POLISCI-2: Chapter 5

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act protects workers over the age of ______ from age discrimination unless an employer proves that age is a bona fide occupational qualification.

40

Which test does the Court apply in cases involving gender?

intermediate scrutiny test

In 1890, women's rights advocates formed the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which fought for ______ rights for women rather than social, economic, or legal rights.

voting

The constitutional amendments and civil rights laws of the Civil War and Reconstruction era

were of little value without federal government enforcement.

Many of the current areas of discrimination faced by women are the result of what?

women entering more fully into public life

Which of the following periods saw significant gains for the rights of women?

- 1840 to 1875 - 1890 to 1920 - 1960 to the present

Which of the following statements about Japanese Americans during World War II are true?

- Discrimination against Japanese Americans increased after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. - The civil rights of Japanese Americans were violated. - Japanese Americans from the West Coast were placed in internment camps.

Which of the following individuals were instrumental in organizing the early women's rights movement beginning in 1840?

- Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Lucretia Mott

Why does civil rights activity often focus on attempts to influence judicial bodies?

- Federal judges are more insulated from public opinion. - Affected people tend to lack the appropriate political resources.

Which of the following reasons are used by those who support affirmative action?

- Merit is not always self-evident and may include subjective considerations. - African Americans are not the only group to benefit from affirmative action; a wide range of disadvantaged groups are helped. - The gains for disadvantaged groups come with small costs to white males.

Which of the following were provisions of the Missouri Compromise?

- Missouri entered into the Union as a slave state. - The admission of any slave state from the Northwest Territory above the 36th parallel was banned. - Maine entered into the Union as a free state.

Which of the following did the Supreme Court rule in the Dred Scott case?

- Slaves could never be citizens and bring lawsuits in the courts. - Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in the western territories.

Why did the first cases brought by the NAACP focus on segregation in graduate and professional schools as opposed to elementary and high schools?

- The NAACP believed they had a better chance of winning because there was little chance that government would have to implement the decision. - The NAACP felt whites would feel less threatened by changes in these venues.

How did the U.S. government justify the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II?

- The Supreme Court ruled the treatment of Japanese Americans was not a civil rights violation because war involves hardship. - Korematsu v. United States (1944) ruled that internment was constitutional. - The Supreme Court believed that national security was at stake and that interning Japanese Americans was the least restrictive way to identify spies.

In which of the following ways was the drive for women's civil rights different from other civil rights movements?

- The women's civil rights movement began at roughly the same time as the African American movement but has been thwarted by a dominant male culture. - Women do not comprise a minority in society.

Which of the following advancements in the Americans with Disabilities Act has the Supreme Court passed in recent years?

- Those with AIDS were added to the list of persons covered by the ADA. - Students that require special care at school are entitled to it as long as a doctor need not deliver that care.

According to Justice Powell's decision in the Bakke case,

- affirmative action programs in admissions are permissible so long as they use race as just one of many factors. - the university's use of racial quotas was impermissible.

Which of the following are goals associated with affirmative action programs?

- helping minorities secure employment in all occupational fields - helping the disadvantaged gain admission to universities - ensuring that minorities receive promotions once hired

Which of the following have African Americans experienced as a result of historical discrimination?

- higher rates of conviction - less economic stability - lower family incomes

Which of the following were goals of the Hispanic American drive for civil rights?

- increasing funding for schools in minority districts - ending employment discrimination - implementing bilingual education

Involvement in what two other movements allowed women in the early women's movement to establish communication networks, which laid the foundation for a movement focused on women's rights?

- religious revivalism - abolition

Which three of the following are particularly relevant to women's groups of today?

- sexual harassment - women's role in the military - workplace equity

Which of the following were barriers established in southern states to prevent African Americans from voting?

- the grandfather clause - poll taxes - literacy tests

Which of the following events helped to propel the women's suffrage movement during the 1880s and 1890s?

- the temperance movement - concern for women's working conditions

Of all minority groups, ______ are projected to have the greatest population increases by the year 2050.

Asians

In 1978, Congress amended the Age Discrimination Employment Act to raise the mandatory retirement age from 65 to ______.

Blank 1: 70

The _____ _____ Amendment was the proposed constitutional amendment that would have prohibited national and state governments from denying equal rights on the basis of sex.

Blank 1: Equal Blank 2: Rights

Civil ____ constitute personal freedoms such as the freedom of speech, whereas civil ____ ensure that everyone is treated as an equal member of society.

Blank 1: liberties Blank 2: rights or Rights

Which was the first "test case" filed by the NAACP as a challenge to the legality of segregation in the South?

Brown v. Board of Education

Which of the following was a result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Chávez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which influential figure began his civil rights work organizing strikes to help attain basic labor rights for migrant workers?

César Chávez

True or false: Due to the efforts of women's rights groups, workplace discrimination is no longer an issue.

False

From which amendment does the Supreme Court interpret the concept of equality?

Fourteenth Amendment

Which minority group has had the greatest population increases since the 1990s?

Hispanics

What happened to the Equal Rights Amendment?

It fell three states short of the required three-quarter majority for ratification.

Which of the following were passed in southern states and mandated the strict separation of the races in public facilities?

Jim Crow laws

Made up of mostly disaffected southerners, the ______ ensured the strict application of Jim Crow laws and would use violence and intimidation to respond to any violations.

Ku Klux Klan

Which of the following organizations played a pivotal role in attempting to secure the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment?

NOW

Which of the following statements about Native Americans' citizenship rights is accurate?

Native Americans were not granted citizenship and the right to vote until 1924.

What case legalized same-sex marriage in the United States?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Which of the following describes Rosa Parks's best known act of resistance?

She refused to leave her seat in the front of the bus to make room for a white passenger.

Which of the following women was instrumental in helping women gain the right to vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment?

Susan B. Anthony

Which of the following best characterizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Grutter v. Bollinger regarding race-based admissions at the University of Michigan law school?

The law school's admissions program was "narrowly tailored" and permitted the review of individual candidates in a non-mechanical way.

What argument can be made that a poll tax instituted in the South after Reconstruction violated the Fifteenth Amendment?

The majority of African Americans were too poor to pay a poll tax.

Which of the following established the complete abolition of slavery in the United States?

Thirteenth Amendment

Which of the following represents a unique problem faced by groups who mobilize for political, social, and economic equality?

Those who would benefit most may lack the resources necessary to mobilize.

True or false: Following the passage and enforcement of voting laws in the South, record numbers of African Americans have won election to office.

True

True or false: Lacking the political clout to make legislative change, the NAACP used the federal courts as a venue to fight for civil rights.

True

True or false: Rosa Parks's act of civil disobedience resulted in the first large-scale use of nonviolent protest against segregation.

True

True or false: The term equality is not mentioned in the United States Constitution.

True

True or false: To varying degrees, African Americans' struggle to secure equal rights has benefited other minority groups in the United States.

True

Who was Dred Scott?

a slave who sued for his freedom by arguing that he was emancipated as soon as his owner took him into free territory

The Americans with Disabilities Act guarantees that all disabled Americans have

access to public facilities, workplaces, and communication services.

Which of the following refers to programs that attempt to provide members of disadvantaged groups enhanced opportunities to secure jobs, promotions, and admissions to educational institutions?

affirmative action

In the 1880s, the federal government adopted a program of ______ that banned native languages and rituals and required Native American children to attend boarding schools off of the reservation.

assimilation

The guarantees that every person will be treated equally regardless of his or her group identity are referred to as

civil rights.

The constitutional source of equality comes from the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of

equal protection.

The Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln in 1862

freed slaves in the South.

When can an employer lawfully replace a worker due to his or her age?

if the employer can prove that age is a bona fide occupational qualification

Which of the following were declared illegal by the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

literacy requirements

Despite an increase in the numbers of African Americans who vote and win elected office in the South, at the ______ level they still remain largely underrepresented.

national

What term refers to the process by which candidates, parties, activists, and interest groups induce people to participate in politics?

political mobilization

The institution by southern states of poll taxes, literacy tests, and property qualifications had the effect of

preventing most African Americans from voting.

The drive for civil rights includes eliminating discrimination toward certain groups as well as which of the following?

providing remedies to promote equality

Which of the following proved pivotal in Chief Justice Earl Warren's decision in Brown?

psychological and sociological studies showing the negative impact of segregation on black children

The women's civil rights movement has focused its efforts on three current issues: workplace and educational fairness, women's role in the military, and

sexual harassment.

The Supreme Court justices who dissented in the Obergefell decision believed the issue of same-sex marriage

should be left to the states.

Which of the following places the greatest burden on the government to defend its law?

strict scrutiny

What strategy did the NAACP pursue in the 1930s to challenge segregation?

test the constitutionality of Plessy v. Ferguson in the federal courts

Those who argue that affirmative action promotes reverse discrimination claim that any use of racial discrimination violates the Fourteenth Amendment and

the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

What government body was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

On what did Chief Justice Roger Taney base his opinion that Congress lacked the authority to ban slavery in the western territories?

the Fifth Amendment due process rights of slave owners to own property

Despite southern opposition, which of the following was passed by Congress in 1820 to deal with slavery in the newly acquired western territories?

the Missouri Compromise

Which of the Fourteenth Amendment's protections was at the center of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case?

the equal protection clause

In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the internment of Japanese Americans was constitutional, citing

the security of the United States.

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court applied which test to determine whether the university's admission program violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause?

the strict scrutiny test

The University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions policies were overturned by the Supreme Court in Gratz v. Bollinger because they

utilized quotas.