Poli Exam 2

Free trade/Trade liberalization vs. trade protectionism

'Free Trade': Belief that trade free of barriers/restrictions is the most conducive to economic prosperity. ---States are encouraged to pursue trade liberalization and reduce trade protectionism (i.e. the removal of most or all trade barriers) -Trade liberalization is the removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods between nations. --Protectionism, policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign competition by means of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, or other restrictions or handicaps placed on the imports of foreign competitors

BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)

'Resistance Groupings' is the acronym coined for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.

Types of Terrorism

(Domestic, Global, Nationalist, Religious) Know examples of each; how they are different from each other

General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) -> World Trade Organization (WTO)

(GATT): multilateral effort created in 1947 to promote free trade and to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers. Based on four important ideas: (1) multilateral trade negotiations preferable to bilateral negotiations; (bc it takes less time, and more efficient) (2) private economic actors preferable to governments to manage int'l trade (bc states have agendas/biases) (3) free trade ultimately benefits the global society; (belief that most people benefit from this system) (4) governments should minimize their involvement in trade (allow market to be free) Eventually transformed into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.

UN Institutions

(e.g. Security Council, General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat)

Nuclear Weapon Free Zones (what they are, where they are generally located)

(first established in 1967—Latin America) A nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) is a specified region in which countries commit themselves not to manufacture, acquire, test, or possess nuclear weapons. Five such zones exist today, with four of them spanning the entire Southern Hemisphere. The regions include: Latin America South Pacific Southeast Asia Africa and Central Asia

Trade Protectionist Tools

(tariffs, subsidies, and quotas); examples of each

World Trade Organization (WTO)

-164 members with one vote each (most countries apart) -Determines rules that govern international trade (enforced agreements) --Limits and regulates the use of trade barriers ---Governance hasn't extended fully to all areas (e.g. agriculture- they can't agree on trade rules bc developed and developing worlds have diff perspectives on this; intellectual property rights-why some countries can infiltrate technology/ software) ---Members can use national security concerns to justify protectionist policies. (prevents WTO from working) -Most Favored Nation (MFN) Status -Arbitration process and punishment

Hard vs. Soft Law

-Hard Law = treaties, agreements, and conventions agreed to by two or more states that is still relevant and in force. -Soft Law = the same as hard law EXCEPT that the agreements may not be universally ratified or even in force', yet can bind states to specific behavior. ---Soft law often exists in the form of 'customary norms' ---Everyday Exp: standing in line; playing board games by 'family rules' ---International Exp: Nuclear taboo; ban on nuclear testing; Law of the Sea Treaty

Different types of international organizations

-In these issue-specific organizations, they set standards and rules for their issue-area ---WTO and trade rules; OPEC and oil supply/demand management -Regional Organizations set standards and coordinate activities on a regional basis ---Some coordinate almost every behavior: European Union ---Some only coordinate some behavior: ASEAN ---Can also include formal alliances (e.g. NATO)

Non-Governmental Organizations (how to identify them and what they do)

-No direct state involvement (i.e. funding, membership) -Must be formalized in some capacity (i.e. have membership, headquarters, etc.) -Some are purely domestic and some international -Must be non-profit and cannot use/advocate for violenceGoal is to lobby governments and organizations to address an key problem/issue -Great example of a successful NGO: International Campaign to Ban Landmines

Reasons why states create international organizations

-To solve (or at least attempt to) collective action problems -Provide stable negotiating forum for agreements, resolving disputes, managing conflicts -Elaborate and shape customary normsIteration of reputation effects (i.e. iterated prisoner's dilemma and shadow of the future) -Pooling of resources for maximum collective gain (minimize transaction costs for collective action) -Powerful states might join because such organizations can be used as an extension of their power.

International Organizations

-We create institutions to force sustained interaction between states to emphasize reputation effects and transparency -Institutions are where (and how) states cooperate -They help to mitigate the anarchy in the international system by reducing uncertainty -The objective is to create order and predictable interactions -They also facilitate the creation and enforcement of international law and social norms International Organizations are institutions with a formal structure and membership Formal states are the only members and it will always have some sort of bureaucratic structure Exp. United Nations; World Trade Organization

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender Due to the possession of second-strike nuclear capabilities, which ensures that neither of two adversaries could prevent the other from destroying it in an all-out war. AKA Deterrence Basic idea is that you can prevent an attack by proving to your opponent that you are able and willing to attack/destroy them

tariffs

A list of taxes or customs duties payable on imports (when goods enter a country) or exports(when goods leave a country). -used to protect industry in a state -Tariffs make foreign goods more expensive to domestic consumers

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. -created to rebuild econs after WW2 -provide loans for developing countries -assistance foreign aid

Globalists vs. Anti-Globalists and their views on 'free trade'

Anti-globalists argue that the global economy is a zero-sum game that the developing world often loses. ---Developed worlds get away with a lot more ---Cutthroat competition bt developed countries ---Dependency theory (developing nations are being exploited and are dependent on cheap labor and resources and there fore never develop) Globalists say that it is the lack of integration that often leads to their economic troubles. ---poverty is the lowest its ever been

Atomic (Fission) Bombs vs. Thermonuclear/Hydrogen (Fusion) Bombs

Atomic Bombs --Fission-based bombs using either plutonium or uranium --Bombs dropped on Hiroshima/Nagasaki (10kt-15kt) were fission-based --Smaller yields of up to 500kt (500,000 tons of dynamite) Thermonuclear/Hydrogen Bombs --Fusion-based bombs that are significantly more powerful -----Use multiple stages of fission detonations to create a fusion reaction --Yields of up to 50Mt-100Mt possible (approx. 50 million tons of dynamite) --The US, Russia, China, France, UK, and India have tested these weapons --North Korea claims to have tested one last year; likely a large atomic bomb

Nuclear Deterrence

Basic idea is that you can prevent an attack by proving to your opponent that you are able and willing to attack/destroy them --Often referred to as mutually assured destruction (MAD) --Was what kept the Cold War 'cold' (mostly) --Arguably why North Korea and Iran have sought WMDs Minimum Deterrence --Enough weapons to guarantee a second strike retaliation, thus preventing a 'first strike capability' for the other side. --Best accomplished by 200-300 weapons and diverse delivery capabilities

The role of consent in international law

Changing nature of consent and norms Does a state need to consent to a rule/law in order to be held accountable to it? Can the international community hold states that haven't ratified a treaty/convention to a standard of behavior regardless of their consent? If the answers yes, do powerful states perhaps get to refuse or ignore more often because they are powerful

Realism and the Security Dilemma as source of conflict

Competition: Power Maximization; Security Maximization To survive, states must accumulate and compete for power -----Security Dilemma as THE primary cause of conflict Two ways they can go about doing this (seeking security) 1) Power-Maximizing: A state can amass so much power that they become a hegemon (offensive realism) 2) Security-Maximizing: A state can bandwagon with other states (as allies) to create a balance of power with other states it finds threatening (defensive realism)

Asymmetrical Conflict/Guerilla Warfare

Conflict where one or more groups are significantly more powerful/capable than the other group(s). The 'weaker' group uses its knowledge of terrain and indirect tactics to exhaust and outlast the 'stronger' group. Also known as guerilla warfare or insurgencies Exp: Vietnam War; Iraqi insurgency; Taliban in Afghanistan

humanitarian Interventions/Peacekeeping

Conflicts carried out to directly stop a humanitarian crisis such as genocide or ethnic cleansing Exp: Conflict in Bosnia/former Yugoslavia (1998); Rwanda (1994); Libya (2011)

Neoliberalism and role of institutions to mitigate security dilemma

Cooperation: Collective Security; shared interests

_____________is the collective action problem we discussed related to how multinational corporations (MNCs) use their 'extraterritoriality' as leverage to force two or more states to directly compete for its resources and facilities (i.e. a factory) in order to secure favorable regulations, tax benefits, infrastructure such as roads and ports, etc.

Cutthroat Competition

Nuclear Triad (delivery mechanisms for nuclear weapons)

Delivery via bomber/airplane, via land-based missile, submarine-based missile Delivery via bomber/airplane --Most basic, but takes longest time and most vulnerable to preventative attack --Hiroshima/Nagasaki dropped via bombers Delivery via land-based missile Range varies—some can travel 3,000-5,000 miles (called Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) Some are mobile and some are fixed in silos Delivery via submarine-based missile --Most effective second-strike capability --Missile can be launched from submerged submarine --Most technologically difficult delivery mechanism

WTO trade rounds/passive consensus; arbitration process

Designed to be an equal organization where each member has one vote, but there are rarely any actual votes Decisions are made through negotiations and passive consensus (states must publicly oppose a measure) rather than vote arbitration process- one country can sue another

Global civil society organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) or UNICEF fall under which office of the United Nations? General Assembly Global Civil Society Council (GCSC) UN Secretariat International Court of Justice (ICJ) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

Free Trade vs. Fair Trade

Fair Trade is loosely based on the idea that the Free Trade system creates and perpetuates injustices that must be addressed—trade must be free and fair. The core idea of fair trade is that developing nations should be permitted to use trade barriers a bit more freely to best promote economic development in those places. ---That they should be able to play by different rules , spreads wealth more evenly Fair: workers paid a good wage, had good conditions, and will cost more bc of that Not as efficient as free trade (puts a barrier up to free trade) bc free trade is taking advantage of everything (created a competitive advantage to protect yourself) Tension bc we want whats best fro us but also wanna give the poverty countries with cruel labor freedom but that is a cost to us

True / False: The UN General Assembly is where all formal members have one vote a piece and where all major decisions and actionable items are made by the UN.

False Yes all formal members of the UN have a single vote at the UNGA, but the votes are often of a symbolic nature since all actions of the UNGA are non-binding--major decisions and actionable items are taken up by the UN Security Council.

True / False: The P-5/veto powers in the UN Security Council include the United Kingdom, the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation, the United States, and Germany.

False, france not germany

How is war/conflict changing? Is it in decline, or only certain types? Is it as hostile or as lengthy as it always has been?

Few interstate conflicts; perhaps due to nuclear age Many intrastate conflicts (e.g. Syria, DR Congo, Somalia) Conflicts tend not to last as long nor get as hostile. Impact of public opinion on duration and/or hostility of conflict: ---"CNN Effect"/24 hours news cycle and Somalia Effect (impact of immediate public awareness on war) ---Vietnam Syndrome (impact of televised coverage of war)

How many nuclear weapons does France/UK have?

France, China, UK (between 200-300 each)

What is the 'generally accepted' view of terrorism?

General Agreement: Premeditated use of violence, coercion, force, or threats to create fear/terror (a form of psychological warfare) -Often (not always) carried out to achieve political /religious/ ideological goals -To instill most fear/terror, targets of attacks are indiscriminate -Terrorist organizations are usually non-state actors, but states can use 'terrorist' tactics against others or their own citizens. -A form of asymmetrical conflict

Global Civil Society What it is?, what/who is part of it?, what is its purpose?

Global civil society is where any meaningful action on global issues occurs that isn't carried out by state actors The category basically includes everything that matters in global politics that isn't a state The actors, along with states, make up global civil society. Global solutions require communication and coordination not just among states, but also global civil society ---Scientists sharing research; sharing intelligence about terror organizations; advocacy groups pressuring gov'ts across boundaries

Religious terrorism

Grown out of religious extremism or fundamentalism ▫Based on idea that their violence is divinely inspired and approved and that fundamental change of the system is required as opposed to modifying it ▫Exp: Aum Shinri Kyo (Supreme Truth) Terrorist Group in Japan; Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in U.S.; Boko Haram

Competing Perspectives on international law (i.e. realists vs. liberalists vs. constructivists)

How would a Realist, Liberalist, and Constructivist view int'l law? Realists (skeptical about scope of international law; only serves interests of powerful states) ---Laws are created/enforced by and tend to favor powerful states Liberalists (law can shape/influence state behavior when interests overlap) ---Laws can bind states to particular behaviors they may not want to follow, even powerful ones (reputation costs; shaming; punishments) Constructivists (interested in how law can fundamentally alter what states care about and what they choose to do) ---Laws can fundamentally alter a state's interests and identity ---Exp: Why didn't NATO dissolve at the end of the Cold War?

WTO arbitration process

If one country uses tariffs to protect themselves via national security justification if other countries want to challenge that they can sue. Its a court and hear they case and they decide who is right and wrong and what the punishment should be Very slow, not always fair

CNN Effect/24 News Cycle

Impact of public opinion on duration and/or hostility of conflict: "CNN Effect"/24 hours news cycle and Somalia Effect (impact of immediate public awareness on war)

How many nuclear weapons does India/Pakistan have?

India and Pakistan (approx. 110-120 each)

What would a realist argue about the role of international law in global politics? International law can bind states to particular behaviors that they may not want to follow due to reputational concerns International Law ultimate serves the interests of powerful states and are not reflective of 'real' cooperation International law can shape/influence state behavior when interests overlap. International law can fundamentally alter what state's interests and identity is.

International Law ultimate serves the interests of powerful states and are not reflective of 'real' cooperation

Intrastate vs. Interstate vs. Extrastate Conflict

Interstate—war between two or more states ---Exp: World War II, War in Iraq, Russian invasion of Crimea ---Can be a) Limited War (objective short of surrender and occupation) or b) Total War (objective = surrender and occupy) Intrastate—war between two or more groups within a single state ---Exp: Civil War; Ethnic Conflict, Syria today ---Has increased some over last 30+ years. Most common form of conflict Extrastate—war between states and a non-state actor ---Exp: War against Islamic State; Turkey fighting Kurds in Syria/Iraq ---A very rare form of conflict over last 50 years

How many nuclear weapons does Israel have?

Israel (approx. 300-400)—not acknowledged or tested publicly North Korea (approx. 60-100)

Most Favored Nation (MFN) Status

Means you treat everyone the same way you treat your best trade partner (I.e. UK and US) encourages trade barriers to be low

Minimum Deterrence (i.e. how many and/or what types (delivery mechanisms) nuclear weapons is needed to guarantee a second strike capability?)

Minimum Deterrence --Enough weapons to guarantee a second strike retaliation, thus preventing a 'first strike capability' for the other side. --Best accomplished by 200-300 weapons and diverse delivery capabilities ----Why submarine-based missiles are so appealing

subsidies

Monetary or equipment contributions, reduced taxes, favorable government regulations, etc. Provided to domestic companies or individuals. -tax breaks

Cutthroat Competition

Multi nat Think about how much power and influence companies like Coca-Cola have in the world. They control resources, money, provide employment opportunities (states need them for prosperity) They also exist as 'extra-territorial' or transnational entities (don't belong to any one state) -They use this power to influence (lobby) and pressure governments for favorable policies -Exp: low tax-rate, better infrastructure, little to no regulation (results in cutthroat competition)

How many nuclear weapons does N Korea have?

North Korea (approx. 60-100)

Nuclear Proliferation

Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)

Magnitudes of Nuclear Weapons

Nuclear weapons are easily the most powerful weapons on Earth. Fusion vs Fission

Power (what is it, measures of it) -Hard vs. Soft Power -Smart Power and Sharp Power -Current measures of power; unipolarity

Objective measures and subjective perceptions of that nation's: (1) Military capabilities and resources ---Things like weapons, technological abilities, and ability to transform resources into realized power. (2) Geographic area and resources ---Population, actual natural resources (i.e. energy security) ---Power projection capabilities (3) Economic prosperity, strength, and influence (4) Political power—ability to make, interpret, and enforce international law/norms; national prestige and reputation

Which of the following is an example of an international organization at the 'regional' level? World Trade Organization (WTO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) Organization of American States (OAS) United Nations (UN) None

Organization of American States (OAS)

Pros and cons of 'free trade'

PROS: By focusing on the most efficient exchange of goods and services, all participants should net a greater benefit than had they gone it alone. Increased trade (i.e. economic interdependence) likely to reduce risk of trade disputes that historically have led to conflict. CONS: -Interdependence can bind states to policies and behaviors that may not always be in their best interest. -They have less control over their economic fate. -Pressure from domestic level for protection -Benefits of free trade are not distributed equally Free trade produces economic inequality—it marginalizes a decent amount of individuals and groups. System is highly dependent upon cheap labor to reduce cost of the production of most basic goods. Results in job loss in advanced economies (outsourcing)

How to combat terrorism (i.e. can you attack an idea?)

Pay closer attention to the underlying 'causes' that lead some to terrorism ---Some can be addressed better than others ---Exp: Terrorists tend to be from wealthy backgrounds and educated; some grievances can't be addressed Pay closer attention to national/regional variants of terrorism ---Don't lump all terrorism/deviant behavior into one category •Enhance security of civilian 'targets' for terrorism •Enhance intelligence capabilities to identify, monitor, and eliminate terror organizations •Military interventions as a solution or a 'cause'? •Requires cooperation/coordination between states

Quotas

Quantitative restrictions (i.e. total yearly limits on imports from a particular country) on the import of certain goods and services. -a set number of goods that you let into your country - governments set the quota limiting the import of a particular product, restricting the access to the domestic market by an offshore producer, and giving the domestic producers the opportunity to improve their position in the market.

Ways to reform the United Nations to make it more effective

Reforms -Security Council (add new permanent veto/non-veto members; get rid of veto power); -Refocus attention to global issues like environment, terrorism, and addressing poverty where progress can be made; -Tailor solutions, punishments, and country-level work to each cases' unique needs; -Promote and enhance collective enforcement of international law and customary norms

P-5 members of Security Council; Structure/Makeup of UN Security Council

Security Council 5 permanent members (w/ vetoes); 10 rotating seats (E-10) The P-5 = US, UK, China, Russia, and France To pass, a resolution requires 9 YES votes and no vetoes. Enforcement tools: Sanctions; Embargoes; Military Intervention and/or peacekeeping

What is security? (National Security vs. International Security)

Security is about the freedom from threats to core values or interests at any level (i.e. individual, state, interstate). -At state level, we call it national security -At interstate level, we call it international security

Smart Power and Sharp Power

Smart Power—ability to strategically wield both soft and hard power together to achieve foreign policy objectives. Sharp Power—Use of diplomatic, cultural, and political tools by authoritarian regimes not to persuade (as in soft power), but to manipulate, shape perceptions of itself, and divide a target population.

Customary Norms

Soft law often exists in the form of 'customary norms' ---Everyday Exp: standing in line; playing board games by 'family rules' ---International Exp: Nuclear taboo; ban on nuclear testing; Law of the Sea Treaty

Absolute vs. Comparative vs. Competitive Advantages (i.e. why nations trade)

Some states have absolute advantages (i.e. they are more efficient and proficient than others) in the production of a particular good/service, but not in ALL. A more efficient system is to focus on what each nation does best comparatively and trade for most other things. Thus, states should focus on differential advantages -trade bc better quality

Who has had nuclear weapons and has given them up?

South Africa

Fill in the Blank: __________________ was the name of the first offensive cyberattack carried out by one state against another.

Stuxnet

Stuxnet

Stuxnet attack on Iranian nuclear program (first offensive cyberattack) (US did this)

Current measures of power; unipolarity

Superpowers (those with ability to project power globally)—US today Regional Powers (those who are powerful/influential in their regions) UN Security Council P-5 Members Nuclear capable countries (9 countries currently) Asymmetrical power capabilities (i.e. cyberwarfare; sharp power; drones) Economic power --The European Union; Group of 7 (G-7); Group of 20 (G-20); Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 'Resistance Groupings': G-77, Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)

Global terrorism

Terrorism that crosses national borders and pursues 'global' targets/goals. ▫Exp: Al Qaeda; ISIS (its terror component);

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) (the global norm against nuclear testing)

The CTBT is a treaty designed to ban any testing of nuclear weapons --Adopted in 1996, but has not entered into force. ---Must be ratified by the U.S., China, India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea, Egypt, and Indonesia in order to enter into force. ---Global norm against testing has still developed --Part of a long-term movement to end nuclear testing

Economic powers

The European Union Group of 7 (G-7) Group of 20 (G-20) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (who's not a member?)

The NPT is a treaty designed to limit the proliferation (spread) of technology for nuclear weapons and increasing cooperation over its peaceful uses (nuclear power). Ultimate goal is global nuclear disarmament 189 states are party to the treaty ---Only four nations are not members: India, Pakistan, Israel, and North Korea (was part of treaty and legally left) Iran is part of the treaty.... and pursued nuclear weapons.

Which of the following would be considered 'hard law'? All of the above are considered 'hard law' Nuclear Taboo Global Norm against Female Genital Mutilation The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

UN Security Council permanent members

The P-5 = US, UK, China, Russia, and France

The biggest criticism typically levied against the United Nations is that it is ineffective at addressing 'security' issues such as dealing with North Korea's nuclear weapons program or mass genocides like in Rwanda in 1994. Why is this the case? In your response, discuss two distinct reasons from our discussion as to why this is the case and identify one reform/change to the UN that would attempt to 'fix' one of these issues. Assessment: Identify and explain two distinct reasons why the UN tends to be ineffective at addressing security issues (10 points each) Identify and explain one reform/change to the UN that would 'fix' one of these issues (10 points)

The UN tends to be ineffective at addressing security issues because they do not have a military to enforce their wishes/ decisions and the veto power of the Security Council is too impactful. Since the UN does not have a military or troops that they can send out to address security issues, such as North Korea's nuclear weapons and genocides, they don't have the tools to fix the problems. There is only so much the UN can do without an army. If they had an army they could sent troops in to deal with these issues. Strong militaries= strong power. The veto power of the Security Council is also a reason why the UN is ineffective at addressing security issues. It only takes one country on the council to say no for something not to go through. Each country has their own agenda, own allies, own motives, etc that they want to pursue. Therefore if there is something being voted on that could negatively affect one of the 5 countries, they will probably veto. One reform/change to the UN that would 'fix' the Security Council issue adding more and new permanent veto/non-veto members and also just get rid of veto power. If it's just a majority vote that is way more effective than 4 members saying yes and 1 saying no.

The United Nations (what it is; what it does well; not so well; why?)

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that was tasked to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international co-operation and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. UN created in 1945; to fix pre-WWII problems Headquarters are in New York City Well: Human development; promotion of human rights; healthcare (HIV/AIDS, malaria); food aid; ending child labor; forum for discussion and diplomacy Not so Well: Security issues (e.g. Syria, Iran, North Korea); some peacekeeping operations (e.g. Rwanda, Darfur) (NO MILITARY)

The Islamic State (as an insurgency, origins, coalition to fight ISIS)

The first use of the term "Islamic State" was in 2006 •Iraqi insurgents led by Aub Musab al-Zarqawi (killed in 2006) in Iraq moved from being affiliated with Al Qaeda to rebranding as the Islamic State •They began expanding in 2010 as US forces withdrew from Iraq and in 2011 as Syrian Civil War began. •Took over Mosul, Iraq in 2014 (apex of power) •De Facto capital was Raqqa, Syria ▫Established governing institutions, collect taxes, provide social services (all to consolidate control)

Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA)

The idea that advanced technology will be key to future warfare and that we need a smaller, leaner, more advanced military. impact of technological changes to warfare (i.e. drones, asymmetrical conflict, cyberwarfare)

Shadow of the Future (as part of Prisoner's Dilemma and source of cooperation in international relations)

The pursuit of self-interest can make cooperation via collective action difficult, if not impossible in some cases. But Shadow drives cooperation and opens the door for cooperation 'Shadow of the Future' that influences your strategies/choices because you are invested in your reputation for being cooperative or not. per Liberalists: At the heart of cooperation in global politics is the Shadow of the Future and international institutions We create institutions to force sustained interaction between states to emphasize reputation effects and transparency

Multinational Corporations

Think about how much power and influence companies like Coca-Cola have in the world. They control resources, money, provide employment opportunities (states need them for prosperity)

Bretton Woods Financial System

Trade protectionism was a central cause of the Great Depression, the resultant rise of nationalism in Europe, and ultimately, World War II Western leaders met at the Bretton Woods Conference (post World War II) to create a trade and financial system to prevent another such conflict—they created: -General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) -World Bank (began as part of Marshall Fund) -International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Transnational/extra-territorial entities

Transnational/extra-territorial entities -They also exist as 'extra-territorial' or transnational entities (don't belong to any one state)

True / False: A liberalist tends to believe that while the security dilemma is a constant pressure acting upon states and can be a source of conflict in international relations, conflict behavior of states can be mitigated (weakened) through open communication and transparency within international organizations such as the UN.

True

Nuclear Disarmament (as a goal and also in practice—i.e. know that there have been several disarmament treaties like START, SALT between US and Russia)

Ultimate goal is global nuclear disarmament

nuclear capable countries

United States Russia France China UK India Pakistan Israel North Korea

Current nuclear weapon states (i.e. who has nuclear weapons and approximately (know general amounts—i.e. France/UK have about 300; US/Russia have about 7,000) how many do they have?)

United States and Russia (7,100-7,300 each) France, China, UK (between 200-300 each) India and Pakistan (approx. 110-120 each) Israel (approx. 300-400)—not acknowledged or tested publicly North Korea (approx. 60-100)

How many nuclear weapons does Russia and the US have?

United States and Russia (7,100-7,300 each) France, China, UK (between 200-300 each) India and Pakistan (approx. 110-120 each) Israel (approx. 300-400)—not acknowledged or tested publicly North Korea (approx. 60-100)

cyberwarfare (especially what it is and how it is different from cyberterrorism)

Use of computer programs by a state (or very rarely, a non-state actor like ISIS) to spy on or attack another actor (different from cyberterrorism) Malware used to sabotage infrastructure/networks operated by computers ---Vulnerabilities: infrastructure (power/water systems/transportation systems); financial systems; military targets; communication networks ---Exp: Stuxnet attack on Iranian nuclear program (first offensive cyberattack) Hacking to steal industrial or government secrets or to spy on civilians ---A new way of intelligence gathering ----Edward Snowden leaks: NSA spying on American citizens and foreign governments

Somalia Effect/Vietnam Syndrome

Vietnam Syndrome (impact of televised coverage of war) is a term used to refer to public aversion to American overseas military involvements, following the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975.

Syrian Civil War

War against ISIS is only one part of this conflict •Started in 2011 during Arab Spring •Russia backs Assad regime; US backs some anti-Assad rebel groups and Kurds ▫Places US and Russian forces and interests in close proximity ▫Can we imagine supporting Assad as leader after use of chemical weapons and human rights abuses? •Turkey's involvement against the Kurds Who is involved? •Islamic State in Syria, Iraq, Libya, Yemen, etc. •Syrian government (Assad) •Syrian rebels (against ISIS and Assad) •Major Powers: United States (pro some rebels) and Russia (pro Assad) ▫US and Russia allies against ISIS, but opposed in Syrian Civil War •Others involved (all anti-ISIS): Turkey, Kurds in Iraq, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, most of Europe, Canada, Jordan, Hezbollah, Japan, and South Korea

Terrorism (as a socially constructed concept; how to identify it)

a socially constructed concept bc there is no real/objective definition and no one can agree on a set definition General Agreement: Premeditated use of violence, coercion, force, or threats to create fear/terror (a form of psychological warfare) -Often (not always) carried out to achieve political /religious/ ideological goals -To instill most fear/terror, targets of attacks are indiscriminate -Terrorist organizations are usually non-state actors, but states can use 'terrorist' tactics against others or their own citizens. -A form of asymmetrical conflict

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

an independent intergovernmental organization that reports to the UN and UNSC concerning the peaceful use of atomic energy, nuclear proliferation, and nuclear safeguards Enforcement agency (part of UN) to supervise nuclear activities. Nuclear scientists and inspectors as a community

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation -a large sum of money that exists in case a country declares bankruptcy

Nationalist terrorism

closely associated with struggle for political autonomy and independence. ▫Exp: Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA) Separatists in Spain; Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Sinn Fein in Northern Ireland; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PLO)

Domestic terrorism

occurs within the borders of a single country and is associated with extremist groups. ▫Exp:Bombings at abortion clinics in U.S.; Oklahoma City Bombing; Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) ▫Speaks only to geographic origins and not intentions/goals

__________________ is the type of power that a state wields that they can use to encourage another state to do what they want them to do without forcing or coercing them to do so.

soft power

First Strike Capability

the ability to launch a nuclear attack capable of completely preventing a retaliatory strike is a country's ability to defeat another nuclear power by destroying its arsenal to the point where the attacking country can survive the weakened retaliation while the opposing side is left unable to continue war. A pre-emptive strike

Cyberterrorism vs. Cyberwarfare (Examples of each)

•Cyberterrorism •Politically motivated use of computers to create fear and panic among a targeted population.•Use of computer viruses to create chaos ---▫Exp: computer virus to attack infrastructure; identify theft •Generally conducted by non-state actors against states and other non-state actors ---->Distinction from cyberwarfare ---Like terrorism, its targets are indiscriminate cyberwarfare -Use of computer programs by a state (or very rarely, a non-state actor like ISIS) to spy on or attack another actor (different from cyberterrorism) -Malware used to sabotage infrastructure/networks operated by computers -hacking to steal industrial or government secrets or to spy on civilians

Terrorism vs. Insurgency

•Insurgencies use violence within an integrated politico-military strategy ▫Have similar military capabilities as a state actor ▫Terrorism is not sole tactic they use •While terrorists often use violence without a specific political/military strategy in mind ▫Terrorism is sole tactic used •The distinction is not nice and neat though ▫A lot of overlap between the two—explains why responses to terrorism and insurgencies are often flawed

Factors Conducive to Terrorism (remember, not causes!)

•Poverty and inequality •Extremist: religion, political •Globalization (smaller world= vulnerability) •Legitimate grievances against and failures of governments (including failed states) •Lack of alternative institutions for conflict resolution •Human rights violations/repression•Lack of democratic institutions (i.e. rule of law) •Lack of strong education system

Goals of Terrorism

•Social & Political Justice •Self-Determination (e.g. ETA/Basque Separatists) •Racial Superiority (e.g. some white supremacist groups) •Challenges to Foreign Policies of Other Nations •Publicity (i.e. to draw attention to their cause and to cultivate popular support for their cause) •Demoralize Governments and their People

State-Sponsored Terrorism vs. State-Supported Terrorism (Examples of each)

•State-sponsored ▫State directly involved in terror activities ---Exp: Libya's sponsorship of terror in 1980s (i.e. Lockerbie Bombing) •State-supported ▫State indirectly supports terror activitiesExp: Funding, harboring, or directing resources to terror groups. ---Taliban's support of Al Qaeda in Afghanistan