener that we commonly call _________________________.

Sucrose; table sugar

______ strongly influences fruit set. Temperatures that are _______ at this critical point Are often responsible for_______

Temperature//too low or too high//crop failure

Define carbon cycle.

The means by which radiant energy from the sun is captured, converted to the chemical energy, and then released to support the metabolism of all living organisms

plant development is

The progression of change during a plants life cycle

Biennials, which are herbaceous plants, require _________ to complete the lifecycle ( seed to seed)

Two growing seasons

Define visible light

White with wave links of 400 to 700 in M, which is the range visible to the human eye

Environmental and plant growth factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis are:

a. light quality (wavelength) b. light intensity (the amount of incident light absorbed by leaf) c. CO2 concentration d. heat e. water availability f. plant development and source-link relationships

Genes are termed _________ to each other if they occupy the same position on homogenous chromosomes and affect the same trait.

alleles

Although usually constant for a given species, the _______ ________ and __________ of chromosomes vary considerably between different plant species.

number, size, and appearance

__________ refers to the plant's appearance, behavior, and chemical and physical properties.

phenotype

phototrophin is responsible for _______ which is the movement _____

phototropism // in response of light

The process of increasing plant numbers is called ________.

propagation

Define carbon dioxide compensation point.

the level of CO2 available to the leaf for photosynthesis is equal to the amount of CO2 generated by the plant's respiration

Define Calvin cycle.

the non-light requiring reaction in photosynthesis where carbon fixation occurs

Define photosynthesis.

the process in green plants of converting water and carbon dioxide into sugar with light energy, accompanied by the production of oxygen

Parthenocarpy is the formation of fruit without _______________.

the stimulation of pollination and fertilization

Generally, the leaves of a given plant species grow ______________ in areas under low light intensity than under high light intensity.

thinner and larger