POLI 2474 - Final Exam
In what year was the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling founded? -1850 -1900 -1946 -2000 -2015
1946
How does anarchy in international politics hamper environmental regimes? -It makes international cooperation difficult due to state competition -States might distrust and thus fear that they might defect to state commitments -Leads to world government -Leads to a situation in which small states always have surprising influence -Non -All -A and B -B and C
A and B
What can well-targeted capacity-building do, as outline in Chapter 5 of Chasek and Downie? a) Augment regime compliance and effectiveness b) Increase government concern for an issue c) Demand private corporations to address the issue as outlined by the relevant international organization d) All of the above e) Both a and b f) Both b and c g) All of the above
A and B
What does synthetic biology involve? -The application of engineering principles to biology -The redesign and fabrication of biological components and systems -Creating organisms that can decompose -Both A and B -None of the above
A and B
Which large developing countries are the first and third in annual GHG emissions? a. Brazil and China b. Indonesia and India c. China and India d. U.S. and China
China and India
Of the following, which is the most significant challenge facing the Convention on International Trade and Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) face? -Opposition by Switzerland -New policies expected from the Biden administration -Combating a globalized black market -Biosafety regulations that can restrict international trade
Combating a globalized black market
As outlined in Chasek and Downie, CITES currently protects about ___ specific species of animals against illegal trade (pick closest number) -58 -5,800 -580,000 -5,800,000
5,800
What is the principle of additionality from the 1992 Declaration on Environment and Development? a. Industrialized countries would offer more funding to developing countries in increasing increments by time b. Industrialized countries would increase funding only if developing countries complied with set standards c. Developing countries would receive additional funding for the implementation of environmental agreements - additional to current levels of development and environmental assistance d. Developing countries would exchange previous funding on development for implementation of new environmental agreements.
Developing countries would receive additional funding for the implementation of environmental agreements - additional to current levels of development and environmental assistance
Veto coalitions of unusual alliances in southern Africa can be led by what? -Producer nations -Consumer nations -A combination of both
Consumer nations
In the United States, all major home appliances must: a. Get a blue Energy Star label b. Meet the Appliance Standards Program c. Have low annual operating costs d. Be able to operate in a way that is not via electronic
Get a blue Energy Star label
Why is ocean biodiversity in ABNJ under enormous pressure? -Ocean fishing -Ghost nets -Subsidies that help expand the number of ocean fishing vessels -All of the above
Ghost nets
Which pair of countries generally defied the whaling moratorium when initially passed? -Japan and Norway -United States and Japan -England and Peru -Peru and Iceland -Peru and France -Rueben and Cherise
Japan and Norway
Which is NOT a specific policy objective in the Convention on Biological Diversity as agreed in the early 1990s? -Conservation of biological diversity -Sustainable use of its components -Set targets and percentages for conservation land to be set aside in each state -Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources
Set targets and percentages for conservation land to be set aside in each state
Which foundational principle of international law limits the scope and effectiveness of international environmental policy the most?
Sovereignty
True or False: An import tax, or tariff, on products imported from a country that does not restrict or tax CO2 emissions would be an example of an environmental trade measure?
True
True or False: Focusing more explicitly on land degradation has helped the UNCCD sharpen its focus and gain somewhat more political support.
True
True or False: In a "Debt-for-nature" agreement, a creditor including potentially a national government, reduces a debt owed to it in favor of a country or other actor promoting conservation efforts.
True
True or False: Most developing countries saw the lack of significant additional funding to implement UNCCD. Focusing more explicitly on land degradation has helped the UNCCD sharpen its focus and gain somewhat more political support.
True
In some cases, domestic political developments played a key role in facilitating a global environmental agreement. Which of the following is not an example: -Obama administration pursuing significantly different and more productive national and international policies on climate change than the Bush admin -Concern about POPs in the Inuit communities of northern Canada pushed Canada to the forefront of the negotiations to ban certain types of these substances -The Trump admin's push for international action on hazardous waste led to the Prague Plastic accord -The Obama administration withdrew American opposition to initiating negotiations on mercury
The Trump admin's push for international action on hazardous waste led to the Prague Plastic accord
Which of the following was not mentioned in Ch 5 as a way to increase and improve FTA? -Remove subsidies to promote green global trade and investment -Triangular cooperation -Closing borders -South-South -Develop revenue from regime mechanisms
Closing borders
To be successful, sanctions designed to induce compliance with an environmental regime should be: a) Unlikely to be use so as to not scare Parties b) Credible and potent c) Potent but clearly unlikely to be applied d) Open to interpretation regarding their application and the necessity to abide by them e) a and c only
Credible and potent
What reservation do some conservationists have on seafood eco-labels? a. There are no reliable eco-labels on any type of food b. Eco-labels are only for plant-based food c. The number of seafood related eco-labels can confuse the consumer d. The MSC is a for-profit organization
The number of seafood related eco-labels can confuse the consumer
Despite its flaws and slow progress, why is the intergovernmental negotiating process a necessity? a. Because all states are willing to surrender environmental decisions to larger supranational bodies. b. The process appeals to the existing state-centric system, and acts as a global venue for addressing world environmental issues. c. Because it eliminates the influence of non-state actors which are not elected by the people. d. Only A and C.
The process appeals to the existing state-centric system, and acts as a global venue for addressing world environmental issues.
Why does CITES protect many species that are not endangered? a. It wants to protect partially tri-desiccated ecosystems b. It wants to protect local interests c. The protection ensures that the trade will be sustainable d. None of the above
The protection ensures that the trade will be sustainable
If you had to choose one, which of the following is most responsible for the increase in the overexploitation of fish? -Consumer taste has evolved so that more people are eating fish -In the last few years, almost everyone in Africa has developed higher purchasing power and can afford to buy fish -The original Law of the Sea did not provide for adequate protection of fisheries in coastal waters -There are more fishing vessels and better technologies for capturing fish
There are more fishing vessels and better technologies for capturing fish
Which of the following is not an opportunity to improve effective implementation and compliance, as outlined in Ch 5? -Build domestic capacity -Declare war -Increase and improve FTA -Consider sanctions -All -A and C
Declare war
What was the primary motivation for negotiating the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which created the International Whaling Commission? -The decline in whale populations became a concern for influential British conservationists -Concerns for the adverse health effects of eating whale meat -Declining whale populations put the whaling industry at risk. Therefore, whale stocks had to be monitored and rationed so that whaling could continue -As an essential part of marine ecosystems, the decline of whale populations threatened the vitality of the oceans
Declining whale populations put the whaling industry at risk. Therefore, whale stocks had to be monitored and rationed so that whaling could continue
What has been the focus of the dominant discourse on globalization? a. Implementing treaties on sustainable development via multilateral conferences. b. Social issues and benefits as they relate to the environment. c. The moral responsibility to safeguard the Earth and its resources. d. Economic opportunity and trade relations within existing economic frameworks
Economic opportunity and trade relations within existing economic frameworks
What are adjustment costs in the context of global environmental politics? -Cost to state's reputation if they don't adjust to renewable energy -Cost of human activity on the environment -State's cost of conducting negotiations, research, and monitoring -Economic, social, political costs of transitioning to practices that conform to the proposed or agreed upon global environmental policy
Economic, social, political costs of transitioning to practices that conform to the proposed or agreed upon global environmental policy
Which of the following is a method of eliminating counterproductive subsidies, as outlined in Ch 5? -Eliminating subsidies that support fossil-fuel production and consumption -Overall financial and environmental advantages -Ending the degradation of forests, aquifers, and fish stocks -Abolishing the unsustainable farming practices -All of the above -A and C
Eliminating subsidies that support fossil-fuel production and consumption
Which are principle features that do NOT directly drive biodiversity loss? -Habitat changes -Pollution -Climate Change -Endangered Species -Invasive Alien Species -All of the above
Endangered Species
True or False: Corporations and trade associations do NOT play active roles in global environmental politics.
False
True or False: Efforts to address marine biodiversity in the world's oceans are easier than addressing biodiversity on land because no country controls the oceans.
False
True or False: In the whaling regimes negotiations, decision making has always been based on scientific fact, rather than concerns over national sovereignty, or political and economic interests.
False
True or False: Like most global environmental treaties, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) automatically entered into force immediately after negotiation.
False
True or False: Most of the time, countries face equal adjustment costs in a particular regime.
False
True or False: The decision making structure of the most important world economic organizations, like the World Bank and IMF, now give equal weight (percent of votes) to all countries.
False
True or False: The most long-term time structures for environmental systems are well suited to time-horizons of most political and corporate systems.
False
What are environmental goods and services? a. Consumer purchase decisions that advocate for sustainable policies and fair trade b. Items that boast special labels defining them as "environmental goods and services" c. Goods, services, and activities that measure, prevent, limit, and correct environmental damage to the ecosystem. d. Environmental goods and services are abstract philosophical concepts without actual definitions.
Goods, services, and activities that measure, prevent, limit, and correct environmental damage to the ecosystem.
A shared natural resource is a physical or biological system that extends into jurisdictions of two or more states. Which is not an example of shared natural resources? -Animals that migrate from one state to another -Marine animals that move through waters of several coastal states -Nonrenewable and renewable resources located in territories under the control of more than one state -Habitats secluded within one state for the use of a particular population
Habitats secluded within one state for the use of a particular population
Among other provisions, the CBD requires parties to... -Inventory and monitor biodiversity -Incorporate the concepts of conservation and sustainable development into national strategies and economic development -Take measures to support protection of biodiversity -Preserve indigenous conservation practices -Report on their implementation of the convention -All of the above -A and D
-Inventory and monitor biodiversity -Incorporate the concepts of conservation and sustainable development into national strategies and economic development -Preserve indigenous conservation practices
Biodiversity is impacted by climate change, deforestation, desertification, trade in endangered species regimes, and other issues. Which of the following is NOT a potential problem produced by this situation. -There may be little coordination between regimes -Many states have finite resources to implement each regime sufficiently -Related regimes all had the same lead and veto states which produces massive stalemates -Biodiversity Convention, is almost certainly not sufficient to prevent a large decline in global biodiversity over the next 50 years
-Related regimes all had the same lead and veto states which produces massive stalemates
What did NOT coincide with the emerging environmental movement to turn the tide against commercial whaling? -Increasing public awareness of the diminishing stocks -Rising international support for Japan's argument that it be allowed to hunt blue whales -Broad popular support for meaningful protection -Learning about the intelligence of cetaceans (marine mammals)
-Rising international support for Japan's argument that it be allowed to hunt blue whales
The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) are examples of third-party eco-labeling organizations. What are eco-labels intended to do? a. Inform and allow consumers to exercise preference when purchasing items b. Limit markets for environmentally sustainable products to ensure sufficient profits c. Create a product monopoly for companies that ignore environmental standards. d. Create a monopoly for companies that observe environmental standards. e. Punish non-US providers of certain products f. All of the above
Inform and allow consumers to exercise preference when purchasing items
The framework convention-protocol approach is sometimes criticized because? -Process is too quick and not stable or thorough -Process can be very lengthy -Protocols often scanty and uninformed
Lengthy
Efforts to conserve endangered species of sharks take place under what organizations? a. The Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) b. The Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) c. The Montreal Protocol d. All of the above e. a & b only e. None of the above
A and B
Which of the following is true regarding the two main camps among those advocating reform to the structure of global environmental policy, as discussed in Chapter 7 in the book by Chasek and Downie? a. One side includes institutional reformists wanting to improve the current system of treaty regimes and international institutions. b. One side includes those who believed deeper changes are necessary, possibly including the creation of a UN Environment Organization, and replacing UNEP with said more powerful organization. c. One side believes in ending all international and national environmental policy in order to allow for increased economic activity in certain sectors they believe essential. d. All of the above e. a & b only f. None of the above
A and B
Why do states sometimes fail to translate regime treaties into domestic policies? -Domestic interest groups and politicians may prevent a treaty's ratification -National or local bureaucratic agencies lack expertise -Most states sign without intention to comply -All -A and B -A and C
A and B
According to an analysis by the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office, a $25-per-ton carbon tax report would a) Reduce emissions of greenhouse gases b) Yield benefits for U.S. residents of an uncertain magnitude c) Raise over $1 trillion dollars in revenue for the U.S. government d) Reduce emissions of GHG at less cost than command and control regulation e) All of the above f) None of the above f) Only A and C
A and C
What is true about the Sustainable Development Goals? a. It was hoped that all countries would pursue them b. They are intended just for developing nations c. They are designed to help offer a shift away from outdated development assumptions and activities of the past. d. They are binding actions that countries had to take e. All of the above f. A & B only g. A and C only
A and C
What is an energy label? a. A label that lists whether the product needs electricity, oil, etc. b. Labels that go on food to demonstrate how many calories they contained c. A label indicating if a product is energy efficient compared to similar products d. All of the above
A label indicating if a product is energy efficient compared to similar products
Reducing subsidies aimed in helping the fossil fuel industry would have what impact on carbon emissions and fossil fuel air pollution deaths as outlined in Chapter 5 of Chasek and Downie? a) Drastically increase both carbon emissions and fossil fuel deaths b) Would have no effect c) Lower global carbon emissions by perhaps 28 percent and fossil fuel air pollution deaths by 46 percent d) There is limited data to conclude any effects
Lower global carbon emissions by perhaps 28 percent and fossil fuel air pollution deaths by 46 percent
1. Which of the following is not a dimension or pillar of sustainable development? a. Environmental protection b. Military equipment production c. Social development d. Economic development
Military equipment production
What is the main goal of the NGO often referred to an "Traffic" (Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce)? a. creating ideas on climate change b. monitoring trade in endangered species c. focusing on economics in trade development d. influencing national public opinion regarding illegal trade in hazardous waste
Monitoring trade in endangered species
Which of the following is NOT a general trend relevant to global environmental politics? a. Governments trying to tackle environmental issues at intergovernmental conferences have gotten stuck in debates of treaty implementation. b. Economics and trade liberalization can undermine global environmental policies in some ways. c. Most global environmental problems are clearly getting better. d. The stakes and costs of environmental degradation are growing.
Most global environmental problems are clearly getting better.
What does biodiversity encompass? -A variety of ecosystems -A variety of species -A variety of human population centers and states -A variety or diversity of genetic material within and among species -All of the above -A, B, D only -B and C only
A, B, D only
What could be a purpose of environmental taxes or user fees, as outlined in Chapter 5 of Chasek and Downie? a) Penalize polluters b) Encourage the use of green technologies and practices c) Support companies and organizations who pollute d) Raise funds for sustainable development e) all of the above f) a, b & d only
A, B, and D
Which of the following agreements is involved in international efforts to conserve endangered species of sharks or whales? a. CITES b. The Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) c. The Rotterdam Convention d. The International Whaling Commission e. All of the above f. A and B only g. A, B and D only
A, B, and D
Which of the following is not true about Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)? -They can include marine parks, sanctuaries, and reserves -None exist in territory controlled by the United States -They are a regulatory tool for conserving natural or cultural resources -A number of existing international agreements provide for or endorse MPA creation
None exist in territory controlled by the United States
A regime that contains key elements that are too complex or too vague is an example of what kind of obstacle to national implementation?
Poorly designed regime
Which is generally NOT considered an obstacle to effective national implementation of a treaty? -Inability to monitor and report -Costs of compliance -Pressure from other states not to comply after a treaty enters into force -Insufficient capacity
Pressure from other states not to comply after a treaty enters into force
Regular and accurate monitoring and reporting within an environmental regimes helps Parties, and perhaps the public, to do all of the following except: a) assess trends related to environmental issue b) assess current levels of regime implementation c) identify specific instances of noncompliance d) prevent parties from leaving the regime e) better match potential regimes changes to policy needs
Prevent parties from leaving the regime
What are the "Rio Principles," as they are often called, that emerged from the agreements reached at the 1992 Earth Summit? a. The precautionary principle, opportunity exploitation, and expanded resource usage b. Principles of additionality, common but differentiated responsibilities, and "polluter pays" c. The principles of sustainable development, common but differentiate responsibilities, and fairness d. The principles of risk assessment and environmental justice e. The principle of Agenda 21 and free trade in environmental goods and services
Principles of additionality, common but differentiated responsibilities, and "polluter pays"
The CBD has 3 objectives. Which of the following is NOT one of them? -Conservation of biological diversity -Sustainable use of its components -Protecting sovereign rights to engage in international trade in endangered species -Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources
Protecting sovereign rights to engage in international trade in endangered species
What does anarchy in international relations refer to? -Chaos and destruction -Lack of coordination between international regimes -Absence of hierarchy or world government -State of perpetual war -Impact of negative externalities
Absence of hierarchy or world government
The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities means, at least in part: a. Nations are assigned to work with different issues, depending on their expertise. b. Nations use distributed funding to focus on finding solutions to different assigned environmental issues. c. Nations focus on lowering the impact of environmental processes that are most widespread and detrimental to their own territory and region. d. All nations have a responsibility to the environment, but nations which contributed most to environmental problems have more responsibility to address them.
All nations have a responsibility to the environment, but nations which contributed most to environmental problems have more responsibility to address them.
As outlined in Chapter 7 of Chasek and Downie, which of the following is one of the new or current realities that is impacting global environmental politics? -broad changes in the international economic and political systems -proliferation of stakeholders and potentially influential actors -Environmental policy is often fragmented into a series of separate and unequal regimes -need for universality -all of the above -b and c only
All of the above
Collectively, the countries of the world made relatively poor progress toward achieving which 2020 Aichi Biodiversity Target? -Reduction in habitat loss -Fisheries -Sustainable management of agriculture -Reduction in pressures on vulnerable ecosystems -C and D only -All of the above
All of the above
Environmental trade measures (ETMs) are trade restrictions or rules that support environmental goals. Such measures can potentially include: a. Import prohibitions b. Product standards c. Mandatory labeling requirements d. Standards governing production of natural resource exports e. All of the above f. None of the above
All of the above
Establishing market incentives for pollution and unstable practices can do which of the following as outlined in Chapter 5 of Chasek and Downie? a) Encourage innovation b) Reward efficiency and emission avoidance c) Create an even level playing field for sustainable technology options d) Induce low-emission and zero-emission technologies e) Reduce cost of sustainable economic growth f) All of the above
All of the above
How might certain types of trade liberalization be used to boost sustainable practices? a. By encouraging/ facilitating the spread of "green technology." b. By eliminating trade barriers to environmental goods and services. c. By reducing the costs for exporting and importing green goods and services. d. By helping developing countries obtain the tools they need to address environmental priorities. e. All of the above
All of the above
Improving coordination among treaties and various different organizations would improve implementation and compliance by which of the following as outlined in Chapter 5 of Chasek and Downie? a) Help to remove obstacles by lack of coordination b) Allowing more effective use of limited recourses c) Avoiding duplications d) Creating opportunity with joint effort initiatives in various areas such as reporting and monitoring e) Strengthening treaty secretariats f) All of the above g) A, b & c only
All of the above
Internationally shared natural resources can include: -Non-renewable resources -Complex ecosystems -Resources that exist pass through the commons or the jurisdictional zones of two or more states -All of the above
All of the above
Pollution harmful to ocean biodiversity in ABNJ includes: -Plastic -Toxic chemicals -Oil released from ships -Run off from surface areas that contain high levels of fertilizer or pollution -All of the above
All of the above
Scientific uncertainty and complexity regarding a problem's __ can create an obstacle for creating effective environmental policy. -Scope -Impact -Severity -Time frame -All -None -A and D
All of the above
The "3 pillars of sustainable development" as outlined in UN meetings and in Chapter 6 of Downie and Chasek, include: a. environmental protection; b. social development c. economic development d. all of the above e. only a and c
All of the above
The "Global Biodiversity Outlook" listed which of the following as principal pressures driving biodiversity loss? -Habitat change -Overexploitation -Pollution -Invasive alien species -Climate change -All of the above -A and D only -D and E only
All of the above
The international wildlife trade includes what? a. The trade of live animals b. The trade of live plants c. The trade of products derived from animals and plants d. All of the above e. A and C only
All of the above
The main goal(s) of the Convention on Biological Diversity is/are: -The conservation of biological diversity -The sustainable use of its components -Fair and equitable sharing of benefits of the use of genetic resources -All of the above -None of the above -A and B only
All of the above
WHat determines the effectiveness of an environmental regime? -Regime design -Level of implementation -Compliance -All of the above -B and C
All of the above
What did participants agree on when implementing a package of issues that could be addressed under UNCLOS? -Marine genetic resources including benefit sharing -Area based management tools including marine protected areas -Environmental impact assessments -Capacity building the transfer of marine technology -All of the above
All of the above
What do many developing countries generally cite as reason(s) for why developed countries should bear the brunt of the responsibility for climate change solutions? a. Developed countries have higher levels of industrialization. b. Developed countries produce more combustion of fossil fuels. c. Developed countries produce more toxic chemicals and hazardous waster d. Developed countries have higher resource consumption. e. All of the Above
All of the above
What impact does the international economic system have on the environment? -It encourages low-cost production and thus enviro degradation -It does not factor in externalities and costs to society -Industries sometimes push for environmental policy for economic reasons -Impact is often case-by-case, depending on the issue and patterns of economic interst -All of the above -None of the above
All of the above
What impacts the effectiveness of a potential lead or veto state in seeking support for its position? -The amount of diplomatic clout a state has -The volume of economic resources a state has -The negotiating skill in a country's diplomatic team -All of the above -None of the above -A and C only
All of the above
What is an obstacle to effective domestic implementation of global regimes, as outlined in Chapter 5 of Chasek and Downie? a) Some public and government officials in some counties appear to still be unaware of threats posed by some environmental issues b) Lack of awareness of environmental costs c) A misperception of the relative economic costs of preventing more serious environmental problems versus the economic costs that stem from serious environmental issues d) gaps exist between policy goals and actual environmental conditions e) Both a and c f) All of the above
All of the above
What types of nations can create veto-like coalitions opposed to, or can prevent the effectiveness of, listing new species to the control measures under CITIES? -Producer nations -Consumer nations -A coalition of consumer and producer nations -All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following are opportunities to improve effective implementation and compliance, as outlined in Ch 5 of Chasek and Downie? -Raise awareness and concern -Create market incentives -Eliminate counterproductive subsidies -Augment coordination between regimes and conventions -All -A and B -B and D
All of the above
Which of the following are opportunities to improve effective implementation and compliance, as outlined in Ch 5? -Generate publicity -Improve monitoring and reporting -Create market incentives -Consider sanctions -All -A and C -B and D
All of the above
Which of the following are realities of globalization? a. The proliferation of stakeholders and potentially influential actors, and the consequential difficulty of creating and imposing top-down, system wide policies. b. The fragmentation of global environmental issues. c. The need for universality. d. The intergovernmental negotiating process itself. e. All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following increase and improves FTA, as outlined in ch 5 of C&D? -Develop revenue from regime mechanisms -Exchange debt obligations for sustainable development policy reforms and investments -South-South financing -Public-private partnerships -All of the above -B and C
All of the above
Which of the following increases and improves FTA as outlined in Ch 5? -Focus multilateral and bilateral assistance on the SDGs -Pollution taxes -Remove subsidies to promote green global trade and investment -Triangular cooperation -All -A and B -B and D -A and C
All of the above
Which of the following is a main goal of the CBD? -Conservation of biological diversity -Sustainable use of the components of biological diversity -Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources -All of the above -A and B only -A and C only
All of the above
What is the definition of universality in the environmental arena, as discussed in Chapter 7 in the book by Chasek and Downie? a. Identification of someone or something or person from previous encounters or knowledge. b. The state of being connected with each other c. Recognition of the interconnectedness of national and global environment and development challenges.
Recognition of the interconnectedness of national and global environment and development challenges.
Which of the following is a reason that a veto state might change its position, and stop playing a veto-state role, in a global environmental negotiation? -A veto state changes its own understanding of the problem because of new scientific evidence -A veto state changes its position because its economic interests have changed -A veto state has a change of government, and the new gov. has a different policy toward the issue -A veto state comes under effective domestic pressure to change its policy -A veto state fears negative reactions from other govs or adverse international opinion -All of the above -A and D
All of the above
Which of the following is a reason that improved coordination among treaties and organizations could improve regime implementation and compliance, as outlined in Ch 5? -It would allow more effective use of limited resources -It would help avoid unnecessary duplication of tasks -It would potentially create opportunities for joint initiatives that could improve reporting, monitoring, environmental assessments, financing, and implementation -All -A and B
All of the above
Which of the following is a type of fragmentations being experienced global environmental politic, as outlined in Chapter 7 of Chasek and Downie. a. Environmental policy is often fragmented into a series of separate and unequal regimes b. Across international organizations, including within the UN system, multiple organizations address similar environmental and development issues c. All of the above d. None of the above. This issue is not discussed in Chapter 7.
All of the above
Which of the following make participation by China, India, and the EU nearly essential for the long-term success of nearly every global environmental regime? a. The size of their economies b. Their resource consumption c. Their GHG emissions d. Current and likely future patterns in international trade e. The size of their collective populations f. all of the above g. a, c, and d only
All of the above
Which of the following pertains to universality, as discussed in Chapter 7 in the book by Chasek and Downie? a. Recognition of the interconnectedness of the national and global environment b. Development changes and universal commitments to address them c. Sustainably managing and protecting global public goods d. Illegal trade of wildlife e. All of the above f. None of the above.
All of the above
Why do some political and economic leaders oppose action that would support sustainability? a. They do not view global warming, biodiversity loss, and other ideas as seriously detrimental to their country's future. b. They fear that stronger environmental governance would challenge state sovereignty. c. They fear that environmental policies may hinder economic growth. d. Some countries do not have the political strength and necessary resources to support sustainability. e. All of the above
All of the above
Why was the implementation of some of the work programs created by a CBD COP inadequate in some countries -- and to some degree, overall? -Inadequate domestic policies -Funding -Political commitment -All of the above
All of the above
What is Friend of the Sea? a. A for-profit organization that sells fish that is eco-labeled b. An NGO whose goal is to conserve marine habitat and resources using market incentives and specific conservation projects c. An American organization that promotes eating swordfish d. A brand name for canned ocean salmon
An NGO whose goal is to conserve marine habitat and resources using market incentives and specific conservation projects
What implementation shortcoming(s) does the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) present? -There is still formal indication within the treaty that desertification is a problem -The UNCCD lacked enough scientific and technological expertise input -Some consider desertification a development regime due to its emphasis on poverty and land management, rather than an environmental regime -All of the above -A and B -B and C
B and C
Which of the following is NOT involved in current methods of monitoring regime implementation, or not a way to improve monitoring, as outlined in Ch 5? -Identifying specific instances or patterns of noncompliance or ineffectiveness -Countries submitting data and reports on issues related to the environmental problem -Countries developing implementation activities -Reducing the number of actors involved in examining regime implementation -The ability of secretariats and COPs to review, publicize, and act on the information
Reducing the number of actors involved in examining regime implementation
The tragedy of the commons... -Resulted from tension between collective and individual interests and responsibility -can always be resolved through socialization of the commons -Occurs at the same rate regardless of size and carrying capacity of commons -Occurs at the same rate regardless of the size of the human populations -All -None -A and C
Resulted from tension between collective and individual interests and responsibility
Which of the following is not true regarding Environmental trade measures (ETMs) a. They are policies that regulate or restrict trade as a tool to address environmental problems b. State sometime enact them via national legislation c. They can include import prohibitions, product standards, standards governing production of natural resource exports. d. They can include mandatory Eco labeling schemes e. Some are included in MEAs f. Because they are enacted via sovereign national legislation or globally recognized MEAs, they cannot be considered to violate WTO rules. g. Both B and C
Because they are enacted via sovereign national legislation or globally recognized MEAs, they cannot be considered to violate WTO rules.
Invasive species are considered potentially harmful to biodiversity outside of their natural habitats. While not discussed specially in the chapter, why is this the case? -Because they are always aesthetically unappealing -Because they may outcompete native species, and alter the food chain and consequently their new environment -Because they have generated a debate about the controversial metaphorical language alluding to human immigration policies
Because they may outcompete native species, and alter the food chain and consequently their new environment
What term refers to the diversity of plant and animal species making up the earth's ecosystem? -Ecodivinity -Global commons -Opportunistic evolution -Habitat -Biozonal horizon -Biodiversity
Biodiversity
The Cartagena Protocol relates most closely to which area of environmental policy? -Biodiversity -Desertification -Biosafety -Climate Change -All of the above
Biosafety
Which of the following financial institutions have both aligned themselves with the 2030 Agenda so they can assist countries in implementing the SDGs? a. The Republican Bank of the Continent. b. Australian European Bank for post-Reconstruction c. The World Bank d. The IMF e. All of the above f. A and C only g. C and D only
C and D
Which of the following is the best understanding of biosafety (as outlined in Chasek and Downie)? -Preserving biological diversity -Instructions for safely using and disposing of biotechnology -Safe transfer, use, and disposal of living modified organisms (LMOs) from biotechnology -Keeping plants, animals, and their habitats safe from human activity
Safe transfer, use, and disposal of living modified organisms (LMOs) from biotechnology
Which is NOT an example of a subsidy that tends to support environmentally harmful activities? a. Subsidies for clean energy research b. Subsidies for fossil fuels and mining c. Subsidies for agriculture and foresting d. Subsidies for drift-net fishing
Subsidies for clean energy research
Which is NOT a characteristic of neoliberalism? a. Support for Privatization b. Support for Increased Foreign Direct investment (FDI) c. Support for Free markets d. Support for Tariffs to protect home industries e. Support for Trade liberalization
Support for Tariffs to protect home industries
Many global environmental regimes have grown significantly since their inception. Which of the following is not a true example of this? -Parties added more chemicals and moved forward the phase-out dates in the ozone regime on several occasions -The 2015 Paris Agreement contains binding controls on GHG emissions far stronger than those in the 1992 UNFCCC -The Stockholm Convention COPs continue to consider and add new chemicals to the control mechanisms -The Basel Convention continues to develop new cooperative programs and helpful guidance -All of the above
The 2015 Paris Agreement contains binding controls on GHG emissions far stronger than those in the 1992 UNFCCC
Under US law, what allows the federal government to engage in debt-for-nature swaps? a. Treaties officially overseen by the Environmental Protection Agency b. Executive Orders issued by the Interior Secretary c. The Tropical Forest Conservation Act d. None of the above
The Tropical Forest Conservation Act
Which of the following is not true regarding trade-restricting measures in a MEAS? a. They seek to limit a type of trade that produces, contributes to, or encourages environmental damage b. CITES includes them in that CITES requires import and export licenses for trade in some endangered species and prohibits them for others. c. They are included as a means to increase regime participation, compliance, and/or effectiveness d. Some MEAs use trade restrictions as a means to restrict trade in certain controlled substances s a means to reinforce controls on production and use). e. They can provide reasons for some states to ratify the MEA. f. They can be created and enforced by any MEA or any country at any time without any concern that they might conflict with WTO rules.
They can be created and enforced by any MEA or any country at any time without any concern that they might conflict with WTO rules.
What mechanism can WTO countries use to resolve disputes when they believe that an environmental trade measure (ETM) unfairly restricts their market access? a. They can file a complaint and bring a case to the GATT/ WTO dispute resolution panel b. They can bring the dispute to the UN Security Council c. They can bring it to an impartial, non-governmental organization whose judgement is final. d. They can appeal to voters in the own country to pass a law ordering WTO to issue a trade authorization notice in their favor.
They can file a complaint and bring a case to the GATT/ WTO dispute resolution panel
Based on the reading in Downie and Chasek, and other readings and using logic: What type of eco-label conferring entity generally has the most credibility? a. Developing country governments b. WTO certified "Opportunity Boards" c. Third-party, independent entities d. Departments within companies producing the labeled product and focused on `green markets.' e. Organizations developed through the Prior Informed Consent Procedure
Third-party, independent entities
Which of the following is not one of the two main broad purposes of include trade-restricting measures in a MEA treaty regimes, at least according to Chasek and Downie in chapter 6 of their book a. To limit a type of trade that produces, contributes to, or encourages environmental damage. b. To create conflict with WTO rules as part of an effort to weaken the negative impact of the WTO on global environmental policy c. To encourage states to join the regime / to increase participation in the regime d. To increase the overall effectiveness of the treaty in achieving its overall objective.
To create conflict with WTO rules as part of an effort to weaken the negative impact of the WTO on global environmental policy
1. What is the goal of CITES? a. To ensure that markets for specimens of plants and animals are efficient b. To ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival c. To ensure that poachers are arrested in their country of citizenship d. To ensure that states know how to take care of endangered species
To ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival
What is the goal of eco-labels? a. To make companies more environmentally responsible but only in certain countries b. To make people spend less money on consumer products c. To make it easy to take environmental concerns into account when shopping d. To make consumers eat lower calorie diets e. All of the above
To make it easy to take environmental concerns into account when shopping
What is the purpose of CITES? -To protect endangered species from species loss due to trade and poaching -To prevent and stop whaling -To prevent species loss from all sorts of causes -To regulate the import and export of living things
To protect endangered species from species loss due to trade and poaching
True or False: According to Chasek and Downie, a "strong regime" means an agreement that mandates actions that can reasonably be expected to have an impact on the problem if they are implemented and that includes obligations or norms that make it sufficiently clear that Parties can be held accountable for implementing them; and an "effective regime" means one that leads to significant measurable improvements in the environmental issue.
True
True or False: CITES obligates member states to pass domestic laws regarding the treaty, establish rules on trade of endangered species, and sanction violators.
True
True or False: Ecosystem services and short-term costs of investing in green projects translate to long-term benefits, contrary to misperceptions of relative costs and benefits that some states often perceive.
True
True or False: Leadership by industrialized countries is among the factors that help make effective regimes.
True
True or False: New scientific evidence helped move veto states on some issues, improving prospects for a stronger regime (ozone and POPs) but to date it has been secondary, or even largely irrelevant, in some other regimes (whaling, hazardous waste trade, BBNJ, desertification).
True
True or False: Originally, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling was not an environmental regime, but, instead, a club of whaling nations designed to manage the catch.
True
True or False: Sometimes getting agreement from one or more veto states leads to an agreement with exemptions or with less stringent binding measures. For example, the adoption of the Paris Agreement was only possible by avoiding the top-down requirements for emissions reductions and allowing countries to determine their own greenhouse gas emissions reductions. This enabled both China and the US, largest GHG emitters and veto states, to accept the agreement in December 2015.
True
True or False: The CBD has made progress in identifying global conservation priority areas and developing work programs on conservation and/or sustainable use.
True
True or False: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) faces the challenges of combating a globalized black market.
True
True or False: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is actually an umbrella regime enveloping numerous mini regimes, across which states' political and economic interests perhaps vary, depending on species.
True
True or False: The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an example of a labeling scheme that has succeeded in increasing demand for sustainable managed timer and timber products.
True
True or False: The elephant population remains threatened because of elephant poaching, even though it has declined in some areas since reaching its peak.
True
True or False: The international community largely must still rely on intergovernmental negotiations as the primary tool to address global environmental issues.
True
True or False: Unlike many other global environmental regimes, voting is an important and regular part of decision making within the Whaling regime and plays a role in determining policy.
True
True or False: Whaling no longer represents a significant economic enterprise on a global or even national basis.
True
True or False: While a significant black market for ivory still exists, many countries have banned illegal ivory sales, including China, formerly one of if not the largest legal markets.
True
The countries that have historically led the whaling ban include ___; while ___ generally opposed it more than most other countries. -Russia and Norway...Chile and China -Indonesia and Norway...Japan and the USA -US and Australia...Japan and Norway -Northern countries...Southern Countries
US and Australia...Japan and Norway
International environmental policy with respect to migratory species, trade in endangered species, global biodiversity, protection of species, ocean dumping, transnational rivers, forests, hazardous waste, toxic chemicals, stratospheric ozone... -Is uniformly effective but has varying levels of specificity -Is relatively uniform in its specificity, effectiveness, and significance -Varies in its specificity, effectiveness, and significance -Is uniformly ineffective but similarly designed
Varies in its specificity, effectiveness, and significance
What kind of species are most likely to receive less public attention and less legal or other protection? -Very small species -Large species -Elephants and rhinos -Whales, elephants, and tigers
Very small species
Which of the following MEAs does not contain trade measures designed to increase participation in the MEA and/or its effectiveness a. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer b. Basal Convention on Hazardous Waste c. Washington Treaty on Environmental Trade d. CITES e. Rotterdam Convention f. A and E contain no such measures.
Washington Treaty on Environmental Trade
Which is NOT a necessary condition for effective environmental regimes? -Adequate concern -Sufficiently hospitable contractual environment -System of world government -Sufficient capacity
World government
Which of the following is not one of the "3 pillars of sustainable development" as outlined in UN meetings and in Chapter 6 of Downie and Chasek, include: a. environmental protection b. economic development c. social development d. idealism development
idealism development
The main focus of the HLPF has been reviewing progress toward: a. the SDGs and the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development b. international environmental law and governance c. climate change d. phasing out most of the damaging chemicals
the SDGs and the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
